Nkhondo ya 1812. Tarutinsky kuzemba (lalifupi)

Mu nkhondo palibe zochitika mwachisawawa. Chirichonse chimene chimachitika ndi mavuto ake oopsa. Koma pali zinthu zimene kwambiri kusintha kalekale. Papayu Tarutinsky wa Russian asilikali ankhondo a 1812 - chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa izi. Iye anali wachiwiri zinasintha, pambuyo nkhondo ya Borodino kukhonda asilikali a Napoleon ine kuti abwerere cholinga.

Nkhondo ya 1812

Russia m'mbiri yake yonse zaka chikwi analibe nthawi kudziteteza kwa adani amene amafuna kuti tikhale akapolo ake. Chiyambi cha m'ma XIX anali nazonso. The French kuukira boma kubwera kwa mphamvu mu dziko ndi Napoleon Bonaparte, yemwe ananena yekha mfumu Gona owonongedwa pakati pa maiko awiri kamodzi-wochezeka. boma la Russia mu umunthu wa Alexander ndinaopa zotsatira za zomwe zinachitika pa French kuukira boma pa nkhaniyi mu Russian Ufumu. Koma potsiriza asapita anali asokoneza kuti mfundo aukali, amene Napoleon ndinayamba kucheza ndi a ku Ulaya, makamaka Britain lomwe lili nthaŵi yaitali angakuthandizeni Russia.

Pomaliza, zochita France a zachititsa kuti nkhondo ndi Russia, amene ali historiography Russian ankatchedwa nkhondo ya 1812 chaka.

Zimayambitsa nkhondo

Ndi 1812, onse a ku Ulaya, kupatulapo mdani akale France - England anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Napoleon. Wa mphamvu dziko okha Russian Ufumu anapitiriza kutsata wodziimira mfundo yachilendo imene sankasangalala mfumu French. Komanso, Russia zachepa makamaka linaphwanya anatseka misewu chokhala, amene anakakamizika kuvomereza ndi England monga mkhalidwe waukulu Tilsit mgwirizano pakati pa Russian Ufumu France. The anatseka misewu chikuyambitsa kuwononga kwambiri chuma, chifukwa Russia anakhala malonda ndi England kudzera m'mayiko ndale. Komabe, si yokhala linaphwanya mgwirizano wa anatseka misewu chokhala. France anakwiya, koma Zionetsero sindingathe kuchifotokoza.

Russia chifukwa malamulo ake palokha kupewedwa Napoleon anazindikira maloto kulamulira dziko. Kuyambira ndi nkhondo iye, iye anali kukonzekera nkhondo yoyamba kupulumutsa nkhonya kotheratu kwa asilikali Russian kenako azikuuzani mawu a mtendere Alexander I.

The bwino mphamvu

asilikali Russian owerengedwa anthu 480 kwa 500 zikwi, ndi France - 600 zikwi. ndalamazo, molingana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, mayiko awiri atha poyera khalidwe la nkhondoyi. Mu mavuto oterowo, podziwa kuti Napoleon amafuna kutsiriza kachigawo kamodzi ndi mdani, utsogoleri wa Russian asilikali m'zonse, anaganiza manyazi nkhondo zoopsa ndi mdani. njira zimenezi ovomerezeka komanso Alexander I.

Nkhondo ya Borodino

Potsatira ndondomeko ovomerezeka si kuchita nkhondo anamanga ndi mdani, pambuyo kuwukira mu June 1812 asilikali Napoleon ndi asilikali Russian anayamba mthunzi pang'onopang'ono, kuyesera kulumikiza ndi mzake. Iwo anakwanitsa kuchita pafupi Smolensk, pamene Napoleon kamodzinso akuyesera kupereka nkhondo. Koma Mkulu wa Russian Army Barclay de A Tolly sangalole, ndipo anachoka kwa luwani.

