Kutanthauza ya ubongo. Ntchito ya ubongo

Aliyense chiwalo kapena dongosolo mu thupi udindo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo onse zogwirizana. Kutanthauza mantha dongosolo n'kofunika kwambiri. Ndi udindo wa malumikizanidwe pakati pa matupi onse ndi kachitidwe, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chamoyo wonse. Mu sukulu oyambirira kuyamba wodziwa chotero mfundo Mipikisano faceted, monga wamanjenje dongosolo. Kalasi 4 - akadali ana ang'ono amene sangathe kwambiri kumvetsa mfundo zambiri zovuta sayansi.

mayunitsi structural

Waukulu structural ndi zinchito wagawo ya ubongo (NS) - manyuroni. Iwo ali ovuta maselo okonda secreting njira nazindikira jitters, ndi kukonzedwa ndi kuwapereka kwa maselo ena. Manyuroni Mwinanso zikhudze maselo kapena modulating zotsatira ochepetsera. Iwo ali mbali ya zamera ndi thupi hemoregulyatsii. Kuyambira mfundo zinchito maganizo, manyuroni ndinu mmodzi wa maziko a gulu la wamanjenje dongosolo. Iwo kuphatikiza milingo ena (maselo, boma ma, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Manyuroni zigwirizana ndi thupi (soma), wautali dzanja (axon) ndi ang'ono njira nthambi (dendrites). M'madera ya ubongo, ali mawonekedwe osiyana ndi kukula. Mu ena a iwo akhoza kufika pa axon kutalika 1.5 m. Imanyamuka ku ubongo imodzi dendrites 1000. Malinga ndi iye chisangalalo chochokera zolandilira kwa thupi selo. Pamodzi axon zilakolako zimafalitsidwa kwa maselo effector kapena manyuroni ena.

Mu sayansi, pali mfundo "synapse". The axons wa manyuroni, kupita ku maselo ena amayamba nthambi ndi kupanga kutsekedwa zambiri iwo. malo awa akutchedwa synapses. Axons kupanga iwo okha pa maselo mitsempha. Synapses ali pa ulusi minofu. Izi ziwalo ya ubongo alipo ngakhale pa maselo a zopangitsa za endocrine ndi capillaries magazi. ulusi mitsempha okutidwa ndi zipolopolo njira glial wa manyuroni. Iwo kuchita kuchititsa ntchito.

molekezera mitsempha

Maphunziro apadera, yomwe ili pa nsonga ya njira ya ulusi mitsempha. Iwo amapereka kufala kwa mudziwe mu mawonekedwe a zimachitika munthu. The molekezera mitsempha zimakhudzidwa mapangidwe mapeto kupatsira ndi zipangizo poona gulu la osiyana structural. Ndi magwiridwe n'kopanda:

• synapses kuti zimafalitsa zikhumbo mitsempha pakati pa maselo mitsempha;

• maselo (afferent kutsekedwa), kutsogolera mfundo powonekera chinthu mkati kapena kunja chilengedwe;

• effectors zimafalitsa zimachitika ku maselo mitsempha kuti zimakhala ena.

wamanjenje dongosolo

Mantha dongosolo (NS) - Integrated ya nyumba zingapo zogwirizana. Imalimbikitsa lamulo mgwirizano pakati pa ziwalo zonse ndipo amapereka poyankha zinthu kusintha. The anthu mantha dongosolo, woimiridwa ndi chithunzi mu zikulumikizana Nkhani limodzi ntchito galimoto, tilinazo ndi ntchito za machitidwe ena zolimbana (m'thupi, endocrine). ntchito Na amagwirizana ndi:

• anatomic malowedwe mu ziwalo zonse ndipo zimakhala;

• kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhathamiritsa kugwirizana pakati pa thupi ndi chilengedwe ozungulira (chilengedwe komanso anthu);

• Mgwirizanowu njira zonse kagayidwe kachakudya;

• dongosolo boma.

kapangidwe

Matenda a wamanjenje dongosolo ndi zovuta. Ndi kwambiri kwa nyumba, osiyana mu kapangidwe ndi cholinga. Mantha dongosolo, chithunzi chimene umboni malowedwe ake mu ziwalo zonse ndipo zimakhala za thupi, kungathandize kwambiri ngati wolandirayo zikuchitika mkati ndi kunja. Chifukwa chaichi nyumba wapadera chipangizo amene ali otchedwa analyzers. Izi zikuphatikizapo mabomba wapadera ubongo amene amatha kudziwa zambiri ukubwera. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• proprioceptors kutolera mfundo zokhudza boma la minofu fascia, mafupa, mafupa;

• exteroreceptors ili khungu, zikopa mucous ndipo akaona amatha kuzindikira kuwapeza irritants kunja chilengedwe;

• interoreceptors ili mu ziwalo mkati ndi zimakhala ndi udindo kusintha amuzolengedwa.

