Ndi mtundu: kufunafuna tanthauzo la

Mu historiosophy Soviet ndipo aesthetics, pali mawu monga mtundu. Izi si mawu m'mbali kuti ayenera powunikira ndi tanthauzo. Ndipotu mtundu umenewu ndi mmene kukhala kumvetsa yaitali dziko maphunziro, tikambirana pansipa.

Kutchula koyamba

Akukhulupirira kuti mawu akuti "mtundu" anayamba ntchito m'kalata P. Vyazemsky, iye analemba, monga Warsaw, A. Turgenev. Pabwalo zinali ndiye 1819. Kuyambira pamenepo, kutsutsana za mtundu, kodi akupitirirabe. Choyamba, izo nkhawa mbiriyakale, komanso kwambiri bwanji mabuku ndi zina zochita za anthu ndi sayansi. Mu 1832 pali chilinganizo wotchuka "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, dziko." Izo zinachitika ndi dzanja kuwala Uvarov, anazindikira kuti mawu timasamala ndi chimodzi siyana waukulu wa nzeru.

Socialist Kuzindikira

Monga lingaliro maganizo imodzi anapatsidwa ntchito zokongoletsa akuti adalowa chilinganizo cha Kuzindikira chikhalidwe. Anamveka ngati izi: ". Maganizo, chipani, mtundu" Koma pambuyo pake kwambiri, ndipo ife ichi adzayankhula pansipa. Nthawi zambiri, zomwezi mpaka anzeru m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi, kuyesera kuti ayankhe funso la mtundu, chizindikiritso amapezeka siyana dziko. Choncho, mfundo ya "mtundu" ndi "dziko" nthaŵi zambiri kumaoneka ngati n'chimodzimodzi ndi mosinthana.

mwambo Polish

Koma, popanda pamwamba, pakhala kutanthauzira ena, onse mkati Russia ndi mayiko ena. Choncho, liwu narodowość consonant osalala anamugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ziwiri maganizo. Woyamba anali couched mu mzimu wa Choonadi ndi chizindikiro anasonyeza wa anthu boma. Wachiwiri anali pachibale kwambiri Romanticism ndi yophatikiza mfundo za chikhalidwe munthu wa anthu.

Russian zina

Mu Russia, panali, ngakhale yosowa zina yankho ku funso lakuti: "Kodi mtundu?" Mwachitsanzo, mawu zingamveke bwinobwino ngati iyeyo wamba monga chizindikiro cha anthu a makalasi m'munsi, mosiyana ndi otchuka ozindikira ndipo anakweza mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha azungu.

pofuna pamaso zitasintha

Pang'onopang'ono, tanthauzo la zimene ali fuko, anthu ochuluka kukhala mtundu ngakhalenso apamaliro chauvinist. Ngati pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ndipo pang'ono pasanafike akuti akhoza kuzindikiridwa ngati tanthauzo la chikhalidwe zamakolo popanda kutchula dziko, mu zaka wangotchulidwa ulimi wa 1917, maganizo a positivism ntchito mawu chinali chizindikiro cha kukoma zoipa ndi backwardness. Ndipo izo ziri mu malingaliro a kwambiri ndi kudziwika kwambiri ndi maganizo mtundu.

Nthawi Soviet

Kodi mtundu mbiri ya Soviet Union, sikutheka motsimikiza, chifukwa zili mawu kangapo ukasintha kusandulika M'zikhulupiriro Soviet. Anachokera ku izo palimodzi kuti kudzikana monga chidina ya Mafumu. Mawu akuti wakhala apakhungu ndikatha 1934, pamene pa XVII Congress wa Bolshevik anatsimikizidwa mapeto a kulimbana kalasi ndi gulu la "kalasi" wapereka njira kwambiri ambiri - "anthu Soviet". Choncho, m'malo chikhalidwe kalasi anayamba kulankhula za dziko. Pakutha 30s mawu kukhala gawo la moyo Soviet tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo wakhala wotero wamphamvu maganizo tanthauzo kuti kuyesa kutsutsa kapena kuzikana amaona ntchito odana Soviet. Komano, panalibe tanthauzo lomveka bwino, akhoza mwapadera mwachindunji mtundu. Mu mabuku, mwachitsanzo, anafotokoza zinthu zina zimene olemba monga Pushkin ndi Tolstoy, "analengedwa ndi anthu," ndipo icho chinali chikwaniritso cha mtundu. Winawake anati kuti olemba maganizo mtundu ngakhale kalasi. Pamene enanso amakhulupirira kuti mawu awa kubisala ndi demokalase ofunika. mtima Resurfaced lomveka mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, tipeze chimene mtundu ndi mtundu, anayesa Pospelov. Iye analemba kuti: "Cholinga cha m'dzikolo zili mwapang'onopang'ono" ayenera kuphunzira mawu. Baibulo lina la tanthawuzo zachokera pofuna kuzindikira mitundu ndi chipani chilichonse. Koma ndi zina pambuyo Stalin, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa Soviet Union ndi abwino dziko mu ubale wake ndi Anthu.

Russia mu nthawi pambuyo Soviet

Category mtundu kunaoneka ndi anzeru mu nthawi pambuyo Soviet mu Russia. Koma monga mwa nthawi Soviet pakati pawo palibe unanimity. Pa dzanja limodzi, mwakufuna kwa dziko Orthodox kuyesera kuti abwezeretse mtengo wa chilinganizo odziwika bwino, kufuna kuchira mafumu. Pa zina - mtundu n'chogwirizana kudzidziwa dziko, kujambula chizindikiro ofanana pakati pawo. mumaganiza awa awiri ofanana mu akuti, kuti iwo zopanda chapamwamba cha anthu, ndi gulu pa munthu, pa munthuyo. chidina Izi mofanana onse Soviet ndi dongosolo lachifumu, ndi kuti tsiku limeneli akadali analimbikira.

Lysenko akuti cholinga zambiri mafotokozedwe a mtundu, adzapatsidwa m'tsogolo, monga mawu ndithu akhale lochititsa gulu ndi mbali ya m'tsogolo, koma anayamba kupanga malingaliro a boma. Lero, mu maganizo ake, zikhoza ayenera kuchepetsedwa kwa kwambiri makonzedwe ndi yosokoneza tanthauzo la dziko monga zonse Russian. Komabe, zikuluzikulu ndi mwachilengedwe ubwenzi mitundu, amene collectivist "ife" chimapambana pa munthu "Ine".