Rock: mitundu ya miyala. Miyaladi chiyambi. Mitundu ya miyala

Kwa zaka zambiri, nkhani yaikulu yomanga ndi thanthwe mapangidwe. Mitundu ya miyala anthu amasankha malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo, thupi katundu, mphamvu, kachulukidwe, amortization ndi zina zotero. D. Popeza pamanja pokonza mwala si kophweka, mu nthawi yakale kwa izo anamangapo zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokha, monga zachifumu, kumbuyo nyumba, zipilala chikhalidwe. Ndi kuchokera ku zipangizo zachilengedwe, anamanga lodziwika bwino mapiramidi Igupto, Great Wall la China, Aztec piramidi, ndi Taj Mahal ndi nyumba zina wotchuka, amene ali zodabwitsa za dziko.

mbali

miyala zosiyanasiyana si mwachisawawa kudzikundikira mchere, ndiponso kugwirizana yovomerezeka. Khama la miyala akhoza mwachidule motere: ndi mwachibadwa zikuchitika mchere aggregates ndi dongosolo zonse ndi zikuchokera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu anamugwiritsa ntchito Russian sayansi ndi mineralogist V. M. Severginym mu 1798. Modalira mphamvu, zokongoletsera, kachulukidwe, porosity, kukana ozizira ndi makhalidwe ena, ntchito mchere osiyana. Kwenikweni miyala ntchito pa ntchito yomanga.

Gulu la miyala

Malinga njira mapangidwe awo, mchere onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu lalikulu. Asayansi kusiyanitsa nyanja, igneous ndi metamorphic miyala, mu kalasi chikhumbo mtundu chofunda. Izi kucheza yovomerezeka zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mchere kuti zimapanga mbali yaikulu ya matanthwe a.

Kwa zaka zambiri, kuphulitsa mapiri kukhala wothinikizidwa ndi anasonkhanitsa, ndi chiphalaphala amazizira solidifies. Choncho miyala igneous overlying pamwamba pa chobvala ndi mu kutumphuka pa kuya zosiyanasiyana.

Zidutswa za chiyambi osiyana kupanga mtundu chitayiko. Akatswiri kudzera kusanthula kudziwa mtundu wa chilengedwe umene zipangizo adayikidwa, makamaka awo chiyambi, mtundu wa wothandizira, nawatengera iwo, ndi zina zotero D..

miyala Metamorphic kuonekera pamene kusintha mitundu igneous ndi nyanja ku makulidwe a matanthwe a. miyala iyi ndi wapadera mipweya, koma zochokera mchere kholo limene iwo inakhazikitsidwa. njira zonse metamorphic makamaka zimachitika mu mtima matanthwe a pansi padziko.

Pali ndi miyala chobvala kuti poyamba anali magmatic chiyambi, koma kenako anakumana kusintha kwambiri pakhoma.

miyala Igneous

Akatswiri kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri waukulu magmatism effusive ndi intrusive. Iwo amasiyana ndi malo solidification kwa chiphalaphala, komanso chikhalidwe cha kayendedwe ake. Kuonjezera paminda iwiri pali mtsempha ndi hypabyssal magmatic miyala, zomwe mitundu wapakatikati. Iwo anapereka dikes ndi mitsempha, kupanga mu ming'alu ya miyala ina pa solidification kwa chiphalaphala.

Intrusive kapena plutonic miyala kukumana ndi ndondomeko yaitali maphunziro, zomwe ukhoza zoposa Zakachikwi a. Iwo anyamula timibulu polemba kukula kwake, monga chiphalaphala akamazizira pang'onopang'ono kwambiri mu madzi akuya. Ngakhale miyala poyamba plutonic ali mu kuya kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi weathering ake ndipo anatola kawirikawiri kusandutsa mu mapiri. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi phiri Shpitskoppe ku Namibia. Mchere waukulu wa mtundu uwu ndi lubwe, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

miyala Igneous wa effusive (chiphala) mtundu anapanga pa kuphulika kwa phiri, apo ndi pamene chiphalaphala adza kwa padziko lapansi. Iwo kulenga timibulu lalikulu chifukwa kuzirala mofulumira. A chitsanzo chapadera cha mtundu wa thanthwe ndi basalt ndi rhyolite. A iwo akale nthawi zambiri ziboliboli zosiyanasiyana ndi zipilala.

mchere nyanja

Clastic, organogenic ndi chemogenic - izi ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya miyala nyanja. Iwo ikhoza kusintha kutengera akafuna chiyambi ndiponso anapanga padziko lapansi. Detrital mtundu anapanga kudzera cementing ndi caking makombo munthu wa miyala osiyana. A chitsanzo chapadera cha mchere amenewa atha kutumikira ngati sandstones ndi conglomerates. Mu Barcelona, pali osiyanasiyana Montserrat, apa ndi chabe yense, chifukwa tichipeza angongole simenti anajambulapo boulders.