Kufunika yaikulu ya ubongo

Na ngati ntchitoyo umakhudza dziko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chamoyo. Ndi kuti pali amaonera mfundo ndi kusanthula. Ndiyamika kudziwika izi zimachitika zikuchitika ndi ziwalo akubwera kuchokera chizindikiro kunja. Mantha dongosolo ndi udindo ayankhe thupi zimene timaphunzira. Ndi chifukwa mogwirizana ake ndi kusinthasintha anthu amapereka humoral njira lamulo kwa dziko.

Mtengo wa wamanjenje dongosolo ndi kupereka mgwirizano ziwalo ndi kukhalabe homeostasis ake (mgwirizano boma). Chifukwa ntchito yake limapezeka chamoyo anatengera kwa kusintha otchedwa dziphunzitsiranso khalidwe (mkhalidwe).

Ntchito yaikulu ya National Assembly

mantha dongosolo achuluka kwambiri. The akuluakulu izi:

• lamulo zimakhala zofunika, ziwalo ndi kachitidwe mu mode wabwinobwino;

• Kusakanikirana (kaphatikizidwe) wa thupi;

• kuteteza ubwenzi anthu chilengedwe;

• kulamulira m'chigawo cha ziwalo munthu ndi chamoyo wonse;

• kupereka ndi kukhalabe kutsegula kamvekedwe (boma zikugwira ntchito);

• tanthauzo la ntchito ya anthu ndi thanzi lawo maganizo, lomwe ndi maziko a moyo chikhalidwe.

The anthu mantha dongosolo, zomwe chithunzi anapereka pamwamba amapereka njira Kuganiza:

• maganizo, kuphunzira ndi processing zambiri;

• kusanthula ndi kaphatikizidwe;

• mapangidwe chilimbikitso;

• poyerekeza ndi zinachitikira wogwila;

• cholinga kolowera ndi mapulani;

• kudzudzulidwa kanthu (zolakwa kudzudzulidwa);

• aziona ntchito;

• kupanga chiweruzo, anapezazo ndi mfundo wamba (umboni) limaphunzitsa.

Mantha dongosolo kuwonjezera chizindikiro ndi kumenya kwambiri trophic ntchito. Chifukwa cha allocated chamoyo biologically yogwira kupereka ntchito yofunika innervated ziwalo. Akuluakulu, amene mosatsata recharge amenewa, kenako manja ndi kufa. mantha dongosolo ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Pamene kusintha alipo mmene chilengedwe ndi iwo amabwera thupi kusintha kuti latsopano.

Njira kunachitika mu Na

Mantha dongosolo anthu, chiwembu ndi wosavuta komanso osapita m'mbali, ndi udindo mogwirizana kwa lake ndi chilengedwe. Kuonetsetsa kuti akuchita njira amenewa:

• transduction, kusintha woimira kuyabwa jitters;

• kusintha, amene amapezeka pa kutembenuka kwa malemeredwe lilinkudza ndi makhalidwe ena mu effluent kwa katundu wina;

• kufalitsa malemeredwe pamodzi madera osiyana;

• mawerengeredwe, yomwe ndi njira ya kumanga kuyabwa, m'malo unachokera kwambiri;

• kusinthasintha mawu, amene amasintha wamanjenje dongosolo, kapena zochitika zake.

Kutanthauza wa mantha dongosolo anthu komanso tichipeza mogwirizana thupi ndi chilengedwe. Choncho pali mayankho osiyana mtundu uliwonse wa zikuchitika. The mitundu ikuluikulu kusinthasintha mawu:

• kukondoweza (kutsegula), ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya kapangidwe mitsempha (boma ndi lalikulu);

• chopinga, yimitsira (chopinga) operekedwa kuchepetsa ntchito ya nyumba wamanjenje;

• zosakhalitsa mantha kugwirizana, umene ndi chitukuko cha njira zatsopano kufala kwa malemeredwe;

• pulasitiki zosinthidwa, amene ankaimira zina (kusintha kulanda malemeredwe) ndi habituation (kuwonongeka mlingo);

• kutsegula kwa thupi, kupereka reflex zimene thupi la munthu.

zolinga Na

Ntchito yaikulu ya ubongo:

• phwando - adani kusintha chilengedwe mkati kapena kunja. Iwo ikuchitika mwa machitidwe kachipangizo cholandilira ndipo umaimira amaonera makina, ikukhudzana mankhwala, mu atomu, ndi zina zikuchitika.

• Transduction - akatembenuka (kabisidwe) mbendera ukubwera kwa jitters, umene ndi mtsinje wa nyemba ndi makhalidwe chibadidwe mkwiyo.

• kukhazikitsa, wopangidwa mu yobereka malemeredwe wa njira mitsempha mbali zofunika ndi Na kwa effectors (matupi wamkulu).

• kuzindikira - chilengedwe cha ubongo kukondoweza chitsanzo (a chitukuko cha chifaniziro imalandira). Zimenezi amalenga chithunzi zotengera malingaliridwe a dziko.

