The Vienna Convention 1961 okhudza zamtendere: kufunika ndi udindo

Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu tsiku April yosainidwa wa Vienna Convention mu 1961 pa Relations akazembe. Iwo anali ndi malamulo a kukhazikitsidwa ndi kuchotsa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa maudindo woimirira ndi ntchito zawo zonse, kukhazikitsidwa kwa makalasi zamtendere - Lamulira d'Affaires, nduna ndi kazembe, analamula kuvomerezeka mitu ya utumwi zamtendere ndi ndodo zawo wamng'ono.

immunities

Convention anafotokozera za chitetezo chokwanira ndi maudindo kumaboma zamtendere ambiri, makamaka immunities ndi ogwira luso ndi maudindo zamtendere munthu. Zofunika kwambiri amaona kukhulupirika kwa chipindacho. The Vienna Convention 1961 pa Relations akazembe imaletsa akuluakulu a kulandira State kulowa popanda chilolezo cha mutu wa Utumwi. M'malo mwake, akuluakulu a boma ayenera kuteteza ntchito ndi kulowerera kapena ngakhale zazing'ono kuwonongeka, chifukwa wakuswa chifaniziro bata. maudindo akazembe ndi immunities mu kuwala kwa chakudya cha Vienna Msonkhano Relations akazembe a 1961 kukakamiza boma kutumiza, ndipo ngakhale ambiri ntchito taboo.

Malo a ntchito sangathe kugwira kufufuza, waudindo, ubwenzi kapena ngati. Inviolable ndipo ayenera kukhala positi ofesi, ndi abale ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Ogwira ntchito ndi mabanja awo komanso kusangalala ufulu umenewu: makhalidwe awo ndi inviolability wa kunyumba kwa ulamuliro wa dziko la zogona. Kuchipinda osapatsidwa msonkho pa zasungidwa. The Vienna Convention 1961 pa Relations akazembe ali ndondomeko awiri optional: malamulo nzika ya dziko khamu sizikhudza, Mphamvu ya Court mayiko a Justice chofunika.

lamulo zamtendere

Izi ndi mbali ya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo kuti mwachindunji nthawi malire zokhudzana ndi ntchito za boma matupi ubale kunja. kugwilizana pano wonse ndi njira zoyambirira za mgwirizano wa mayiko: amgwirizano zokambirana kudzera utumwi wapadera, Multilaterial zokambirana ikuchitika ndi nthumwi za magawo ziwalo mabungwe mayiko kapena maofesi woimira mayiko zonse pa mabungwe lonse.

Waukulu contractual chida - m'Pangano Vienna mu 1961 pa Relations akazembe. Mu 1969, a Hague Convention anatengedwanso mamishoni wapadera, ndipo mu 1975 ku Vienna, - m'Pangano chikhalidwe cha anthu onse mishoni ubwenzi ndi mabungwe lonse. Izi si woyamba Vienna Msonkhano Relations akazembe. Vienna kawiri ndinkakhala nalo oimira a maiko. Ku Russia nawo awiri Vienna Misonkhano.

Ndale za Relations Zowonekera kunja

The matupi ubale kunja anawagawa achilendo ndi zoweta. Dama boma apamwamba thupi ndiyo mfundo yachilendo ya boma, gulu kapena yekha mutu wa boma kuimira dziko m'bwalolo mayiko, boma, kuwatsogolera mfundo yachilendo ndi ulamuliro wa boma - a Unduna Woona za okhonda.

matupi okhonda ubale kunja akhoza yochepa kapena okhazikika. Otsiriza - ichi ndi akazembe kapena ntchito, chifaniziro mu mabungwe lonse, consulates. Zosakhalitsa - nthumwi zapadera kapena ntchito mu matupi mayiko kapena kumisonkhano.

Nchito ndi kapangidwe

Kugwirizananso zamtendere pakati limati anasinthanitsa utumwi ndi makonzedwe apadera ndi kulemekeza mutu wa woimira kalasi. Pano pali mbali zitatu: Lamulira d'Affaires, Mtumiki, kazembe. Loya basi kuwasiyanitsa ku mlandu d'Affaires, amene sitili pa kazembe amachita ntchito. 1961 Vienna Convention kuzindikiridwa makalasi atatu: akazembe komanso nthumwi zatulutsidwa ndi atsogoleri a State, ndi mlandu d'affaires - Atumiki a Affairs okhonda.

Tithe mu kapangidwe wa mavoti zamtendere atsimikiziridwa malinga ndi lamulo zoweta wa dziko accrediting. ndodo alinso m'magulu atatu: kuwonjezera pa zamtendere ali kayendetsedwe ndi luso (coders, zachuma, omasulira, antchito a Office ndi zina zotero) ndi thandizo ndodo (ophika, chitetezo, wowayendetsa, munda, etc.). ndodo akazembe adzakhala inviolable ndi kosamugonjera anayendera miyambo. Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu siyana ogwira kunyamula mitundu yonse ya zinthu mipando n'zotheka, koma ndi mwambo iwo samapita. Msonkhanowu Vienna (1961), ndi mtengo wake unali posachedwapa ndipo ndithu ayesedwa ndi States Zisangalalo.

