Papa Innocent 3: yonena, nthano ng'ombe

Mu dziko , Papa Innocent 3 ankatchedwa Lothario de A Segni. Iye anabadwa pafupi ndi tauni ya Anagni. Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa samadziwika pontifi. Izi mwina 1160 kapena 1161. atate wake Trazimono anaberekera mutu wa Chiwerengero, ndipo mayi ake anali patrician Roma cha mtundu wa. Lothario chinali chogwirizana ndi mataye zimakhalira ndi apapa awiri. Clement III anali amalume ake, ndi Gregory IX anadza kwa mzukulu wake.

achinyamata

Mutu tsogolo la Mpingo wa Katolika Innocent 3 kuyambira ndili wamng'ono anali wolemekezeka ndi n'nganzeru zapamwamba. Iye anaphunzira za malamulo ku Bologna ndi zamulungu ku Paris. chaka A pambuyo kupha Sitefano Thomas Becket Lothario anapitiriza ulendo ku Canterbury.

Mu 1190 30 wazaka Italy wakhala kadinala. Celestine III, koma anali kutali ndi malo ake. Choncho, luso Cardinal ananyamula ntchito zolembalemba. Sysytem "Pa kunyoza dziko, kapena za zambiri kwachabechabe anthu, 'anadzigulitsa zedi kwambiri. Lothario ankakonda a Curia. Mu 1198 pambuyo pa imfa ya Celestine iwo anamusankha latsopano Papa, kutchula dzina la Innocent III.

Papa ndipo ufumu

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira mu latsopano yekha monga Innocent mwayi kwambiri. Kale kwa nthawi yaitali papa zotsutsana ndi mphamvu ufumu wa Woyera wa Chiroma. Mu 1197 mfumu Henry VI anafa, ndipo boma lake akumenya m'nkhondo mkati Ghibelline ndi Guelph. Germany ndi onse Inabuka nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Zonsezi analimbitsa okha maudindo amene anagonjetsedwa ndi Innocent 3. yonena za moyo wake wakale kumachititsanso zosiyanasiyana mayiko a ku Ulaya amene anapita chifukwa cha kuphunzira ndi ulendo. Tsopano monga mutu wa Katolika Innocent kulankhulana ndi mafumu a limati onsewa.

Ziwalo za mphamvu lachifumu analola Papa kuti ayambenso ulamuliro wa papa States, kuwonjezera malire ake ku nyanja ya Adriatic pambuyo kujowina March wa Ancona, ndi Spoleto. Pamene Celestine City Wamuyaya avutika chisokonezo chifukwa cha mikangano lolemera magulu. Innocent yekha anali patrician akuchikazi ndi kugwirizana banja ntchito ankatha kuyanjanitsa kudziwa. kupambana Political mutu wa Mpingo wa Katolika ku Italy anali korona chakuti anakhala regent wa ufumu wa Sicily, yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa pachilumbachi. Asanamwalire, regent lake Constance anafunsa pontifi kukhala Mtetezi wa khanda mwana wake Frederick mpaka isanayambike msinkhu wake. 3 Innocent anavomera.

Kampeni chachinayi

Si choncho mwayi anali Papa polimbana ndi Asilamu. Zotsatirazi akalambula ake Innocent 3 anayesa kumvanso Yerusalemu kuchokera osakhulupirira ndi zitheke wadalitsa Chachinayi Kampeni. Mu 1198 lamulo linaperekedwa, chimene gulu la nkhondo anali wokwera msonkho wa 2.5% ya revenues wa mpingo. Ndalama zochokera kwa zaka zambiri, koma iwo sanali konse zokwanira. Mu ndondomekoyi, ndi Akhristu kuwoloka nyanja ya Mediterranean sitima Venetian. Komabe, popeza ku malonda Republic, akalonga ndi Ankhondo sanathe kupereka chofunika kuchuluka kwa iwo (zizindikiro 84 zikwi siliva).

Akhama Doge wa Venice, Enrico Dandolo akufuna ndi Akhristu kumuthandiza kukalanda mzindawo a Hungary Zara pa gombe Adriatic. Posinthanitsa ndi thandizo la ndale okalamba analonjeza akugwiranso asilikali akufuna kupita ku Palestine. Chifukwa, Zara analandidwa ndi kulanda katundu. Kugwa kwa mzinda mu mtima Chikristu ku Ulaya anali limodzi ndi wakubayu ndi kupha anthu wamba.

