Afghanistan: mbiri kuyambira kale mpaka pano

Afghanistan ndi dziko limene lakhala lothandiza kwambiri pakati pa ndale zadziko kwa zaka zoposa 200. Dzina lake limakhazikika kwambiri mndandanda wa malo otentha kwambiri padziko lapansili. Komabe, zochepa chabe zimadziwika zokhudza mbiri ya Afghanistan, zomwe tafotokozedwa mwachidule m'nkhaniyi. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu ake kwa zaka zambirimbiri adalenga chikhalidwe cholemera, pafupi ndi Persia, yomwe idakalipo chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa ndale komanso zachuma, komanso zochita zauchigawenga za mabungwe akuluakulu achi Islam.

Mbiri ya Afghanistan kuyambira kale

Anthu oyambirira anawonekera ku gawo la dzikoli pafupi zaka 5000 zapitazo. Ambiri ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti kuli kumeneko komwe anthu oyambirira okhala m'midzi akumidzi anaonekera padziko lapansi. Kuwonjezera apo, zikuganiziridwa kuti Zoroastrianism inkawonekera ku dziko lamakono la Afghanistan mpaka pakati pa 1800 ndi 800 BC, ndipo woyambitsa chipembedzo, mmodzi wa akale kwambiri, anakhala zaka zomaliza za moyo wake ndipo anafa ku Balkh.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 6 BC BC. E. Azimayi omwe anali azimayiwa ankaphatikizapo mayiko amenewa mu Ufumu wa Perisiya. Komabe, pambuyo pa 330 BC. E. Anagwidwa ndi ankhondo a Alexander Wamkulu. Monga gawo la dziko lake, Afghanistan anali mpaka kugwa, ndipo kenako anakhala gawo la Ufumu wa Seleucid, womwe unayambitsa Chibuddha kumeneko. Kenaka deralo linagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Greco-Bactrian. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 AD. E. Indo-Greeks anagonjetsa Akutikuti, ndipo m'zaka za zana loyamba AD. E. Afghanistan anagonjetsa Ufumu wa Parthian.

Middle Ages

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, gawo la dzikoli linakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Sassanid, ndipo kenako Samanids. Kenaka Afghanistan, mbiri yomwe idakudziwa nthawi yayitali yamtendere, inapulumuka nkhondo ya Aarabu, yomwe inatha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi.

M'zaka mazana asanu ndi atatu zotsatira, dzikoli linkadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja lamanja, mpaka m'zaka za zana la 14 linakhala gawo la ufumu wa Timurid. Panthawi imeneyi Herat anakhala malo oyamba a dziko lino. Patatha zaka mazana awiri, nthumwi yomaliza ya mzera wa Timurid, Babur, inakhazikitsa ufumu ku Kabul ndipo inayamba kupita ku India. Posakhalitsa anasamukira ku India, ndipo gawo la Afghanistan linakhala gawo la dziko la Safavid.

Kutha kwa dziko lino muzaka za zana la 18 kunachititsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe a khansa komanso anthu otsutsana ndi Iran. Panthaŵi yomweyo, akuluakulu a Guilian anapangidwa ndi likulu lake mumzinda wa Kandahar, lomwe linagonjetsedwa mu 1737 ndi asilikali a Perisiya a Nadir Shah.

Mphamvu ya Durranian

Zodabwitsa kuti, Afghanistan (mbiri yakale ya dziko lomwe kale mumadziwa kale) idalandira malo odziimira okha mu 1747, pamene Ahmad Shah Durrani adakhazikitsa ufumu ndi mzinda wake waukulu ku Kandahar. Pansi pa mwana wake Timur-shah, Kabul adalengeza kuti ndi mzinda waukulu wa boma, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 Shah Mahmud anayamba kulamulira dzikoli.

Kuwonjezeka kwa ku Britain

Mbiri ya Afghanistan kuyambira kalelo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 ikudzala ndi zinsinsi, chifukwa masamba ambiriwa sakufufuzidwa bwino. Zomwezo sizinanenedwe panthawi yomwe chiwonongeko cha dzikoli chitatha ndi asilikali a Anglo-Indian. "Amters atsopano" a Afghanistan adakonda dongosolo ndipo analemba mosamala zochitika zonse. Makamaka, kuchokera m'mabuku otsala, komanso kuchokera m'makalata a asilikali a Britain ndi apolisi, mabanja awo amadziwa zambiri za nkhondo komanso kuukirana kwa anthu ammudzi, komanso njira zawo za moyo ndi miyambo.