Kukhazikitsidwa ntchito. agrément

Mugone akazembe anakhazikitsa ndi maudindo anakhazikitsa yekha ndi mgwirizano wa maiko. Koma, mwa njira, woyamba si nthawi zonse kumatanthauza wachiwiri. Mugone akazembe akhoza kuyamba, ndipo popanda bungwe wa mavoti, Vienna Msonkhano Relations akazembe (1961) makamaka imafotokoza kuti. Cholinga ndi kuvomereza zamtendere nthumwi - kuvomerezeka izi. Pali magawo anayi:

1. Agrement. Chilolezo cha boma kulandira kwa poika munthu makamaka mu njira imodzi kapena wina, ndi bwino chokana wa dziko khamu ali. Agrement pempho ndi chinsinsi ndi si mu kulemba. Ndi chiphaso cha chilolezo (agrément) mutu wa mavoti adzakhala basi kukhala khalidwe grata (khalidwe grata ku Latin - munthu anakhumba).
2. Kusankhidwa boma la mutu wa Utumwi.
3. Kufika mu State wa kopita.
4. Kupereka yolembedwa ndi mutu wa boma la nyota - ulamuliro onse.

Otsatidwa ndi kuphedwa cha ntchito zawo.

kutha kwa ntchito

Mission kutsazikana ndi nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko pa zifukwa zabwino (pantchito, matenda udindo watsopano), ndipo malinga kuti boma lake. Mu nkhani ina, pamene kanthu amachokera ku dziko makamu, ndi kuzindikira nthumwi osafunika munthu (khalidwe sanali grata) kapena nkhani dismisla - mpaka iye ali chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere pamene iye ananena munthu. Nthawi zina ndi kukana nthumwi angathe kuchita ntchitoyi.

Wa Convention Vienna pa akazembe Relations kuti pafupifupi nkhani ya mphamvu majeure za maiko kukhazikitsa ntchito za mgwirizano wa mayiko, unafotokoza. Kuchotsa cha machitidwe a maudindo onse chifukwa anawononga ubale pakati pa maiko awiri (pafupifupi atchedwe nkhondo), kapena mmodzi wa ikutha mayiko awiri 'kukhalapo. Komanso zithe ntchito nchito pa kusintha n'zosemphana a boma kapena zinachitikira Zasintha.

mishoni Special

Akazembe ntchito akhale ndi magulu malinga ndi mwambo padziko lonse, ofala mderali. ntchito, wotumidwa ndi boma kuthetsa nkhani zina ndi kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina utumwi amawatumiza ku mayiko angapo, ngati funsolo chidwi ambiri. Mutu wa dzikoli, ngati iye amatsogolera ntchito, komanso nduna zakunja, ndi ena oimira aliyense waudindo kwenikweni kusangalala chitetezo chokwanira aliyense boma ndi maudindo.

Malire a mwayi komanso immunities si bwino anaika, koma atsogoleri a boma ndi ena anthu za udindo waukulu akhoza mwachindunji kambiranani mafunso onse zokhudza kuchita zimenezi ndi kugwirizana ndi mzake. Komabe, panalibe zachilendo kwa chitetezo chokwanira zamtendere anagwiriridwa ku ulamuliro wa dongosolo lililonse - chigawenga, utsogoleri kapena ing'ono ing'ono. Tikayang'ana anaona yaitali, yemweyo maudindo miyambo anawapatsa oimira yonse. Ngati munthu waudindo wapamwamba wa mamishoni zamtendere satero, ndiye udindo awo ndi ofanana ndi udindo wa gulu lolinganiza cha anthu a ntchito zamtendere.

immunities zoletsa

Zofooka za maudindo ndi immunities monga anatsimikizira ndi Vienna Convention sachita wolungamitsidwa. Soviet Union sanali lowani msonkhanowo chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi mawu m'nkhani 25, limene amapereka inviolability wa malo a ntchito yapadera. Msonkhanowu amalola maonekedwe m'madera awa ndi makonsolo ngati panali moto kapena ngozi zina, popanda chilolezo cha mutu wa Utumwi. Moto si chifukwa cha matenda a chitetezo chokwanira.

Sue

Nkhani 31 wa Vienna Convention, amene n'kukulemberani chitetezo chokwanira ku ulamuliro wa gulu dziko dippersonala mamembala onse a ntchito, komabe unakhazikitsidwa kuti mwachindunji dippersonam akhoza akuzengedwa mlandu, kumawononga amanena ngati ngozi chifukwa cha magalimoto omwe ntchito kupitirira ntchito zawo boma.

Inalowa ku Convention

The Vienna Convention 1961 pa Relations akazembe amapereka kutsegula kwa siginecha si magawo onse a mayiko. Mayiko ayenera kukhala mamembala a United Nations kapena mabungwe ena apadera, kutenga nawo mbali pa Malamulo a Khoti mayiko a Justice kapena ndinaitanidwa ndi General Assembly UN. Ufuluwu Kwalamulidwa mu Nkhani 48 (chikalata 1961) ndi 76 (1963 zikalata).

Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chake South Ossetia ndi losadziwika monga mbali ya Vienna Convention. South Ossetian yamalamulo nabvomereza kuti dziko lawo asagwe mu aliyense siyana ndi ena nkhani za Msonkhano ndi bwino yotsalidwa. Koma South Ossetia wakhala mbali ya Convention Vienna pa Relations akazembe (1961), koma tsopano ndi zolemba izi unilaterally.