Leaded petulo

Leaded mafuta lili tetraethyl patsogolo, umene ndi poizoni organometallic pawiri khalidwe. Poyamba, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati odana ndi kugogoda zowonjezera kwa utsi, ndi cholinga cha ntchito zake anali kuonjezera chiwerengero octeni.

Antiknock zotsatira za pawiri la linatsegulidwa «General Motors» asayansi American kampani mu 1921. Zatsopano Thomas Midgley, zimadziŵa kuti katundu zoipa za kutsogolera kulowa mafuta leaded, akufuna m'malo mawu "patsogolo" pa zochepa anthu ambiri, mawu akuti "methyl". Sipanapite nthawi yaitali, ndipo zotsatira zoipa anatulukira ichi anayamba bwanji anthu ankagwira ntchito ku kampani "General Motors". mavuto a m'maganizo ndiponso matenda okhudzana nayamba kunyamula moyo anthu ndi mosasintha kuononga thanzi la antchito. Komabe, zambiri za opanga mafuta US zili patsogolo.

Mu makumi anai ndi mochedwa - makumi asanu oyambirira a mmene zoipa leaded mafuta kwambiri analankhula uliwonse nsanja, koma chifukwa cha lobbying amphamvu a alimi ankatha sakwanitsa kuti aletse kupanga zinthu zoipa zimenezi. Only mu 1972 loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito tetraethyl kutsogolera, koma anatenga zaka zambiri asanafike anatha kwathunthu m'malo msika. Mu 1986, ulimi wa mafuta, munali mu zikuchokera tetraethyl wake kutsogolera anali phased kunja. Anayamba ayambe mtundu American: magazi kutsogolera kuchuluka kwa anthu anatsika ndi 78% mu 1994 poyerekeza ndi chaka cha 1978. Kunalitu kugonja kwa lolingalira pa ndalama ndakatulo.

Leaded mafuta amadziwikanso ankagwiritsa ntchito mu Soviet Union. Mu 80s wa atumwi otsiriza anayamba kukana ntchito tetraethyl patsogolo, imene inatha mu 2003. January 1, 2000 pa malire a m'mayiko akunja kwa dziko EU, wakhala kwathunthu yoletsedwa leaded mafuta. China anasiya ntchito tetraethyl kutsogolera 2001. Panopa, ambiri a dziko sangabereke thunthu. Mu UK, kupitiriza kumasula pang'ono, ntchito ngati zowonjezera kuti mafuta magalimoto anagona, koma kupanga ake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito si yopindulitsa chifukwa msonkho waukulu kwambiri oletsa opanga. Tetraethyl kupitiriza ntchito m'mayiko ambiri underdeveloped chifukwa cha cheapness kupanga ake. Mayiko amenewa akuphatikizapo Afghanistan, Yemen, Korea North ndi maiko ena.

Masiku ano m'dziko kutukuka akuyesera kuti ntchito wopanda ledi mafuta, lomwe lili tetraethyl patsogolo, si thanzi anthu, ndipo popanda kuphwanya chilengedwe. Yowongolera a mafuta, ndi kutumikiridwa mu zina zosiyanasiyana, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka zili mpweya zoipa (sulfure, aromatics , ndi zina zotero. P.). Wopanda ledi mafuta ayenera kukhala ndi leni Sikoyenera ndende resins (zosaposa 5 mg pa 100 cm3). Komanso, mafuta ayenera kukhala divisible ndi zimalimbikitsa nthunzi kuthamanga ndi fractional zikuchokera. Zabwino ndi yosafuna zambiri za mtundu wake galimoto ankaona kuti a A-98.

Mafuta tichipeza zigawo zikuluzikulu, amene amapangidwa chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana njira kupanga. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, mwachindunji distillation mafuta, ndi akulimbana othandizira wa othandizira kusintha, hydrocracking zingalowe mafuta mpweya, ndi njira zina ndi luso.

The mafuta zikuchokera sadalira okha pa njira ya ulimi wake, komanso kuchokera chizindikiro. The apamwamba a octeni nambala apamwamba khalidwe la petulo. Mafuta A-95 lili ntchito kuposa A 92 petulo. Ndege mafuta ali apamwamba octeni chiwerengero kuposa msewu, chifukwa chakuti amafuna kuti iwo ali apamwamba.