Mitundu Chemogenic thanthwe anapanga kuchokera particles mchere wa precipitate analekanitsa madzi. Bukuli lili ndi mchere zikuchokera miyala amatenga gulu malo. Ambiri ndi nthumwi ya mabedi miyala ya laimu. Mwachitsanzo, Australia ali pinnacles chipululu anapanga chifukwa cha mtundu umenewu. Organogenic mtundu zambiri monga malasha, chifukwa nayenso aumbike chifukwa caking wa nyama ndi zomera chikhalire. m'dambo onse yodziwika wovulala, porosity ndi solubility mu madzi.

mchere metamorphic

Makalasi a miyala nthawi zambiri zongopeka ndithu. Ndi mtundu wa mchere metamorphic mwina ndine onse chiyambi nyanja ndi magmatic. Iwo ndi osiyana mwamphamvu za ndondomeko ya kusintha. Ngati ndi otsika, ndiye metamorphism kudziwa kholo thanthwe, koma ndi digiri yapamwamba zimenezo n'zosatheka. mchere amenewa kusintha zikuchokera awo ndi kapangidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, miyala metamorphic anawagawa schistose ndi neslantsevatye, ndipo malinga ndi mikhalidwe mapangidwe m'magulu atatu: dera, Madziwo ndi kukhudzana metamorphism.

Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti boulders lingamutsatire miyala ongoyendayenda kunja Mwachitsanzo, kutentha otsika kapena mkulu, kuthamanga. Chitsanzo chabwino atha kutumikira ngati gneiss. Awa ndi mchere akhoza ankaona dera. Madziwo metamorphism amapezeka ndi akasupe matenthedwe. Mchere analankhulana ndi ayoni wolemera otentha madzi, otentha oyenda kudutsa fissures, ndi mankhwala anachita zimene kumasintha zikuchokera miyala. Mwachitsanzo, quartzite, nthawi zambiri popangidwa ndi laimu. Palinso kukhudzana metamorphism. Pankhaniyi, thanthwe kuchita mankhwala ndi kutentha nyamuka intrusive magmatic misa.

makhalidwe Rock

Pali katundu angapo mchere, ndipo iwo ali zonse zofunika kuti amakhala osiyana. Ngati iwo ntchito monga chuma nazo, mu malo oyamba, chidwi limachokera pempho lawo zokongoletsa. Nthawi zina, mwala n'kofunika kwambiri kukongoletsa, amaba zojambula, mtundu. osalimba a index amadalira kuchuluka akulemera thanthwe. Mitundu ya miyala muli kuwala ndi katundu. Poyamba kachulukidwe - 2200 makilogalamu / mamita ^3, ndipo chachiwiri - oposa 2,200 amene anafunsidwa makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Ngati mwala wasankhidwa yomanga nyumba, apa muyenera kuganizira kulemera kwa zimene ndi lolemererapo, kapangidwe adzatembenuza kovuta. chizindikiro ichi zimadalira zikuchokera kwa porosity thanthwe.

Imodzi yofunika kwambiri zimatha mwala (makamaka ngati tikukamba za pomanga) ndi nyonga. Iwo zimakhudza durability zakuthupi. Mphamvu za mchere, motalikira izo kusunga maonekedwe ake apachiyambi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, miyala yonse m'magulu atatu: wotsika, sing'anga mphamvu ndi cholimba. Izi zidalira pa zikuchokera miyala, ndicho cha kuuma kwa mchere. Ndi miyala cholimba monga gabbros, lubwe, quartzite, kwa sing'anga - laimu, nsangalabwi, travertine, adzalandira otsika mphamvu tuffs, lotayirira laimu.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala ndi osiyana a porosity. Kuyambira khalidwe izi zimatengera acid ndi mchere kukana, madzi mayamwidwe mwala. Porosity mwapadera ziperekedwe kukachitika kuti ena Mitundu anasankha monga cladding. chiwerengerochi amasonyeza durability cha chuma, polishability ake, durability, decorativeness, matenthedwe madutsidwe, machinability ndi monga D.. The apamwamba a porosity, chindichepere kulemera kwa mwala, izo bwino agwira, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa voliyumu yake, mphamvu polishability chatsitsa.

madzi mayamwidwe mlingo mtundu n'kofunika kwambiri komanso. Pa zimatengera chisanu, acid ndi mchere kukana zakuthupi. Madzi otsekeredwa mu pores pa kuzizira ukuwonjezeka mu buku amalenga kupanikiza, chifukwa cha kenako ming'alu. Chinthu chomwecho chimachitika ndi njira mchere omwe amalimbikitsa kukula ndi timibulu kuti kulenga kuthamanga zina. Ngati mchere porosity ndi otsika, ndiye ming'alu, nthaŵi zina ngakhale linagawanika. The porous mwala kuthamanga ndi anagawira wogawana, ndipo palibe ming'alu siziwoneka.

