Mfumu Hadrian: ulamuliro ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Amene analamulira mu 117-138 AD., Mfumu ya Aroma Hadrian anabadwa mu '76. Iye anabadwa pa njuchi Italica, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Baetica pafupi Seville ano. Adrian ndi mwana wa praetor Popliyo Elia Adrian Afra (ie African, mutu anapita atate wake monga mphoto chifukwa cha utumiki wake mu mpaka Mauritania). mayi a Calvin anali Domitia Paulina amachokera ku Spanish Hade. Mfumu Hadrian a apamwamba. agogo ake kumbali bambo ake anali membala wa nyumba ya Senate ndi mwamuna wa azakhali a Trajan. mfumu iyi, amene analamulira zaka 98-117., atafika amalume Adrian msuweni anakhalanso mtetezi wake atamwalira makolo a mwanayo mu '85.

achinyamata

Mfumu tsogolo Hadrian anasankha utumiki asilikali. Iye anakhala Tribune mu mabungwe, anatumikira mu kwambiri ambiri a zigawo Loona za Upper Germany, wotsika Moesia ndi wotsika Pannonia. Monga dzanja lamanja la Trajan, Hadrian anatsagana naye popita ku Rome, pamene iye anali kukonzekera kuti mwina n'kulolera wachifumu. Mu likulu, asilikali m'banja. Mkazi wake anali Vibia Sabina - mwana wamkazi wa mwana wa mfumu ya watsopano.

Ndiye Adrian anakhala quaestor, ndipo analamulira Legiyo anatumikira praetor pa nkhondo Dacian. Pakuti pamene anali bwanamkubwa wa wotsika Pannonia, amene anathandiza kuti mfumu yekha. Adrian osiyana utumiki ntchito ndi akuluakulu. Mu 108, makhalidwe woyang'anira zinamupatsa kukhala kazembe. Pakuti Ufumu inali nthawi lotopetsa - ofunikira akuluakulu onse anayenera kuchitapo kanthu mavuto ambiri nyengo. Ndi isanayambike nkhondo ndi Parfiey Adrian anapita ku Syria, kumene anakhala kazembe wa chigawo cha malire.

wolowa Trajan ndi

Mu 117 kachiwiri Adrian anasankhidwa Kazembe. Komabe, m'chaka chomwecho Trajan anafa ndipo anauka nkhani yaminga ya kulanda mphamvu kwa m'malo a. Kwa masiku atatu uthenga wa imfa ya Mfumu wakhala chinsinsi kwa misa. Elites enzopangwa kugwirizana amene adzakhala mutu latsopano la boma. Tsiku lotsatira, pambuyo pa imfa ya Trajan anapezeka chifuniro chake chatha ndi pangano, amene iye amawatenga Adriana ndi kudutsa bwino wachifumu. chakuti chifuniro wotsiriza wa womwalirayo watsimikizira mkazi wake Pompeia Plotina.

Ngakhale uthenga wa umwana zadzetsa kukayikira. Potsatira inalowa mpando wachifumu Hadrian ndalama ngakhale latsopano ndi chithunzi cha mbiri yake anamasulidwa, chimene iye lotchedwa Kaisara, koma osati August. Komabe, de A facto kulanda mphamvu unagwiritsabe. Mawu omaliza anali nkhondo, ndipo iye amapereka wodandaulayu, asilikali bwino. Kutsutsa mfumu yatsopano zikhoza kukhala mu Senate, koma senators kukhala kwayekha pafupifupi, mofunitsitsa kapena ayi, koma anavomereza mfumu yatsopano.

mtendere

Chinthu choyamba mfumu yatsopano Hadrian anapangidwa kuloŵedwa m'malo ake ndi mtetezi. Pa ichi iye anali kupempha chilolezo kuchokera Senate. The apamwamba a wolamulira kwa akuluakulu otchuka anali kunena mwachindunji. Autocrat a senators ndiponso ulemu. Ndipotu yosainidwa nonaggression ke, kuyamba ndi anakhala Adrian. Mfumu ya Roma atalonjeza kulanga apamwamba, ngati kuti sikusokoneza palokha mfundo thupi.

