Eduard Bernstein: Kuweta Maganizo

Zinali iye amene ankakayikira kulimba kwa chiphunzitso Marxist. Monga wochirikiza omveka maganizo chikhalidwe demokalase anali mlembi wa chiphunzitso chatsopano cha revisionism, amene anayesedwa maziko a kutembenuka dongosolo chikhulupiriro, amene Pamilunguyo SDs. Munthu uyu - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Marxism ndi mutu wa Chachiwiri ndi mayiko wotsimikiza ndi mtima wonse kuti chiphunzitso cha "kugwa bizinesi" ndi chiphunzitso cha "impoverishment wa proletariat" mu muzu cholakwika. Kotero ndi ndani iye, Eduard Bernstein, ndipo n'chifukwa zonse mwadzidzidzi anakhala mdani wa Marx? Taganizirani funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Zaka ubwana ndi unyamata

Amadziwika kuti Eduard Bernstein, amene yonena lalifupi chidwi mbiri yakale ndi asayansi ndale, anabadwa mu banja Ayuda. mwambo umenewu zinachitika January 6, 1850 ku Germany. Makolo Edward sanali olemera, koma, ngakhalebe iwo anatha kupereka ana awo maphunziro. Tsogolo Social Democrats sukulu ndi anyamata paokha, ndiye kupita ku sukulu.

mnyamata analowa Sukulu ya Zamalonda. Kukhala omaliza ake, anapeza ntchito kalaliki wa mu bungwe yosavuta banki m'manja mwa Rothschilds ku likulu la German.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, kale mnyamata akuyamba kuchita chiphunzitso lamadyerero. Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa sukulu, iye amakhazikitsa gulu lotchedwa "enaake", womwenso anthu omwe maganizo ake. Ndipo mu 1872, achinyamata ndikhale wa German Social Democratic Party. Mu yomweyi, iye kuchita zinthu journalistic m'munda ndale. Posachedwa Eduard Bernstein, amene yonena amadziwika osati kwa aliyense, ndi kutsatira za chiphunzitso zokomera anayamba Dühring. Mu 1870s mochedwa, akuluakulu a German aletsa nyuzipepala kupelekedwa ndi Democrats Social, kenako mnyamata anauzidwa kuti achoke kwawo.

emigration

Anasamukira ku Switzerland. Chifukwa nthawi zina mnyamatayo akuchita zinthu ngati mlembi pa bizinesi Hochberg, amene Ndalama mabuku ambiri Democrats Social.

Mu 1880s oyambirira, Eduard Bernstein, anayamba kugwira ntchito mu magaziniyo "Social Democrat" monga mkonzi. Mu udindo uwu, anagwira ntchito kwa pafupifupi zaka 10, kukhala zigawenga mosapitirira ali, ndiye kuleza mtima wotopa ndi akuluakulu Swiss, ndi Democrats Social ndipo anathamangitsidwa m'dzikolo. Pambuyo Edward amayenda ku UK, kumene tsoka ake kumabweretsa yekha Chichewa. Iwo anakhala mabwenzi apamtima, ndipo Bernstein - wochirikiza cha chiphunzitso Marxist.

mu Germany

Mu 1890s oyambirira, Edward potsiriza analoledwa kubwerera kwawo, kumene tikunena khama la ntchito za ndale. Pa nthawi imeneyi, iye potsiriza anaganiza kusankha chiphunzitso.

Mu 1902, a Democrats Social membala wa nyumba yamalamulo German. Iye amagwira ntchito ndi yopuma yaing'ono m'njira imeneyi mpaka 1928.

Chiphunzitso cha revisionism

Mu mbiri ya Bernstein adalowa monga antagonist za chiphunzitso Marxist, umene sakugwirizana si onse madalitso ake, koma kwa ena. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso cha revisionism.

Mlembi kunena kuti chiphunzitso Marx amafunika kuzilembanso, chifukwa chimatsutsana ndi zimene zinachitikira watsopano zakale ndi maphunziro lamadyerero ngati chiphunzitso ndale ndi mmene kuphunzitsa n'kofunika chabe. Koma malingaliro unachitikira Eduard Bernstein, ndi kubadwa kwa revisionism analandiridwa ndi kudana ndi mtsogoleri wa Russian utasintha Vladimirom Leninym.

Mu ntchito zake "Mavuto a Socialism" ndi "Mavuto a Socialism ndi demokalase chikhalidwe" Democrats Social anakonza nkhani yolembedwa wake yakuti: "kayendedwe The - zonse ndi cholinga chapamwamba - kanthu".