Kuphunzira za nkhaniyi, Papa Innocent 3 anakwiya. Iye anachotsedwa ophunzira onse a Ulendo wa. Posachedwapa, komabe kanthu ndale. Universal anathema kutanthauza kampeni komaliza wolephera, amene akhoza kupulumutsidwa. Komanso, papa sanali kukangana ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono kuchokera ku Ulaya. Pambuyo masekeli ubwino onse ndi kuipa kwake, pontifi zimafika anathema, temberero kusiya kokha initiators wa kuukira Zara, Avenetia.

Kugwa kwa Constantinople

Zoipitsitsa Komabe, mkudza. The Akhristu okhazikika kukhudzana ndi kutsitsidwa mfumu Byzantine Alexios, kuwafunsa kumuthandiza atengenso mpando wachifumu wake. Kuwombola, ndi ofuna kugula analonjeza kuthandiza Akatolika pomenyana ndi Asilamu reinforcements ndi ndalama. Iye anavomera Kumvetsela ku Greek Mpingo wa West. Namuyesa kupereka anatembenuka mapulani crusader ndi Avenetia. Mu 1204, iwo anagwidwa ndipo anagonjetsa umodzi mwa mizinda wamkulu wa Ages Middle, Constantinople. Pa m'mabwinja a Byzantine Catholic Latin ufumu, mphamvu ya amene anali Afulanki unakhazikitsidwa.

Papa Innocent 3 anayesa kuletsa ambuye ang'onoang'ono, anatumiza kwa Constantinople. Kutero, iye anali alephera. Ndiponso palibe gulu la mipingo zisanachitikepo. The kugawanika pakati pa Akatolika ndi Orthodox kuchita monga lonse. Komabe Innocent 3, yonena mwachidule zomwe ndi chitsanzo pontifi lokambirana kuthamangitsa chigawenga lolakwika ndi sanataye mtima chisonyezo Akhristu dzuwa.

polimbana ndi ampatuko

Back mu kumayambiriro kwa zaka XI panali kagulu Mkhristu wa Albigenses (mu sayansi yamakono anaitanidwa Cathars) m'chigawo French wa Languedoc. Iwo adakana za sakramenti la Mpingo, zithunzi lopatulika ndi oyera okha. Ambiri mwa Cathars anaikira mu kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa France. Iwo mothandizana ndi ena amakhumudwa madongosolo a mpingo wa mabishopu ndi m'deralo olemekezeka wolemera.

Popeza kukwera kwa mpando wa papa, Innocent akonzedwa za kuthetsa ampatuko. Ndi chidwi kuti poyambira, anatumiza negotiators kuti ampatuko, amene anali St. Domi- ndi Abbot sieve. Mu 1209 kuyesa njira zamtendere analephera, ndi pontifi analengeza Launch la nkhondo zomenyera watsopano, umene unatha mapeto bola ngati zaka makumi awiri.

Bakuman wa Franciscans

Mu 1209 osati anayamba nkhondo zomenyera motsutsa Albigenses, komanso woyamba mendicant kwakukulu ndi a Franciscans. Mbiri ya pakuwonekera kwake maziko a nthano otchuka akale. Mlaliki Frantsisk Assizsky anawatengera ku Roma otsatira ake, pofuna kupeza kuchokera Papa chilolezo kulenga latsopano lachipembedzo. Munthu uyu analibe kugwirizana aliyense mu echelons chapamwamba cha Mpingo. Komabe, kutchuka pakati pa anthu osauka ndi mwini wachikoka anamuthandiza kutsimikizira mabishopu achikatolika bungwe msonkhano ndi wapaulendo pontifi.

Malinga ndi nthano, Innocent 3 Franciscans anakhazikitsa pokhapokha iye anali ndi maloto amene St. Francis ndi manja atagwira Lateran tchalitchi. Lisanaperekedwe, walembapo okayikira ndi zosadziwika oyendayenda mlaliki amene Italy pa nthawi imeneyo kunali osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Ambiri a iwo sanali amasiyana opusa ndi mpatuko.