Choncho, mbiri ya nkhondo ku Afghanistan, yotsogoleredwa ndi asilikali a Anglo-Indian, inayamba mu 1838. Patapita miyezi ingapo, gulu la asilikali okwana 12,000 la Britain linaduka Kandahar, ndipo kenako ku Kabul. Emir adapewa kugunda ndi mdani wamkulu ndikupita kumapiri. Komabe, oimira ake nthawi zonse ankapita ku likululi, ndipo mu 1841 ku Kabul anayamba chisokonezo pakati pa anthu. Boma la Britain linaganiza zobwerera ku India, koma panjira yomwe asilikali anaphedwa ndi zigawenga za Afghanistan. Poyankha, chilango chokhwimitsa chilango chinatsatira.

Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Anglo-Afghanistan

Chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nkhondo pa ufumu wa Britain chinali kutumizidwa kwa Lieutenant Vitkevich ku Kabul ndi boma la Russia mu 1837. Kumeneko ankayenera kukhala wokhalamo pamene Dost Mohammed adagwidwa mphamvu mu likulu la Afghanistan. Wachiwiri pa nthawiyo anali atamenyana kale ndi zaka 10 ndi wachibale wake wapafupi Shuja-shah, wothandizidwa ndi London. A British ankaona ntchito ya Vitkevich monga cholinga cha Russia kudzilimbitsa ku Afghanistan kuti alowe m'dziko la India m'tsogolomu.

Mu January 1839, asilikali a Britain, omwe analipo 12,000 ndi antchito 38,000, ngamila 30,000, anawoloka Phiri la Bolansky. Pa April 25, popanda kulimbana, adatha kutenga Kandahar ndikuyambitsa chiopsezo ku Kabul.

Kukaniza kwakukulu kwa British kunali kokha linga la Ghazni, koma anakakamizika kudzipatulira. Msewu wopita ku Kabul unatsegulidwa, ndipo mzindawo unagwa pa August 7, 1839. Pa mpando wachifumu, mothandizidwa ndi a British, Emir Shuja Shah analamulira, ndipo Emir Dost Muhammad adathawira kumapiri ndi kagulu ka asilikali.

Ulamuliro wa Britain udateteza nthawi yaitali, monga mafumu amtundu wadziko lapansi adakonza chisokonezo ndikuyamba kuukira adaniwo m'madera onse a dzikoli.

Kumayambiriro kwa 1842, anthu a ku Britain ndi amwenye adagwirizana nawo pa kutsegulidwa kwa msewu omwe amatha kubwerera ku India. Komabe, ku Jalalabad, Afghans anagonjetsa a British, ndipo oposa 16,000 omenyana okhawo anapulumutsidwa.

Poyankha, ulendo wobwezera unatsatiridwa, ndipo atatha kuponderezedwa, a British anayamba kukambirana ndi Dost Muhammad, kumupangitsa kuti asayanjane ndi Russia. Pambuyo pake, pangano la mtendere linasaina.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Anglo-Afghanistan

Mkhalidwe wa m'dzikoli unakhalabe wolimba mpaka nkhondo ya Russian-Turkish inayamba mu 1877. Afghanistan, yemwe mbiri yake ndi mndandanda wautali wa mikangano, inadzipezanso pakati pa moto wachiwiri. Mfundo ndi yakuti pamene a London adakondwera ndi kupambana kwa asilikali a ku Russia akuyenda mofulumira ku Istanbul, Petersburg anasankha kusewera khadi la Indian. Kufikira izi, ntchito inatumizidwa ku Kabul, yomwe Emir Sher-Ali Khan adalemekezedwa. Malangizo a adipatimenti a ku Russia, omalizawo anakana kulola ambassy wa Britain kudzikoli. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha kutumizira asilikali a British ku Afghanistan. Iwo adagonjetsa mzindawu ndikukakamiza Emir Yakub Khan kuti asayane mgwirizano malinga ndi zomwe boma lake silinali nalo ufulu wochita ndondomeko yachilendo popanda mgwirizano wa boma la Britain.

Mu 1880 Abdurrahman Khan anakhala Emir. Anayesayesa kukamenya nkhondo ndi asilikali achi Russia ku Turkestan, koma adagonjetsedwa mu March 1885 kudera la Kushka. Zotsatira zake, London ndi St. Petersburg zinazindikiranso malire omwe Afghanistan (mbiri ya zaka za m'ma 1900 ikufotokozedwa pansipa) ilipo mpaka lero.