• Transformation - wasinthika zowawa malemeredwe pa effector. Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza ayankhe thupi kusintha chilengedwe. Choncho pali downlink kufala kwa malemeredwe ku apamwamba ziwalo m'munsi-atagona wa CNS kapena PNS (ziwalo ntchito, zimakhala).

• lowunikira la zotsatira za ntchito ya National Assembly mothandizidwa ndi maganizo ndi afferent (imalandira mauthenga kufala).

Kapangidwe ka National Assembly

The anthu mantha dongosolo, dera limene lili pamwambali, lagawidwa amapanga ndi zimagwirira ntchito. Na ntchito sangakhoze kumvetsedwa mopanda kufufuza zinthu zofunika mitundu yake. Only mwa kuphunzira ntchito zawo, kuchulukitsa kwa limagwirira lonse akhoza chidzakwaniritsidwa. wamanjenje dongosolo lagawidwa:

• chapakati (CNS), omwe akuchita zimene misinkhu yosiyanasiyana cha kapangidwe, wotchedwa bongo. Iye amaona zikuchitika ochokera ku chilengedwe ndi kuchokera ku ziwalo zina. Pamafunikanso ubongo ndi msana.

• zotumphukira (PNS) polumikiza dongosolo chapakati mantha ndi ziwalo ndi miyendo. manyuroni ake ali kutali ubongo ndi msana. Si kutetezedwa ndi mafupa, choncho sachedwa kuwonongeka makina. Only chifukwa kugwira ntchito za masiku onse PNS zotheka kugwirizana kayendedwe wa munthu. dongosolo ndi udindo ayankhe thupi mavuto ndi ngozi. Zikomo kwa iye, mu zinthu zimenezi, adzionere amafulumizitsa ndi kukwezedwa mlingo wa zikuwonjezereka masiku ano. Matenda a dongosolo zotumphukira mantha zokhudza chapakati mantha dongosolo ntchito.

PNS wapangidwa ndi mitolo ya ulusi mitsempha. Iwo kuposa ubongo ndi msana ndipo anatumizidwa ku matupi osiyana. Iwo akutchedwa misempha. Kuti PNS ndi ganglia (mfundo). Iwo masango maselo mitsempha.

Matenda a mantha dongosolo zotumphukira agawanika pa mfundo zimenezi: mtunda-anatomical, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Njirazi ndi monga:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- ndi multinevrity.

Ndi etiology, iwo anawagawa matenda (tating'onoting'ono, tizilombo), poizoni, matupi awo sagwirizana, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, zoopsa, kumtundu, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. matenda PNS mwina chachikulu (khate, leptospirosis, chindoko) ndi sekondale (pambuyo matenda paubwana mononucleosis, ndi periarteritis nodosa). Malinga Pathomorphology pathogenesis ndipo iwo anawagawa neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), ndi neuralgia.

The katundu ya ubongo

ntchito reflex makamaka anatsimikiza ndi katundu malo mitsempha, lomwe ndi m'ndandanda wa CNS nyumba. ntchito yawo yolongosoka zipangitsa lamulo la ntchito zosiyanasiyana thupi kapena zochita reflex. malo mitsempha ndi katundu angapo wamba chimafotokozera kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya dongosolo synaptic (kukhudzana pakati manyuroni ndipo zimakhala ena):

• sidedness malemeredwe ndondomeko. Iwo anagawira pa Arc reflex mu njira imodzi.

• walitsa wa malemeredwe kwagona kuti kuwonjezereka ndithu mu mphamvu ya nzothandiza munda ndondomeko kuwonjezeka nawo manyuroni amapezeka.

• chimangirizo malemeredwe. Zimenezi ntchito ndi kukhalapo kwa ambirimbiri a ojambula synaptic.

• Mkulu kutopa. Yaitali mobwerezabwereza kukondoweza zimachitika zofooketsa reflex anachita.

• Synaptic yomweyo. reflex anachita nthawi amadalira pa liwiro ndi nthawi ya malemeredwe kafalitsidwe kudutsa synapse lapansi. Anthu, munthu akuchedwa ngati ali pafupi 1 MS.

• kamvekedwe, chomwe chimayimira pamaso pa ntchito maziko.

• Plasticity, ndi mbali kwambiri kusintha chithunzithunzi chonse cha zochita reflex.

• mgwirizano wa chizindikiro ubongo, zomwe alinga zokhudza thupi limagwirira njira afferent mudziwe (mtsinje zonse zikhumbo mitsempha).

• Kusakanikirana kwa ntchito za maselo malo mitsempha.

• Katundu lalikulu mitsempha chipinda, yodziwika ndi mwai excitability, luso malemeredwe ndi chimangirizo.

• cephalization mantha dongosolo, ndi kusuntha, thupi limayang'anira ntchito m'madera yaikulu ya CNS ndi ndende mu lamulo ntchito zawo.