Alkanes: Mankhwala Katundu

Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka kapena paraffins, biosoedineniya ndi anthu mamolekyulu chawo cha maatomu mpweya ogwirizana chosavuta (single) Ubwenzi ndi mayunitsi ena onse valences ali zimalimbikitsa ndi maatomu wa hydrogen.

Alkanes: thupi katundu

Oimira loyamba la magazi mndandanda wa dziko - mpweya kuchokera S5N12 kuti S15N32 - madzi, kuyambira S16N34 - zolimba. Ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu molekyulu alkane mwachibadwa kuwonjezera kusungunuka ndipo kuwira awo mfundo.

Low chimasanduka kuwira ndi unyolo nthambi zambiri m'munsi poyerekeza ndi mfundo kuwira kwa isomers awo. Methane ndi ethane ndi odorless, oyaka madzi chimasanduka ndi mafuta fungo (pentane ndi hexane) ndi palafini, homologs apamwamba zake ndi dziko. Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka ndi opepuka kuposa madzi, ndipo mochitika insoluble mu izo. Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka ndi mosavuta sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso ndi alkanes madzi okha ndi solvents kwambiri.

Alkanes: Mankhwala Katundu

Pakuti awa biosoedineny yodziwika ndi reactivity otsika. Iwo inert, kuti chimaonetsedwa udindo wawo - paraffins. Ichi ndi chifukwa kapangidwe ka maselo C ndi H maatomu zogwirizana Sigma kumangigwa. Mankhwala inertness zinthu izi chifukwa zizindikiro zawo maselo structural. Kuti aswe Sigma akapolo, muyenera kucheza kwambiri mphamvu. Kuweta mankhwala. katundu wa alkanes, mwachitsanzo zosiyanasiyana zimene ilowa, nitration uyu anachita, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, akulimbana. Alkane kwakukulu zochita anayambika ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, UV kapena cheza Popanga madzi a gamma, peroxides, magetsi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo yodziwika ndi mitundu iwiri ya zochita: m'malo a haidrojini ndi kugwirizana yopuma "kaboni wa hydrogen" ndi pogawanikana pamawere wa molekyulu ndi chophukacho wa C-C kapena C-H.

Alkanes: katundu mankhwala. Zimene kwakukulu halogenation

Zimenezi ndi zina amatchulidwa metalepsiey. Zimakhala zidzayambike ndi dzuwa. The mdima 250-400 ° C kapena pamaso pa catalysts (mankhwala enaake mkuwa, mkuwa enaake, malata) halogen maatomu sequentially maatomu haidrojeni mu mamolekyulu wa alkanes.

Alkanes: katundu mankhwala. nitration anachita

Gulu nitro mosavuta mmalo wa hydrogen mu ukachenjede ya, sekondale ankawonjezereka ndi zovuta maatomu mpweya chachikulu. Tsopano mafakitale lonse nitration wa alkanes ikuchitika mu gawo mpweya pa 150-490 ° C ndi okusayidi nitric kapena nthunzi asidi nitric.

Alkanes: katundu mankhwala. Zimene sulfochlorination

Mu chimasanduka ndi zimalimbikitsa kuti chisakanizo cha woipa sulfure ndi chlorine. Catalysts kaŵirikaŵiri peroxides kapena dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu. Zimenezi ntchito kubala detergents kupanga (detergents). Pa alkilsulfohloridy ndi alkalis kuti kumabweretsa mapangidwe a mchere zamchere zidulo sulphonic, zigawo zikuluzikulu structural wa detergents (pastes, ufa).

Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka - ndi zopangira kwa kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana organic. A chofunika kaphatikizidwe ya ambiri mwa iwo ndi yokonza alkenes ku alkanes, kapena chimasanduka unsaturated.

Pogawanikana pamawere a haidrojini kuchokera molekyulu alkane kapena dehydrogenation pamaso pa catalysts ndi pansi Kutentha (460 ° C) amalola kupeza alkenes chofunika. Njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa alkanes pa otsika kutentha mu kukhalapo kwa catalysts (magnesium salt). Zimenezi zimathandiza kukopa akulimbana zimene anachita ndi kupeza mankhwala kofunika makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa alkanes apamwamba analandira alcohols zosiyanasiyana apamwamba kapena mafuta zidulo apamwamba.

Alkanes pogawanikana pamawere likugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa zinthu zina (woyaka, akulimbana). Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka kuwotcha ndi buluu lawi kumasulidwa ndalama lalikulu la kutentha. katundu izi kulola kuwagwiritsa ntchito mafuta mkulu-kalori kunyumba makampani.