Kudziimira payekha ku Britain

Mu 1919, chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Emir Khabibullah Khan ndi chigamulo cha boma, Amanullah Khan adawonekera pampando wachifumu, akulengeza ufulu wa dzikoli kuchokera ku Great Britain ndi kulengeza jihadi. Anasonkhanitsidwa, ndipo gulu lankhondo la anthu okwana 12,000 linasamukira ku India, mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la 100,000 la anthu osankhidwa.

Mbiri ya nkhondo ku Afghanistan, yotulutsidwa ndi a British kuchitapo kanthu, imatchulanso kuopsa koyamba kwa mpweya m'mbiri ya dziko lino. Kuukira kwa British Air Force kunaperekedwa ku Kabul. Chifukwa cha mantha omwe adayamba pakati pa anthu okhala mumzindawu, komanso pambuyo pa nkhondo zambiri, Amanullah Khan anapempha mtendere.

Mu August 1919, mgwirizano wamtendere unasindikizidwa. Malinga ndi ndemanga iyi, dzikoli linalandira ufulu ku maiko akunja, koma idalipidwa ndalama zowonjezera ku Britain za ndalama zokwana 60,000 peresenti, zomwe mpaka chaka cha 1919 chinali pafupi theka la ndalama za ndalama za Afghanistan.

Ufumu

Mu 1929, Amanullah Khan, yemwe adapita ku Ulaya ndi USSR atatsala pang'ono kuyamba kusintha kwakukulu, adagonjetsedwa ndi kuwukira kwa Habibullah Calakani, wotchedwa Bachai Sakao (Mwana wa womwa madzi). Kuyesera kubwerera ku mpando wachifumu wa kale wakale, wothandizidwa ndi asilikali a Soviet, sanapambane. Izi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi a British, omwe anagonjetsa Bachai Sakao ndikuika Nadir Khan pampando wachifumu. Chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa, mbiri yakale ya Afghanistan inayamba. Ulamuliro ku Afghanistan unkatchedwa mfumu, ndipo emirate inathetsedwa.

Mu 1933, Nadir Khan, ataphedwa ndi cadet panthawiyi ku Kabul, adalowetsedwa pampando wachifumu ndi mwana wake Zahir Shah. Iye anali wokonzanso ndipo ankaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa mafumu omwe ankawunikira kwambiri komanso akupita patsogolo a ku Asia a nthawi yake.

Mu 1964, Zahir Shah adalemba malamulo atsopano omwe adalimbikitsa dziko la Afghanistan kuti liwononge tsankho. Chotsatira chake, atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe anali odzikonda kwambiri anayamba kufotokoza zosakhutira ndikugwira nawo mwakhama kuwonongeka kwa mkhalidwe m'dzikoli.

Ulamuliro Wopondereza wa Daud

Malinga ndi mbiri ya Afghanistan, zaka za m'ma 1900 (kuyambira 1933 mpaka 1973) zinali zagolidedi ku boma, monga momwe malonda ankaonekera m'dzikoli, misewu yabwino, maphunziro adasinthidwa masiku ano, yunivesite inakhazikitsidwa, zipatala zinamangidwa, etc. Komabe, chaka cha 40 chitatha Kulowa kwake ku ufumu wa Zahir Shah kunagwetsedwa ndi msuweni wake, Prince Mohammed Daoud, yemwe adalengeza kuti Afghanistan ndi Republic. Pambuyo pake, dzikoli linasanduka masewero a mikangano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana omwe adaonetsa zofuna za Pastuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks ndi Hazaras, komanso mitundu ina. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mphamvu zowonjezereka zachi Islam zimayanjanirana. Mu 1975, adayambitsa chiwawa chomwe chinayambitsa zigawo za Paktia, Badakhshan ndi Nangarhar. Komabe, boma la dictator Daud linalimbana, koma analephera kuliletsa.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, oimira a People's Democratic Party (PDPA) ankafuna kuthetsa vutoli. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, idali ndi chithandizo champhamvu ku asilikali a Afghanistan.

DZIWANI

Mbiri ya Afghanistan (zaka za m'ma 1900) inakumananso ndi kusintha kwina mu 1978. April 27 panali kusintha. Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Nur Mohammad Taraki, Mohammed Daoud ndi onse a m'banja lake anaphedwa. Hafizullah Amin ndi Babrak Karmal anali mtsogoleri wapamwamba.

Chiyambi cha chiyambi cha Afghanistan ku asilikali ochepa a Soviet

Ndondomeko ya maulamuliro atsopano kuthetsa kubwerera kwa dzikoli kunatsutsana ndi a Islamist, omwe adasanduka nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Polephera kuthana ndi vutoli, boma la Afghanistan linapempha mobwerezabwereza kwa Politburo wa CPSU Central Committee kupempha thandizo la usilikali. Komabe, akuluakulu a Soviet anasiya, popeza anawoneratu zotsatira za zotsatirazi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, iwo analimbikitsa chitetezo cha malire a boma mu gawo la Afghanistan ndipo adaonjezera chiwerengero cha alangizi a usilikali m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, a KGB nthawi zonse adalandira nzeru zokhudzana ndi kuti US akupereka ndalama zotsutsa boma.