Kufuna kusamalira awo sanali mwangozi. malingaliro Adrian zinthu zambiri zosiyana ndi zimene motsogozedwa Trajan. Mfumu yatsopano anakana patsogolo kummawa. Chifukwa kuti anali zachiwawa zikuluzikulu Mesopotamia. Chifukwa cha iwo, ulamuliro wa Mfumu Hadrian inayamba chakuti iye anaganiza kutha chisokonezo pa malire. Pa malangizo ake asilikali anaimitsa nkhondo ndi Aparti. Gawo lotetezedwa limati pakati pa Perisiya ndi Roma anakhala m'manja mwa mafumu m'dera m'manja.

mfundo kukondera msanga anapereka zipatso. Kusakhazikika idaleka. Pambuyo bwino koyamba Adrian wacheukira kwa mtsinje wa Danube. Kudzera mtsinje uwu mtanda malire mu boma la Roma anayamba kugonjetsa Roksolany ndi Sarmatians. Army anagonjetsa wongosamukasamuka awa, amene adachokera ku Black Sea steppes. Mu loyandikana Dacia Traian Adrian wotetezedwa kupeza ndi asalowe dongosolo latsopano utsogoleri ndi kuwagawa m'chigawo patatu.

Mfumu ndi apamwamba

Zima zaka 118 Adrian anakhala ku Bituniya ndi Nicomedia. Apo iye anamva za mikangano ya olemekezeka ku likulu. Anali pa nthawi imeneyo ku Rome mfumu Pilato Attia, pakalibe mfumu anaphedwa andale angapo otchuka, amaganiziridwa woukira boma. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Lucius Konst, amene Adrian atatsala pang'ono anachotsedwa malo ake monga kazembe wa Yudeya. Wina analanga anatsimikizira Gayo Avidius Nigrinus, asamalira n'zotheka m'malo kwa mfumu.

Atamva atapha anthu chinachitika, Adrian anabwerera ku Roma. Iye anali kusonyeza kuti Senate kuti iye sanali nawo imfa ya akuluakulu a udindo wapamwamba. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mfumu nsembe yopatulika, kuwamana Attia Pilato wake mfumu. Komabe, nkhani imeneyi anali zoyipa pa asapita wa August ndi Senate.

zigawo kumwa

Amphamvu Adrian - Roma, amene anali woyamba pa nkhani akalambula wake ndi Amlowam'malo wayenda mu ufumu wake waukulu. Iye mpake chimodzi cha apaulendo wamkulu wakale. Peak kuyenda ku zigawo zinachitika mu zaka 121-132. Mu mzinda uliwonse, mfumu panokha nzika kuzindikira mavuto awo ndi kuthetsa mavuto awo ambiri ofunika.

Nzeru za dziko lake, Hadrian analamula kumasula mndandanda wa ndalama, munali malo lililonse fano a m'chigawo Roma. A zosiyanasiyana za boma m'mphepete munthu ngati mkazi. Onsewo ali osiyana ndi mzake, ndi wapadera khalidwe khalidwe: Asian lupanga, mbalame Igupto, masewera a Agiriki, ndi zina zotero ..

Adrian anakhala mfumu yoyamba, anasiya mfundo, malinga ndi zimene unali kukhala okha wabwino wa Rome. Zinali iye amene ananyamuka kulenga boma yaikulu ya zamoyo, ndi zatsopano zomwe sipanatenge m'mbiri ya anthu. Autocrat ndinawona mu Ufumu anagonjetsa osati chisokonezeko m'mayiko wotanganidwa ndi dera, amene anakhala anthu ambiri wapadera. tcheru Hadrian ndi zochitika za zigawo anapitiriza mosaletseka mu ulamuliro wake.

kuyenda Adrian

Cholinga cha ulendo yoyamba ya Hadrian anali Gau. Mfumu anapita m'chigawo ili beseni wa Rhine ndi Danube. Kenako iye anapita kutali Britain. M'malo mwa Kaisara kumpoto ntchito yomanga mpanda wautali, ankateteza malo Roma ndi Caledonians ankhanza.

M'chaka 122, Adrian anapitanso ku Gau, nthawi imeneyi m'madera kum'mwera. mzinda Nemause (ano Nimes), nayika mpingo mu ulemu wa mkazi posachedwapa wakufayo la Trajan Pompeii Platinum. Mfumu iliyonse kuyesera kutsindika zachipembedzo chawo kwa kuloŵedwa m'malo ake ndi banja lake. The Italica, malo Hadrian, mfumu ya Roma anapita yozizira yotsatira, kumene anasamukira Mauritania ndi Africa.

Mu 123 asapita pakati Rome ndi Aparti anapulumuka mayeso wina wa mphamvu. Oopa nkhondo, Adrian panokha anapita kum'mawa kwa dziko. Iye anagwiritsitsa nkhani ndi Aperezi ndi zimachepetsa zinthu. Pa ulendo Mfumu anapita Palmyra ndi ku Antiokeya. Chaka chotsatira, a indefatigable Adrian anabwera Thrace, pamene anakhazikitsa mzinda dzina lake Adrianople. Izi pakati ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha ufumu anapulumuka. M'nyengo ya Ufumu wa Byzantine, anali mmodzi wa malo yaikulu zigawo. Today m'mudzimo dzina Turkey wa Edirne.