The ndondomeko ya kusintha miyala makamaka kufooketsedwa ndi kukana kwawo acid. Zidulo angasinthe ndi kuwononga ena mchere. Choncho, posankha mwala kumangira nyumba ayenera kuganizira mfundo imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, acid amathiridwa n'loopsa kwambiri kwa nsangalabwi, ndi dolomite, travertine. Koma anajambulapo ndi lubwe yodziwika ndi kukana kwambiri ku zidulo Choncho, lidakalipobe mpaka lero mapangidwe ambiri wodziwika bwino wa zinthuzi.

njira kutembenuka

boulders ikulu, mapiri otchuka munthu chithunzithunzi cha zimphona wamphamvu, pa nthawi imene ilibe mphamvu ndipo zosiyanasiyana zinthu kunja. Amaoneka kuti musunge maonekedwe choyambirira pa zaka zaka, koma si choncho. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kukumana iliyonse yaikulu kusintha miyala. Gulu la miyala kudziwa yaitali bwanji mchere ndi kusunga maonekedwe awo oyambirira, amene akukhudzidwa iwo amene amadza kwambiri.

Zikuchokera mwala zimasiyanasiyana mu nthawi yaitali. Kusintha kwa miyala mwina chifukwa cha masoka kapena munthu. Mkhalidwe wa miyala zimakhudza zinthu monga madzi anasungunuka kapena pansi, mvula, mphepo, dzuwa, mkulu ndi otsika kutentha. Kuwonongedwa kwa miyala ndi chilengedwe wosakwiya kwambiri, koma sakhoza anasiya. Mphepo ndi mvula kutsukidwa ndi ikuwombedwa monga zigawo chapamwamba ndi mitunda mobisa. Pang'onopang'ono amasintha osati mawonekedwe komanso zikuchokera mchere.

Anthropogenic njira zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu. Kuwonongedwa kwa miyala angathe kuchitidwa ntchito njira ya. Mwachitsanzo, kangapo yomanga oyeretsa anali kuchotsa gawo pomanga nyumba, ndi yoyeretsa ya ranges phiri. Kumene, ntchitoyi wawononga malo achilengedwe, ali kungasokoneze izo. Kuonongeka miyala kupereka mng'alu, chifukwa cha kugwa Izi zikachitika, n'kugwa. Munthu akhoza mwamsanga kusintha maonekedwe a madipoziti mchere, osati zinthu zachilengedwe.

Choncho, chirichonse okwera angasinthe maonekedwe awo. Liwiro kusinthika awo mwachuluka amadalira zinthu zakunja mtundu zikuchokera, mphamvu, digirii ndi nthawi yopeza. Mu ndondomeko kutembenuka kumakhudzanso m'madera nyengo, limene miyala ili.

Vuto la miyala

Njira miyala ya igneous, nyanja, ndi mchere metamorphic ali ananamizira pa mkombero ena. Imayamba ndi chakuti chiphalaphala udzathiridwa pang'onopang'ono amazizira solidifies, potero kupanga miyala igneous. Mitundu ya miyala zikusintha monga anaonekera padziko lapansi. Mphepo, madzi monyanyira kutentha kupanga mchere nyanja mtundu. miyala wosweka, ikuwombedwa, inasamutsidwa kuchoka malo malo, kuima mu mabeseni nyanja. Kumeneko makombo a mwala kumaliza njira zawo, kukhala wothinikizidwa ndi inasanduka mchere mtundu nyanja. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mapiri amizidwa akuya kwambiri, poyera kuti njira tectonic. Zonsezi kumabweretsa mapangidwe a miyala metamorphic. Pa kutentha ndi kuthamanga, amphamvu mchere Sungunulani, kukhala chiphalaphala. Pa nthawi, solidifies kupanga miyala igneous, ndi ndondomeko ya mapangidwe mwala akuyamba mwatsopano.

Petrology ndi petrography

Pa mbali micro- ndi maphunziro zazikulu mlingo ndi mchere. Mu kuphunzira yoyamba okha particles ka miyala ina, awo chimaonekera ndipo translucent anaona kudula. Izi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa makhalidwe ndi katundu wa mchere. Ngati chachiwiri, asayansi zolowa miyala yonse palimodzi, chifukwa iwo apanga chinthu makamaka kwa matanthwe a. Akatswiri akhoza kudziwa mbiri, mbali ndi deti limeneli mapangidwe awo.