Kuphedwa kwa Taraki

Mbiri ya Afghanistan (zaka za m'ma 1900) ili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kuphedwa kwandale kwambiri pofuna kulanda mphamvu. Chinthu chimodzi choterechi chinachitika mu September 1979, pamene mtsogoleri wa PDPA, Taraki, adamangidwa ndi kuphedwa mwa lamulo la Khafizullah Amin. Pansi pa woweruza watsopano, mantha adayambika m'dzikoli, zomwe zinakhudza asilikali, momwe ziwawa ndi zosautsika zinasinthika. Popeza kuti VCs ndizo zothandizira kwambiri PDPA, boma la Soviet linaona kuti vutoli likuwopsya komanso likufika ku mphamvu zamphamvu za USSR. Kuwonjezera apo, zinadziwika kuti Amin ali ndi chinsinsi choyanjana ndi nthumwi za ku America.

Zotsatira zake, zinasankhidwa kuti apange opaleshoni kuti amugwetse ndikumutsata ndi mtsogoleri wodalirika ku USSR. Wokondedwa wamkulu pa ntchitoyi anali Babrak Karmal.

Mbiri ya nkhondo ku Afghanistan (1979-1989): maphunziro

Kukonzekera kukonzekera kumadera oyandikana nawo kunayamba mu December 1979, pamene gulu la "Muslim Battalion" lomwe linapangidwa mwapadera linasamutsidwa ku Afghanistan. Mbiri ya chigawanichi ichi ndi chinsinsi kwa ambiri. Amadziwika kuti adagwira ntchito ndi maofesi a GRU ochokera ku mayiko a Central Asia, omwe ankadziwa miyambo ya anthu okhala ku Afghanistan, chinenero chawo komanso njira zawo za moyo.

Chisankho cha kuyambika kwa asilikali chinapangidwa pakati pa mwezi wa December 1979 pamsonkhano wa Politburo. Iye sankathandizidwa kokha ndi A. Kosygin, chifukwa cha zomwe adakangana kwambiri ndi Brezhnev.

Ntchitoyi inayamba pa December 25, 1979, pamene gulu la asilikali 691 la SSL losiyana ndilo linalowa m'dera la DRA. Kenaka anayamba kusamutsidwa kwa asilikali ena a Soviet. Pakatikati pa tsiku pa December 27, iwo adagonjetsa Kabul, ndipo madzulo adayamba kuwononga nyumba yachifumu ya Amin. Izo zinangokhala mphindi 40 zokha, ndipo zitatha kutsirizidwa zinadziwika kuti ambiri a iwo omwe analipo, kuphatikizapo mtsogoleri wa dzikolo, anaphedwa.

Kulemba mwachidule kwa zochitika kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1989

Nkhani zenizeni zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi kulimba mtima kwa asilikali ndi maofesala omwe sankadziwa kuti ndi ndani komanso zomwe amakakamizika kuika moyo wawo pachiswe. Mwachidule mndandanda wa nyengo ndi uwu:

• March 1980 - April 1985. Kuchita ntchito zankhondo, kuphatikizapo zazikulu, komanso ntchito yokonzanso magulu ankhondo a DRA.
• April 1985 - January 1987. Mndandanda wa asilikali a Afghanistani ndi magulu a ndege, maofesi a sapper ndi zida zankhondo, komanso kuyesetsa kulimbana ndi kupereka zida kuchokera kunja.
• January 1987 - February 1989. Kuchita nawo ntchito zotsatila ndondomeko ya chiyanjanitso cha dziko.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1988 zinaonekeratu kuti kupeza zida za Soviet kudera la DRA zinali zopanda phindu. Zingaganizidwe kuti mbiri ya kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali ku Afghanistan inayamba pa February 8, 1988, pamene msonkhano wa Politburo unayambitsa funso la kusankha tsiku lochita ntchitoyi.

Iye anakhala pa May 15. Komabe, gawo lomalizira la SA linachoka ku Kabul pa 4 February 1989, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali pa 15 February kunatsirizidwa ndi kudutsa malire a dziko ndi Lieutenant General B. Gromov.