Atamanga nkhondo anaganiza kupereka malo kuti utsogoleri wosankhidwa wa asilikali yokha. Ndi nthawi anatenga lamulo la Mikhail Kutuzov. The podwala anaganiza kupereka pafupi Mozhaisk, m'munda pafupi ndi mudzi wa Borodino. Apa ndi apo panali mmodzi wa kusintha kwakukulu mu nthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi. Wotsatira ku lino Tarutino mchitidwe kwathunthu kusintha nkhani yake.

Ngakhale nkhondo sanali anapambana, ndipo mbali zonse anakhalabe mu malo awo, inapha imfa ndi nkhanza za asilikali a ku France, ndipo anafunafuna Kutuzov.

Council mu Fili ndi yobereka Moscow

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Borodino asilikali Russian kuloŵa Mozhaysk. Apa, m'mudzi wa Fili, Kutuzov unachitikira bungwe la nkhondo, zimene ziyenera tsoka likulu Russian wakhala kuthetsedwa. Ambiri alonda chinali kuti apatse nkhondo ina pafupi Moscow. Koma ena a asilikali pa Hava kuyendera m'tsogolo kumenyana malo, mwamphamvu mu mtima kukhala ankhondo pa mtengo wa kuika mdani wa Moscow. Kutuzov anawalamula kuti achoke likulu.

Tarutinsky ulendo-kuzemba: tsiku ndi zisudzo chachikulu

Kuti timvetse zovuta ndi matsoka za vutoli, m'pofunika kuti mumvetse izi: konse pamaso atagwa asilikali sanapitirize nkhondo likulu. Napoleon pamaso mapeto sanakhulupirire kuti imfa ya Moscow sakakamiza kukambirana Alexander I. Koma Russia kutembenukira ku likulu mdani Palibe vuto, imfa ya asilikali zimatanthauza kugonjetsedwa komaliza.

Napoleon ku chiyambi cha kampeni Russian n'kofunika zoika mdani nkhondo zoopsa nkhondo. Atsogoleri a asilikali Russian anayesetsa kupewa izo, mpaka mphamvu anali wosiyana.

Pochoka asilikali ku Moscow, September 14 (New kalendala), Field polimbana anatumiza izo mwa Ryazan msewu, woyamba m'mudzi wa Red Pakhra, ndipo kenako anasankha malo m'mudzi asilikali Tarutino. Kodi asilikali Russian anali ngakhale kochepa, koma iwo ayenera mpumulo. Imodzi panali chakudya khamu mongodzipereka.

Kutuzov luso dongosolo

anali dongosolo Kutuzov n'chiyani? Tarutino kuzemba, amene kuyamba tsiku - 17 September, ndipo mapeto - October 3, anali kusokoneza Napoleon ndi kupereka Russian asilikali ndi nthawi yopuma. Tinali kubisala malo awo kwa mdani. Mu kukhazikitsa dongosolo anathandiza Russian asilikali kumbuyo ndi Cossacks. Tarutino mchitidwe akhoza mwachidule motere.

14 September, madzulo, pamene asilikali Napoleon anali kale analowa Moscow, otsiriza a asilikali Russian molamulidwa ndi General Miloradovich izo angochoka. Izi zikachitika, ndi vanguard za apakavalo French anathamangitsa asilikali Russian anali kubisa kayendedwe.

Kutuzov anatsogolera gulu pa Ryazan msewu, koma ndiye analamula kuti kuyatsa Kaluga akale. Apa ndi linakhazikitsa dongosolo kubisa magulu Russian wa Napoleon - wotchuka Kutuzov Tarutino kuzemba. Ulendo wa msewu watsopano ndi ulendo wa Moscow Mtsinje kuphimba asilikali ankhondo molamulidwa ndi akazembe Vasilchikova, Rajewski ndi Miloradovich. Pakuti mukuwoloka asilikali Russian anatsatira French avant-garde. asilikali Russian kumanzere zipilala ziwiri.

