Zikamera wa demokalase ku Athens. Kusintha kwa Solon ndi Cleisthenes

zinthu zina zambiri ngongole ano European chitukuko ku Greece wakale. Ndipotu, anaonekera koyamba zamasewero, pedagogy, nzeru, masewera ndipo, ndithudi, demokalase. The yaikulu yabwino ku dziko kalelo unali likulu la mbiri ya Greece ano. Ndi chikoka chake makamaka pa pofuna ya anthu kubadwa kwa demokalase ku Athens.

prehistory

Amadziwika kuti ku Greece chogwidwa ndondomeko - mzinda boma, limene waukulu anali Sparta ndi Athens. Pali analipo zikuchepa kugawidwa magulu awiri a nzika - opindula ndi otayika, monga izo sizinali akapolo, ndi formations awa boma inakhazikitsidwa ndi Kuphatikizana mtendere ndi oyandikana ofooka. Ngakhale izi, padali kugawanikana pamodzi mizere kalasi, omwe sakanakhoza koma kuutsa mkwiyo mwa anthu osauka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kutsutsana pakati pa anthu apamwamba ndi Demos anakhala yapadera kwambiri. Kuukira ndi akamayamba, amene akanakhoza kokha kulepheretsa ntchito younikanso chachikulu alipo dongosolo boma.

Amene anali Solon

Kukonzanso zotsutsana onse anatha mmodzi wa akuluakulu a munthu wolemekezeka banja Kodridov kale mfumu. dzina lake anali Solon, ndiyeno iye anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga m'modzi wa asanu ndi awiri anzeru a ku Girisi. Asanalowe ndale, adadziwika kwa Aatene ngati ndakatulo kwambiri ndi woganiza, kenako anatchuka kwambiri ngati mkulu wa asilikali bwino. The 594-chaka BC. e., pafupi zaka 34-35, Solon anasankhidwa archon eponymous, T. e. mkulu wa olamulira 9-mtima chofanana, namsenza mphamvu iye zapadera. Mwamwayi, pa tchire Solon kalekale wokonzeka kusintha malamulo anu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kusintha. Patapita zaka zochepa za ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi Cleisthenes, ndi kuti kutembenuka kwa andale izi anatsimikiza njira ya chitukuko cha anthu kwa zaka kubwera.

kusintha Solon a

Akukhulupirira kuti kubadwa kwa demokalase ku Athens inayamba kale Solon. Komabe, iye amene analenga malamulo limene lasanduka kudzatunga. Choyamba analengezeratu sisahfiya, amapha ngongole zonse, ziwembu anaika m'dziko kwa mwiniwake, ndipo analetsedwa kutenga ngongole pa chitetezo cha anthu. Komanso, chifukwa chuma ku Atene anagulidwa ndi anabwerera kwawo nzika za mfundo anagulitsa kudziko lina. Solon anatipatsa mtengo pazipita yokhudza malo, mwachitsanzo. E., No nzika sakanatha kugula ziwembu kupitirira dera mosavomerezeka ndi kukhala mwinimunda chachikulu.

akuluakulu

Akuluakulu mulingo wapamwamba ku Athens nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Solon anali Areopagi, National Assembly ndi boule. Yotsirizira anali ndi thupi latsopano, ndi inkakhala anthu anayi. Ndipotu, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti maonekedwe ake ndipo amatanthauza kubadwa kwa demokalase ku Athens. boule kale anakambirana ndi malamulo onse ndi mafunso, zimene anakambirana mu National Assembly. Ngakhale Ekeleziya ku Athens ndi zina Greek mzinda-kale, Solon pamene anakhala thupi moona kugwira ntchito ndipo msonkhano zambiri. Komanso, Archon Chatuluka lamulo malinga ndi zomwe m'nthawi ya ndewu munthu aliyense kwaulere amene anakwanitsa zaka ambiri ankafunika kuchita mbali mwakhama anthu, mwinamwake iye akufuna walekana ndi ufulu.

Zikamera wa demokalase ku Athens (World History): Cleisthenes kusintha

Mapangidwe chomaliza cha dongosolo la ndale la Athens, potengera chifuniro momasuka ofotokozedwa a anthu, zinachitika mochedwa 6 m'ma BC. e. Mlembi wa kusintha latsopano anakhala Cleisthenes, amene anasankhidwa archon, ndi mphamvu yomweyo, zimene yomweyo anayamba Solon.

Anagawa m'dera la Attica 3 District: Athens lokha Mzere nyanja komanso dera lathyathyathya. Aliyense wa iwo, nawonso, anawagawa 10 Tritt. Kuwonjezera pa dera lawo, Cleisthenes imachitikanso kusintha visola. Mu malamulo atsopano, izo anapanga 10 phyla amayi, nzika za Tritt atatu, wina ndi aliyense wa chigawocho. Fila asankha pakati pa anthu 50 nawo mu Bungwe la 500. Choncho, Cleisthenes monga m'nthawi analemba, "kusendeza" Atene lapansi. Izi zinkatanthauza kuti iwo tsopano osankhidwa maboma sali pa dera lawo kapena kupsyolela ofotokoza, koma zochokera zokonda.

Ekeleziya pa Klisfene

Zigamulo zonse zofunika mu Athens nthawi imeneyi akutengedwa onse pamodzi kusinthidwa Eklesia, wokhulupirira malamulo, zachiweruzo ndi wamkulu mphamvu. The mfundo zikuluzikulu kuthetsedwa pa ambiri la anthu, anali:

• chisankho cha alonda;
• kusankha kusintha malamulo alipo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa atsopano;
• oletsedwa poyerekezera ndi nzika munthu;
• Zochita pa nkhani zofunika dziko zokhudza nkhondo ndi mtendere, kunena mapangano a mgwirizano, ndi zolowa ndalama onse, ndi ena.

N'zochititsa chidwi: musanadye "gawo" Msonkhano National mkulu anali anapachika zikwangwani kuzungulira mzindawo, kuwadziwitsa za nkhani zimene anayenera kuonedwa. Komanso kuonetsetsa mosakondera wa Bungwe la 500, aliyense phylum ikuchitika ntchito zake mwa mwezi 1 chabe pachaka.

geliee

Zikamera wa demokalase ku Athens ndipo chinali kuonekera kwa mtundu watsopano wa ndondomeko, lomwe lilinso gulu. Nthawi anathana otchedwa geliee - loweruza, imene inali anthu 6,000. Mu yomweyi, kunalinso Areopagi - bwalo la akulu, lopangidwa ndi olemekezeka, amene mkubwela kwa akuluakulu a ulamuliro anayamba kutaya kukopa kwake ndi kufunika.

oletsedwa

Origin ndi chitukuko cha demokalase ku Athens ndi kunatheka zikamera wa chodabwitsa atsopano kotheratu mu mbiri ya anthu. Iwo anakhala oletsedwa. Kamodzi pachaka, mpingo anali kuyankha funso: "Kodi palibe mwa nzika anthu, okhoza kugwira mphamvu ndi kukhala wankhanza" Ngati National Assembly ankakhulupirira kuti munthu wotero , komweko udzakhala msonkhano wina kwa ndondomeko achilendo kukavota pa mapale. Ngati zingakhale "loopsya" demokalase, munthu alandira mavoti ambiri ndi izo, anachotsedwa polis lapansi.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa momwe anali kubadwa kwa demokalase ku Athens (kusintha kwa Solon ndi Cleisthenes) ndi kutha mofanana ndi analogue ano.