Francis sanali monga ena onse a mesiya onyenga amene amlalikira austerity kukonda anansi ndi chikhumbokhumbo umphawi. otsatira ake unadziwika ngati "abale ang'ono". 3 Innocent anakhazikitsa dongosolo Francis pokhapokha kukayikira wake inatha ndi maloto lachinsinsi. Komabe, ngati chizindikiro chinali, kunapezeka kuti uneneri. Order msanga unakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Ntchito zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika, iye zonse kuchuluka umembala wake. khumi okha patapita zaka kale anthu 3000, umene panthawi imeneyo anali munthu wodziwika kwambiri.

Republic ndi Teutonic Order

Masiku kwa zikamera ndi kukula malamulo atsopano Catholic pamene Innocent Franciscans yekha satanthauza. Mu nthawi yake ku Toulouse panali gulu la St. Domi-. Anakhala maziko a dongosolo lina. Innocent analibe nthawi kudalitsa chilengedwe chake chifukwa cha imfa yake mwadzidzidzi. M'malomwake, 1216 anachita m'malo Honorius III. Dominican Order anali yophunzitsa - agulupa ake ankachita maphunziro zamulungu m'malo ndi mizinda yunivesite ku Ulaya.

Mu 1199 Innocent anapereka ng'ombe, umene mwapatsidwa kudziyimira pawokha kuti zokometsera wina mmudzi wa amwendamnjira mu Palestine. Icho chinali chiyambi cha Teutonic Order, anasamukira ku Baltic, kumene Ankhondo ake akuchita nkhondo ndi amitundu ndi Russian wa ukulu palokha. Organization Kumvetsela osati mutu wa mpingo, komanso mphamvu wachifumu.

Teutonic Order ndi Papa Innocent 3 anathandizana kwa zaka zambiri. Papa ankalimbikitsa Valpotu Henry - woyamba Grand Master ammudzi. Mu 1215 Innocent anakhazikitsa nkhondo zomenyera motsutsa Prussians. Galimoto mphamvu ya msonkhano zinafika pa Teutonic Order. mfundo kum'mawa kwa Innocent si polimbana akunja. Back mu 1204, iye akufuna Volyn kalonga Roma Mstislavovich Chikatolika ndipo analandira udindo wa Mfumu ya wotchedwa Galicia. zokambirana izi zinachititsa kanthu, chifukwa Rurik sanafune kusintha chikhulupiriro chawo.

ng'ombe Venerabilem

Zofunika kwa nyengo yake papa Bully Innokentiya 3 diplomatically anafotokoza m'nthawi udindo wa Holy See pa zofunika achipembedzo ndi andale. Wotchuka ngati chikalata pontifi anali Venerabilem, lofalitsidwa mu 1202. Ng'ombe lili abstracts imene mutu wa Mpingo wa ku nkhani yolembedwa anafotokoza maganizo ake okhudza mphamvu wachifumu.

Mu Venerabilem Innocent anatsimikizira lamanja la akalonga German kusankha mfumu. Mu Ufumu Woyera wa Chiroma, iye ndiye anakhala mfumu. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuti adzoze ndi korona iye akanakhoza kokha bambo. Ngati ataganizira osayenera wakonzekera kuti mutu wa mfumu, akalonga izisankha munthu wina. Innocent anafotokoza mwayi umene Mpingo wakhala anafunika woyang'anira yolembedwa ndi mtetezi. Mu chochitika cha kulephera kwa akalonga izisankha woyenera phungu pontifi wasunga ufulu wonse yovutayi mfumu yatsopano. Posachedwa iye anali kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimenezi.

castling mafumu

Ng'ombe Venerabilem anakhala gawo lotsatira nkhondo a mphamvu yolembedwa ndi zampingo kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Innocent anafunafuna kuletsa kukula chikoka ya mafumu, kuphatikizapo chotsatira katundu wa ufumu wa Sicily. Akunena wachifumu wa achinyamata Frederick II, koma iye sakanakhoza kutenga mpando wachifumu ngati mwana. Nthawiyi, ndi hafu ya akalonga German ankafuna kukhala mfumu Philip ya Swabia, ndipo hafu inayo anathandiza Ottona Braunshveygskogo. Pa candidacy wa iwowa alimira Innocent 3. Papa mfumu yodzozedwa Otto mu 1209.