Magwero a miyala kuphunzira khalidwe awiri: Petrology ndi petrography. The sayansi woyamba amaphunzira mankhwala ndi mineralogical zikuchokera miyala, zikhalidwe za asayembekezere, kapangidwe ndi dongosolo. Petrology komanso ndiyo formations Geological amapanga chochuluka kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Petrography ndi chinkhoswe mu gulu ndi malongosoledwe a Mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi kwambiri ofotokoza sayansi. Iwo amaphunzira zitsanzo munthu miyala, matabwa awo ndi zikuchokera. Petrographers ntchito ndi chimaonekera ndipo translucent magawo pansi maso ndi kufufuza katundu wa zigawo zawo. Komanso, asayansi ntchito ndi zitsanzo za miyala ya miyeso chidwi.

Kupeza mulingo angapo kafukufuku mchere. Poyamba, asayansi nawo kulemba mapu miyala, ndiye unachitikira m'munda, petrographic ndi geochemical Kafukufuku. Iwo onse azigwirizana n'kukupatsani kumvetsa. Field maphunziro kulola ife kudziwa zinthu structural, malo a mchere, kukhazikitsa pafupifupi nthawi chimango cha asayembekezere. ntchito Petrographic kudziwa miyala kulibe poyambirira, kuchuluka zimene mchere mmenemo.

Science ndi zovuta zambiri petrology. Kufunika mozama kafukufuku wapadera ndi zambiri ndi zotsatira za kudzikundikira sitolo kudziŵa zambiri. Ndi miyala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere, amene akufanana ndi nyanja, igneous ndi metamorphic mtundu. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi nkhani ya nthambi makamaka nkhani ananena. Choncho, sayansi ndi mchere wa nyanja ndi chidwi kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera mchere, miyala, sandstone, yense ndi miyala ina ya chiyambi nyanja. Igneous petrology za mchere analimbikitsa kwa chiphalaphala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula. maphunziro Science metamorphic nsangalabwi, schist, gneiss ndi miyala ina inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka lidzasintha.

Mwa zina, asayansi komanso ali nawo kafukufuku geochemical. Iwo anapereka mwachidule za mipweya ya miyala, msinkhu wake, malo chiyambi, mbali mchere, kutentha ndi kuthamanga pa umene unakhazikitsidwa.

Matanthwe ambiri

Padziko lathuli, pali yaikulu ya miyala ya zosiyanasiyana mchere. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewa anapeza tiligwiritse ntchito. Mitundu ina zambiri zikufunika kwambiri, ena zochepa. Tiyeni tikambirane za miyala, ntchito kawirikawiri munthu.

granites

Mwina ndi mwala ambiri wapangidwa khwatsi, feldspar, Mica. Miyalayo ali granular galasi kapangidwe ali m'magulu atatu: wamng'ono, sing'anga, ndi coarse. Stone ali yosiyanasiyana, ndi rarest amaonedwa buluu wobiriwira, kuwala imvi ndi burgundy. Miyalayo labwino mwangwiro opukutidwa, ena mwa mitundu yake ndi kutentha ankachitira. Izi zachitika kulenga zina zotsatira kukongoletsa. katundu ntchito ya lubwe ndi makina zizindikiro akuti kwambiri, kotero mwala ntchito cladding pamakoma a nyumba, quays, yomanga nyumba chapansi. Mwala ntchito kwa chilengedwe cha ziboliboli.

sandstone

Wina thanthwe otchuka. Mitundu ya miyala zimadalira njira mapangidwe. Sandstones ndi nyanja mtundu, chifukwa tichipeza mchenga Consolidated. Mu chikhalidwe, pali miyala mitundu yambiri: wobiriwira, wachikasu, imvi, wofiira, zofiirira. Zolinga kukongoletsa ndi zofala kwambiri ntchito zabwino-grained bulauni, ofiira ndi obiriwira sandstone. Kwenikweni, kupita akalowa nyumba.

nsangalabwi

Ali wa granular crystalline thanthwe, anaonekera chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwa dolomite ndi laimu mkulu kutentha ndi anzawo. The nsangalabwi ali kukongoletsa katundu mkulu, n'zosavuta ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, minimizes ndi sharpness akupera ndi kuwala, kupukuta M'malo mwake, kumawathandiza fano, zisamayoyoke brightens maziko. Stone ndi wachikuda, imvi ndi woyera.

slate

Stone unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa compaction katundu wa dongo, recrystallized opanikizika amphamvu kumbali. Batts akhoza unagawika mbale zoonda, pali pabuka mu mtundu ndi imvi bulauni, mdima imvi, makope wakuda. Izi kukongoletsa ndi cholimba zinthu zimene sikutanthauza processing aliyense, ntchito zokutira mkati ndi kunja.

miyala semiprecious

miyala monga Malachite, onekisi lapis lazuli, opal ndi yade, ndi ofunika kuposa ena, chifukwa iwo sichipezeka chikhalidwe. miyala imeneyi kupanga zodzikongoletsera, zidutswa kukongoletsa, magulu ang'onoang'ono a m'midzi.