Mbiri ya anthu: pang'ono za mazana oyambirira za kukhalako

Malinga ndi maumboni osiyanasiyana ndiponso kufufuza pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu zapitazo (ngakhale mbiri zina anthu akuitana mafanizo ena) anthu ku dziko nyama. 35 zikwi zapitazo anayamba mapangidwe anthu amakono. zaka zikwi makumi atatu za chitukuko anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe mu madera osiyana a dziko.

Ngati mbiri ya anthu anali anangolemba tsiku, kuchokera pamene mapangidwe makalasi ndi boma ku nthawi ino, malinga ndi asayansi, izo unachitikira kwa mphindi 4 chabe.

The wosazindikira dongosolo limodzi anali gawo yaitali. Zinatha pafupifupi mamiliyoni zaka. Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi yeniyeni, pamene mbiri ya anthu, ndi zovuta adzawaitane. Chapamwamba malire (liza sitepe) wosazindikira dongosolo zimasiyanasiyana ku malire osiyanasiyana malingana Africa lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, makalasi mu Africa ndi Asia anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe kumayambiriro kwa 4-3. BC. mauthenga ku America -. 1. BC. e.

Kodi mbiri ya anthu, chifukwa anali anthu oyamba, pamene ndi pamene izo zinachitika akhala chinsinsi. Mwatsoka, palibe zipilala la Nthawi anthu alibe.

Periodization mbiri ya anthu ikuchitika asayansi osiyana mu njira zosiyana.

Ngakhale Roma ndi wakale nzeru ena Chinese unadziwa kuli atatu zaka: mkuwa (mkuwa), mwala ndi chitsulo. Mu 19 - m'ma 20, periodization izi ofukula zinthu zakale analandira chitukuko sayansi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asayansi typologize siteji ndi zaka nthawi imeneyi.

Stone Age inatenga kangapo yaitali kuposa zonse m'mbiri wotsatira wa anthu. Kudulidwa mu magawo m'nyengo ino yachokera pa zovuta kuwonjezeka ndi kusintha njira ya zipangizo mwala.

Stone Age anayamba ndi paleolith (Old mwala), amene nawonso, asayansi olekanitsidwa siteji m'munsi (oyambirira), pakati ndi chapamwamba (mochedwa) paleolith.

Kenako akuyamba zaka srednekamenny (mesolit kusintha nthawi). Nthawiyi amatchedwanso epipaleolitom (poslepaleolitom) kapena protoneolitom (predneolitom). Ena a olemba a satchula konse.

Anamaliza Stone Age Neolithic (New Stone zaka). Kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyi, alipo woyamba mkuwa zipangizo. Izi zikusonyeza mapangidwe siteji wapadera - Eneolithic (Chalcolithic).

Kapangidwe mkati periodization zotsatirazi zaka (New Stone, chitsulo ndi mkuwa) ukufanizidwa ndi Ofufuza osiyana mosiyana. yosiyana chikhalidwe ndi kumatanthauza mwawo pang'onopang'ono.

M'mabwinja periodization zachokera kwathunthu zinthu zamakono ndi sapereka lingaliro lililonse la mapangidwe kupanga lonse. Kachitidwe panopa ku siteji ya kupatukana si kwambiri padziko lonse dera.

Ena pa zofooka mu zolinga pano paleoanthropological periodization a anthu akale. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo kusanduka zamoyo anthu. Malinga ndi dongosolo olekanitsa pa siteji ya chitukuko, akatswiri amanena kuti kuli akale (archanthropines), wakale (palaeoanthropes), komanso masiku malasha (neanthropine) munthu. Ngakhale ena amakangana, paleo-anthropological dongosolo la gulu la anthu pa magawo kumagwirizana dongosolo ofukula zinthu zakale.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, izi periodization wapadera m'mbiri ya anthu sizingafanane ndi kufunika ndi dongosolo ambiri a kulekanitsa kwa anthu a m'mbuyomu. Development zidzachitike kumvetsa mbiri ndi nkhani za chitukuko munthu woyamba anayamba kwambiri Morgan (American KATSWIRI). Malinga ndi kukhazikika mu 18 m'ma Chigawo cha ndondomeko lonse za m'nthawi ya chitukuko, nkhanza ndi nkhanza, kuganizira msinkhu ntchito ya ulimi wa "moyo,", ndi ethnographer American allocated mu m'badwo uliwonse mwachindunji apamwamba, pakati ndi mlingo m'munsi. Kenako, Chichewa kutamanda periodization, zowombetsa mkota izo.