Komabe, popeza ndalandira mphamvu, mfumu yatsopano anakana kumvera ndale Papa. Iye anayamba kubwezeretsa kukopa kwake mu ufumu choletsedwa kuti iye Italy ndi Sicily. Ndiye Innocent unachotsa Otto ku mpingo. Mu 1212, papa analonjeza lachifumu ulemu aakulu Frederick (yemwe anakhala mfumu mu zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, pambuyo pa imfa ya woyang'anira wake ndi mtetezi).

Otto anataya mphamvu zake monarchical pambuyo mu 1214 anagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Bouvines, pamene anagonjetsa French Mfumu Filipp II Avgust. Patapita miyezi ingapo, iye anasiya mutu wa mfumu. Pakutayika thandizo la Electors, ndi pontifi Otto IV anafa chifukwa kamwazi anamukantha mu 1218. Mu nkhondo imeneyi onse andale amene chinapululutsa Europe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII, pali khalidwe bwino Papa Innocent 3. Pa Institute wake waupapa nditafika pachimake cha mphamvu zake pa mafumu a dziko la World Old.

Zosemphana ndi John opanda minda

Zovuta pa nthawi iyi anali asapita wa Holy See ndi England. Mu 1207, Innocent yoikidwiratu Stefana Lengtona latsopano Bishopu wamkulu wa Canterbury. English Korol Ioann England anakana kuzindikira chidole cha Rome. Pakuti ichi mutu wa dziko achikatolika ziletso pa dziko chiletso, kuwaletsa mapemphero achipembedzo mmenemo. Poyankha, Yohane anafotokoza katundu onse mpingo mu England, motero kumuuza kuchuluka zosaneneka makilogalamu 100 zikwi. Zinaoneka kuti kulimbana ndi mphamvu zauzimu anapita phindu yekha.

Monga nthano Innocent 3, malinga ndi maloto anasankha kuvomereza maziko a Francis Order, koma ndale weniweni papa ankatsogoleredwa zochita zawo zambiri cholinga zifukwa. Powona kuuma kwa mfumu English, Papa unachotsa iye. mabishopu British mwaufulu anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo.

Pankhondoyi kwa zaka zingapo. Pomaliza, mu 1213 kumenyana komanso ndi ambuye awo ang'onoang'ono John anavomereza Innocent. Pambuyo pake, bambo anayamba kuteteza mfumu. Iye analetsa French mfumu Philip II Augustus la England kulengeza nkhondo pa zonena kuti Normandy. Komanso Papa Innocent 3, amene yonena anali kugwirizana ndi ulendo wakale Canterbury, Mpingo anachotsedwa pa barons amene anayesa kumana boma anasaina "Magna Carta" Ioanna Bezzemelnogo.

Chachinayi Lateran ndi imfa

The zotsatira za pontificate a Innocent III anali wachinayi wa Lateran Council. Iwo anatsegula mu November 1215. Pa chosaiwalika chochitika anabwera mabishopu 400 ndi mabishopu, komanso angapo mbadwa za Mipingo East. Pa nthawi yomweyo kwina utsogoleri wolowezana Greek. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka khumi mantha ndi wakubayu Constantinople mantha Byzantines ku mgwirizano uliwonse ndi Akatolika.

The tchalitchi lasindikizidwa zoposa makumi malamulo pochita zinthu ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza moyo wachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, analamula Akhristu kuchita malonda ndi Ayuda. Mchitidwe wosala Ayuda anali kudziŵika ndi nyengo, ndi Innocent ndi anamuperekeza ake anthu anakulira nthawi yawo.

Papa anasiya osati chisankho wa Lateran Cathedral ndi ng'ombe, komanso ambiri mwa makalata. Ambiri a iwo anali zoyenera pa nkhani ya malamulo: monga amadziwika, pontifi anali kwambiri akale wazamalamulo. Zosonkhanitsira choyambirira makalata ake ali waikamo mu University of Bologna.

Innocent 3 chithunzi zithunzi akale amene amasonyeza akadali ndithu mnyamata, anafa July 16, 1216 mu Perugia pa zaka 55. Chifukwa cha imfa oyambirira pontifi anayamba malungo. Innocent kudwala matenda oopsa pa njira kumpoto kwa Italy, komwe iye anapita pambuyo Council Lateran kwa kuthetsa mikangano pakati Pisa ndi Genoa. Papa zoyembekezeredwa kuthandiza mayiko awiri mu gulu latsopano la Chachisanu Kampeni. Iye anaikidwa mu Perugia. zotsalira Innocent anatitumiza ku Rome mu 1891.