Akamanena za Kutsutsa chiphunzitso Marxist

Iye, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, anatsutsa kulondola kwa kamba ena a Marxism mawu a n'loonadi sayansi. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka kwa mbalume kuti chitukuko cha bizinesi imautsa impoverishment wa proletariat lapansi. Kodi silinakwaniritsidwe anavomera, Eduard Bernstein? Mfundo yaikulu ya Marxism zochokera chakuti dongosolo bourgeois kumafuna kuvomerezedwa ndende ya likulu m'magulu onse a chuma, Komanso kuwanyoza. Malinga ndi Democrats Social, m'pamenenso anayamba dongosolo capitalist, lisamaonekere zotsutsana kalasi, ndi miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito wamba mu nkhani iyi, ayenera bwino likuvutika masinthidwe boma.

Ndipo pomanga boma chikhalidwe cha mtundu bourgeois wa chida chofunika kwambiri - ndi malamulo, amene "adzasiyidwe" ayenera anayimiridwa mwa ambiri.

Komabe, Bernstein ndi kutsatira za kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono andale zachuma. Ndipo kukhalanso mfundo mogwirizana ndi demokalase nawonso ayenera "zofewa" ndi "kuyezetsa" akuyendera. Komabe esdekov amatichenjezanso moumiriza (umakaniko) ndi kusokoneza zinayendera, mwinamwake anthu angayang'ane mavuto.

Ndipotu Paradoxical kuti kugonana si anatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi Chichewa, chimene yekha kulanda zida za mphamvu ndi proletariat wa kungachititse kuti "socialization" wa chuma.

"Kodi n'zotheka sosholisimu sayansi?"

Choncho ndi ntchito Eduarda Bernshteyna, wolembedwa mu 1901. , Iye anatchula mbali yaikulu ya kusintha zokhudza chitsanzo Marxist chitukuko. Mfundo zokomera onse Democrats Social mfundo zitatu view. Woyamba zikutanthauza sosholisimu monga chiphunzitso, chifukwa cha amene ali kalasi zotsutsana.

Maganizo achiwiri ndi kuika chinthu monga gulu la kusintha kwa dongosolo capitalist mu yolima ndi akulamulira. Wachitatu zikusonyeza kuti sosholisimu - chiphunzitso chomwe chimasonyeza njira chitukuko cha dziko.

Eduard Bernstein ntchito imeneyi yatsindika kuti zolinga amayesedwa nkhondo kalasi zinthu monga yabwino chitukuko cha anthu - ndi zolakwa tingachipeze powerenga.

"Aliyense zopanda chiphunzitso cha sosholisimu, anamanga mu udindo wa sayansi, ayenera pabwino monga lamulo invariable mu unyolo wa maumboni ake zomveka. A nkhani mogwirizana ndi zochita zawo, amene sosholisimu cholinga, mfundo imeneyi zina zikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwa gulu lililonse othandiza "- analemba" bichevatel "wa Marxism.

Bernstein amaika atalemba kuti sosholisimu monga kuphatikiza mchitidwewu ndi chiphunzitso si kongoletsani lokha substantiation sayansi, ngakhale sanafunike izo. Popeza kuti chiphunzitso cha sosholisimu ndi yotheka yekha pa chikhalidwe chimenecho madziwa ena abwino ndi malamulo mbalume.

Komabe revisionist esdekov m'nthawi kutanthauziridwa monga mtheradi kukana njira ndi Marxism chiphunzitso.

mtima payekha Marxism Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein ngati ideologue wa demokalase chikhalidwe cha ziphunzitso Karla Marksa maganizo ndi osokoneza. Iye ankaona kuti cholinga cha chiphunzitso kalasi kulimbana, mbiri, maphunziro, chuma ndale za bizinesi, ndi ichi kudalirana kusinthidwa kudula-m'mphepete udindo kafukufuku wa anthu wamba.

Eduard Bernstein anatha pang'ono n'chongoletsa ndi inviolability wa mfundo zofunika Marxism, koma ndi kupeza mu mbali positive. Makamaka, Democrats Social anakhulupirira mwayi chakuti ziphunzitso za Karla Marksa anatha kulimbikitsa ndi co-kulibe kutanthauzira awiri lamadyerero: kalasi kulimbana ndi zinthu zauzimu ndi ongolankhula.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ali ndi maganizo kuti chigawo chachikulu cha maganizo Bernstein anali kuona mtima aluntha. Iye anali woyamba wa otsatira a ziphunzitso za Marx ndi Chichewa anafotokoza udindo wake ndi mphamvu zinthu zatsopano mbiri.