Atawoloka asilikali inapita kusuntha ndi anachoka ku French. Papita otsiriza nyumba Rajewski anatentha milatho yonse kudutsa. Choncho September 17 bwinobwino anapezerapo Tarutinsky ayendetsa wa asilikali Russian.

ntchito chivundikiro

Kusiya pantchito ya French avant-garde sikunali kokwanira. Napoleon atangofika mu Moscow anatumiza pofunafuna Army yabwino Russian polimbana Murat. Russian rearguard Rajewski ndi Miloradovich ndi Cossack mayunitsi analenga aone asilikali mthunzi kuti Ryazan, wonyenga Napoleon. Iwo anakwanitsa kwa masiku angapo wapatali kwa Kutuzov disorient ndi French pa malo a asilikali Russian. Panthawi imeneyi iye bwinobwino anafika m'mudzi wa Tarutino ndipo anayima pamenepo kwa msasa tchuthi. Choncho anali kwakukuru anazindikira Kutuzov dongosolo.

Anathandiza kuphimba mthunzi wa asilikali ndi anthu wamba a m'midzi yapafupi. Iwo magulu zigawenga ndipo pamodzi ndi Cossacks anaukira vanguard French, kupulula kuwonongeka ndithu.

nkhondo Tarutino

Pafupifupi milungu iwiri, Napoleon sankadziwa komwe kuli asilikali Russian, mpaka sanali kuulula malo thupi la Murat. nthawi anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito mwayi pazipita. Ankhondo analandira tchuthi yaitali, chakudya unapangidwa bungwe, anafika kubwezeretsa atsopano. Tula analandira zida zatsopano, ndi ena a m'chigawochi ndi dongosolo la mkulu kuchita kupereka yunifolomu yozizira nkhondo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo asilikali Kutuzov yokutidwa msewu m'maiko wolemera kum'mwera ndi Tula, ndi makampani asilikali. Ili mu kumbuyo kwa asilikali French, Kutuzov anali kulenga ndi loopsa kwambiri.

asilikali Napoleon anali mu Moscow mu msampha. Msewu wolemera zigawo kum'mwera yokutidwa mphamvu, asilikali Russian, ndi likulu likukula akupha detachments olimbanawo wa Cossacks ndi anthu wamba.

September 24, Murat anapeza malo a asilikali Russian, ndipo anayima kutali na msasa wake kwa kuonerera pa Chernishne mtsinje. chiwerengero cha asilikali ake anali za 27,000 anthu.

Kumayambiriro October, Napoleon anayesa kulowa zokambirana ndi Kutuzov, koma iye anachikana icho. Anaganiza kuukira gulu la Murat, chifukwa, malinga ndi malipoti a zigaŵenga zankhondo, iye analibe reinforcements. October 18 msasa French mwadzidzidzi anaukira ndi asilikali Russian. Kwathunthu asilikali Murat analephera kugonjetsa, anatha bungwe mthunzi. Koma nkhondo Tarutino anasonyeza kuti asilikali Russian likhale lolimba ndipo tsopano imaimira loopsa kwambiri kwa mdani.

Kutanthauza Tarutino ulendo

Tarutino mchitidwe mu 1812, kwakukuru pakati, mokongola anazindikira Kutuzov ntchito akazembe ake ndi akazembe, zinali zofunika kuti akunde tizilomboto. Kukhala anakwanitsa kusiya mdani ndi kuwina masabata angapo, asilikali a Russia zinali zofunika zina, inakhazikitsidwa mwa kundipatsako kwa manja, katundu ndi yunifolomu. Komanso, asilikali ali malo atsopano, anakwana anthu oposa 100 zikwi.

Abwino malo osankhidwa m'misasa Russian saloledwa kupita pa amanyansidwa kuti Napoleon ndi kuti achoke asilikali French pamodzi wakale Smolensk njira zomwe zinachititsa m'deralo anagonjetsa kwathunthu.