Chidwi ulendo wa Mfumu kwa Greece. Pa nthawi ina izi August panokha nawo zinsinsi za Eleusis - Agiriki zofunika pachaka mwambo wachipembedzo odzipereka kwa mulungu wamkazi wa kubeleka Persephone ndi Demeter. Chinanso chochititsa chidwi mfumu kukwera pamwamba pa Etna kuphulika ku Sicily. Linadutsa Ufumu, Adrian anagonjetsa angapo otentha (mwachitsanzo, kasiya ku Syria). Ndinkamuchezera Egypt mu August ndi zabwino. Anakwanitsa Colossi wa Memnon - ziboliboli mwala wa Farao Amenhotep III, yemwe anaima pa Thebes ndi kale limodzi ndi theka zaka chikwi.

Mipanda latsopano

Pakuti mfumu ndiponso chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe, kunali kofunika Adrian - Roma, amene yonena ndi chitsanzo cha asilikali bwino, pambuyo pa zonse, amene anapita mu ndale. Atakhala mfumu, anayamba pafupipafupi kupita kunkhondo. Mfumu anapita ndi zonse kuyang'anira asilikali, kuti afufuze luso lawo kupezeka ndi nkhondo. Monga Adrian anakana Kupitiriza Kukula Roma, magulu kusintha kwathunthu njira yake. Mosatsata nkhondoyo, iwo anaponyedwa kulimbitsa ndi malo malire.

Mu nthawi ya Hadrian pamodzi boma malire ambiri ndithu malinga wamphamvu zinamangidwa. Home mpanda wa ufumu anaonekera kumpoto Britain. Izi khoma ali kale, wotchedwa Hadrian a Wall motsatizana kwa msewu kuti Salt Chinsinsi ndipo ngakhale umapulumuka lero. Ake anamanga kuwaika ndi mwala. Mbali khalidwe la mpanda anayamba m'mphepete mwa mawonekedwe a kalata V. Mpumulo wa Roma Britain kumbuyo zipata yaikulu nsanja yayitali, amene anali wabwino kwambiri Hardy legionaries. Total khoma kulondera anthu zikwi khumi ndi zisanu. Kumpoto kwa izo pali woipitsitsawu wosagonjetsedwa Caledonia.

malinga ofanana anaonekera Greece ndi Germany. Iwo anaikidwa kumeneko, kumene kunalibe masoka achilengedwe malire (mwachitsanzo mitsinje). Mbali olimba a kutalika kwa mailosi mazana awiri unachitikira pakati pa Danube ndi Rhine. kutsinde uyu anali wokwatira palisade nkhuni ndi ozungulira ngalande phompho.

Kusintha asilikali

Ndiyamika mfundo poteteza Hadrian pafupi ndi malire a aliyense kuthetsa wotukuka boma. Iwo anabwera pafupi m'misasa asilikali. Ankalamulira anayesa kuthawa oyandikana yoopsa akunjawo kunja kwa mpanda wa mzinda.

Wosinthika moyo asilikali. Tsopano asilikali sikuti kumenyana ndi kuswana akavalo, kumanga quarries, anapangidwa yunifolomu, kulondera n'kukawatula tirigu, chinkhoswe mu ulimi nyama. Ikutha kuti ankatembenukira kuchokela kuchigawo kuti mabungwe m'chigawo kukodzedwa kwambiri m'munda wake wa ntchito. Tsopano aganiza ndi mavuto a zachuma.

zaluso onsewa akulimbikitsidwa Adrian yekha. Roma, busts chithunzi kuti atipangize chidwi ndi mokwanira munthu unyamata, mwakhama chinkhoswe mu zochitika za asilikali, ndi mzati wa mtendere ndi chitukuko cha boma yaikulu. Adrian adamfunsa kugwilizana ndi chilango kwambiri ndiponso pa nthawi yomweyo amatha chifundo kulankhula ndi asilikaliwo. Iye akusonkhana nthawi ya ayendetsa, nawo chakudya ndi moyo ndi legionaries. Sam anatuluka malo ankhondo, mfumu anaitana alonda mu oyenda ndi chisoni chachikulu. Makamaka chifukwa cha ichi mu ulamuliro wa Hadrian mu ufumuwo sanali mutiny msilikali akulera yekha.