Zaka 90

Afghanistan, mbiri ndi chiyembekezo cha chitukuko chamtendere chomwe m'tsogolomu chiri chosavuta, m'zaka khumi zapitazo za zaka za zana la makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo zidaponyedwa kuphompho kwa nkhondo yachiwawa yapachiweniweni.

Kumapeto kwa February 1989 ku Peshawar, kutsutsa kwa Afghanistan kunasankha mutu wa "Government Yamukati ya Mujahideen", mtsogoleri wa "Alliance Seven" S.Mojaddedi, ndipo anayamba kumenyana ndi boma la Soviet Union.

Mu April 1992, asilikali otsutsawo adagonjetsa Kabul, ndipo tsiku lotsatira mtsogoleri wawo, pamaso pa amishonale achilendo, adalengezedwa purezidenti wa Islamic State of Afghanistan. Mbiri ya dziko pambuyo pa izi "kusagwiritsidwa ntchito" yasintha mofulumira ku chikhalidwe cha mafuko. Limodzi mwa malamulo oyambirira lolembedwa ndi S.Mojaddedi, adalengeza malamulo onse otsutsana ndi chisilamu kuti ataya mphamvu.

Mu chaka chomwechi, adasamukira gulu la Burhanuddin Rabbani. Chisankho ichi chinayambitsa mikangano ya mafuko, pomwe olamulira akumunda anaphana. Posakhalitsa, ulamuliro wa Rabbani unalefuka kwambiri moti boma lake linasiya kugwira ntchito iliyonse m'dzikoli.

Kumapeto kwa September 1996, a Taliban adagonjetsa Kabul, adagonjetsa Pulezidenti Najibullah yemwe adathamangitsidwa ndi mchimwene wake, omwe adabisala ku nyumba ya UN, ndipo adaphedwa pamtanda pa malo akuluakulu a dziko la Afghanistan.

Patadutsa masiku ochepa, Emirate ya ku Afghanistan inalengezedwa, adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bungwe Lolamulira, lomwe lili ndi anthu 6, loyendetsedwa ndi Mullah Omar. Atafika ku mphamvu, a Taliban adakhazikitsa mtendere m'dzikoli. Komabe, iwo anali ndi otsutsa ambiri.

9 October, 1996 msonkhano wa mmodzi wa chitsutso chachikulu - Dostum - Rabbani ndi kuzungulira mzinda wa Mazar-i-Sharif. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi Ahmad Shah Massoud ndi Karim Khalili. chifukwa The chinakhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la Supreme khama pamodzi anapereka kulimbana wamba za "Taliban". grouping amatchedwa "Kumpoto Alliance". Iye anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa kumpoto kwa ufulu Afghanistan mkati 1996-2001 ,. boma.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya mphamvu padziko lonse

Mbiri ya Afghanistan ano anatsitsimuka pambuyo wotchuka Zigawenga September 11, 2001. The United States ntchito monga chonamizira cha nkhondo ya dziko mwa kulengeza cholinga chake chachikulu kupasula wa Taliban boma kusunga Osama bin othodwa. Pa October 7, malo Afghanstan chinaperekedwa ku kunyanyala chachikulu mpweya kufooketsa mphamvu Taliban. Mu December, iye msonkhano wa Bungwe la Akulu a mafuko Afghanstan, lotsogoledwa ndi tsogolo (kuyambira 2004) Pulezidenti Hamid Karzai.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, NATO wamaliza ntchito ya Afghanistan, ndi Taliban asamukira ku zigawenga nkhondo. Kuyambira pamenepo ndi lero lekani uchigawenga mu dziko. Komanso, tsiku ndi tsiku kwasanduka munda yaikulu kukula Opium poppies. Wokwanira kuti, malinga ndi ziwerengero ndiwofatsa, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 1 anthu m'dzikoli ndi mankhwala yozungulira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mbiri osadziwika la Afghanistan, anapereka kwa popanda retouching, anali ku Ulaya kapena ku America mantha, kuphatikizapo milandu mokwiya kukuonetsedwa asilikali NATO ndi anthu wamba. Mwina zimenezi chifukwa chakuti nkhondo kale wokongola zoterozo. Umboni wa mawu awa ali ndi zochita Baraka Obamy kutapa asilikali. Komabe, silinakwaniritsidwe akuyendera, ndipo tsopano Afghanistan akuyembekeza kuti pulezidenti watsopano US sadzasintha madongosolo, ndipo potsiriza kusiya nkhondo yachilendo.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa mbiri yakale ndipo posachedwapa Afghanistan. Masiku ano, dziko lino kudutsa nthawi yovuta, ndipo ife chokha dzikolo Pomaliza kubwera dziko.