Ayuda anagalukira

Ambiri mwa zaka Hadrian unali wamtendere. The okha kwambiri kunabuka nkhondo 132, kuyandikira kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wake. Kumveka cha kupanduka achiyuda ku Yudeya. Chifukwa zipolowe za chinali kumanga kachisi wa Roma ku Yerusalemu. The abwana a kugalukira ndi Simioni Bar Kochba. Opandukawo anagwira Yerusalemu ndipo anamuchotsa Iye kwa Aroma. The yimitsira a kugalukira zida anatenga zaka zitatu.

Zochita za asilikali yokha nthawi loyang'aniridwa ndi Adrian. Mfumu ya Roma, analipo pa kugwa kwa Yerusalemu m'chaka 134. Patangotha miyezi ingapo nkhani imeneyi, a zotsala anamwazikana wa chosakhutitsidwa Pamapeto pake agonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a. Ayudawo anayamba kupondereza. Makamaka, Iwo ankaletsedwanso mdulidwe.

Imfa komanso zotsatira

Kusinthana anasonyeza vuto lalikulu limene Adrian. Mfumu wa Roma alibe ana. ubale wake ndi mkazi wake Sabina Vibiey anali ozizira kwambiri. Anamwalira m'chaka cha 128. Patatha zaka eyiti Hadrian anatengera Lutsiya Kommoda, koma anafa asanakalambe. Lotsatira anali nduna wolowa Antoniy Py. Kuonetsetsa yaitali kupitiriza mphamvu ndi wotsatira m'badwo m'malo Hadrian analamula kutengera Lucius Verus ndi Marcus Aurelius. Onse a iwo anadzakhala mfumu. Adrian anamwalira pa zaka 10 July 138. Kuti malo okhalamo ku Roma Mausoleum inamangidwa pasadakhale. Lero chikudziwika ngati Castel Sant'Angelo.

Adrian - Roma, amene anabadwa (24 January 76) zinachitika pa heyday chikhalidwe zachikunja. Mfumu anali chimake cha nyengo yake. Iye anali ndi chidwi matsenga, nyenyezi, ndi nawo miyambo ya chipembedzo. Adrian analemba ndakatulo zingapo, wokondedwa mabuku anali kundiimbira ndi olemba bwino masiku ano. Iye anali ndi chidwi zomangamanga ndi luso. Mu nthawi ya Hadrian mu ufumuwo, ndi mtundu wanyimbo watsopano kupenta, motsogozedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Agiriki. Iye anali woyamba wa August, amene ankaimiridwa mwa njila idealized ndi ndevu a.

amisiri Roma ndi Osema chidwi kwambiri kwa Mfumu Hadrian ndi Antinous - lapamtima ndipo anapita kwa Mfumu. Izi Mnyamatayo chisoni anamira mu Nile mu 130. Adrian walamula kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwambo achipembedzo a Antinous, ndi chifukwa ankaopedwa mulungu.

Zosangalatsa za Mfumu

Kamangidwe zizolowezi Adriana bwino kwambiri zopezeka zogona wake mu mzinda wa Rome, Tibur, anamanga mwa otsetsereka ndi ya maolivi. Villa Mfumu kusonyeza zosiyanasiyana masitaelo, mmene a zigawo zosiyanasiyana za boma limene acezela. Adrian ali atazunguliridwa yekha ndi mapulani kufika experimenters ndipo anawauza kuti akonze watsopano. chifukwa kafukufuku umandandidwa ndi dongosolo njerwa ndi simenti, ofanana kuti sanali kuzungulira Rome. Choncho mu ufumu panali kusintha kwenikweni zayamba ndi mafashoni kwa mawonekedwe chipangizo yokhota kumapeto, yomwe m'malo mwa mizere yosavuta molunjika.

Augustus anali sinditi kumangidwanso kwa zaluso yekha Villa wake. Adrian - Roma, amene ulamuliro (117-138) unagwa pa nsonga ya kulambira milungu wakale. Polemekeza gulu lawo linadzamangidwanso pa za Champ de A Mars. Pa malo a mpingo wakale, nyumba yatsopano wozungulira woboola pakati. Hadrian a Pantheon anali woyamba maofesi amenewa, kumene okhulupirira asonkhana.

Malinga ndi chifuniro cha mfumu pafupi Roma Forum Kachisi wa Venus ndi Roma anali kumangidwa. Osiyana achipembedzo nyumba mapulani anamangidwa mu ulemu wa Trajan owerengedwa ndi milungu. Mu Athens, Mfumu anayambitsa kumanganso kachisi wa Zeu. Palibe kukaika kuti Mfumu Hadrian, amene yonena wakhala kugwirizana ndi maulendo ambiri kum'mawa kwa dziko, anali ellinofilom woona.