Kodi mtundu? Liti? N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mfundo 'anthu' kapena mtundu ali katundu yake? N'chifukwa chiyani anthu a United States kuti "Zakudya Zachangu Nation"? mafunso awa adzayesa kupeza mayankho m'nkhani ino. Komabe, pamaso panu tizindikire zimene zili mtundu, tiyeni titenge pafupi maganizo ake.
Kodi mtundu?
Lingaliro la anthu anakhazikitsa ndi anthu kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuyambira kale izo zimatanthauza gulu lina la anthu zokhudzana ndi mbadwa wamba, tikukhala mu malo ena, ndiwe wa makamaka chilengedwe chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi zosiyana mu gulu la anthu a anthu makamaka angakhale ndi kulolerana osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ku Girisi wakale, anthu, monga kuyenera akunjawo, anali onse amene ankalankhula Chigiriki. Chimodzimodzinso zinalili mu China. Mu Ulaya, anthu anayamba kungotchulapo kalasi mwayi, anali kulemera ang'onoang'ono dongosolo. wamba ambiri anaona wonyong'onya chipwirikiti ku ngodya zonse m'dzikoli. Masiku ano, anthu amakonda kuyitana anthu onse a khalidwe linalake. Choncho, lingaliro amabweretsa pamodzi anthu onse amene ali nzika kapena dziko.
Kodi mtundu? Chiyambi tanthauzo
Nkofunika kudziwa kuti mu lotanthauzira ano, pali masomphenya osiyana ndi maganizo ndi makhalidwe, makamaka zokhudzana ndi mtundu. Komanso, pali mikangano ndi Mabaibulo kuchokera ku zinenero zina. Mwachitsanzo, German "volk" ogwirizana ndi mtundu, ndi anthu liwu limodzi. Kuti pali kusiyana kwa Germany. Mu mabuku Chingelezi anatsindika mfundo yonena za "mtundu" ndi "anthu". Yotsirizira Komabe, si ndithu mofanana ndi mmene anthu a chinenero cha Chirasha. Chirasha mfundo ya "mtundu" ndi kumlingo kupitiriza kwa anthu ndi chitukuko. Ngati mtundu uli woposa umodzi kwachilengedwenso kapena malamulo amene wakhalapo kuyambira akale, mtundu - mfundo umoyo maganizo. Pofuna kutembenuza anthu kukhala mtundu m'pofunika kumvetsa dera lawo ndipo adagawa tsogolo mbiri. Si mndandanda wa zinthu zofanana monga chilankhulo kapena chikhalidwe (ngakhale kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri monga maziko a), kudziŵa maganizo a umodzi wa anthu onse a mtundu ndi chilakolako chitukuko olowa. The chimbuzi cha chitukuko cha mtundu uliwonse ndi chilengedwe cha boma lawo. Ndi chilakolako kawirikawiri Mzimuyo kubadwa kwa mtundu mu maso a mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri.
Andale komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana mtundu
Modern chodabwitsa ofufuza kusiyanitsa mitundu awiriwa ali pakati MAIKO ATSOPANO. Mwachidule, iwo amasiyana kulemekeza zinthu sanali zakwawoko. mtundu Tsankho kuyika pa mtima umodzi ndi magazi ndi zizindikiro kwachilengedwenso. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za zimene mtundu ali Zitsulo Germany. dziko kudalirana ndi misa kusamuka wafunsira kufunika cigawo zinthu zakunja dera la mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, mu French misa chikumbumtima zitsulo French ndi ana a anthu ochokera m'mayiko Maghreb. Kumene, pachifukwa chimenechi, iwo ayenera kugawana zolinga mbiri ya mtundu. Kufunika kulenga mfundo mtundu ndale ndi zikamera wa Mipikisano mitundu limati (monga US kapena Soviet Union). Lingaliro la "munthu Soviet" akukhala mu nkhani iyi chida kubweretsa pamodzi zinthu anthuwo akhale thupi limodzi.
Kodi mtundu? Liti?
Benedict Anderson - mmodzi wa ofufuza za mtundu chodabwitsa - anayambitsa mawu akuti "longoganizira madera". Mwachitsanzo, mtundu alipo yekha m'maganizo mwa anthu ake, ndi kokha kumachitika pamene kugwa kwa alimi miyambo monga madera m'mudzi, ndi ntchito iyi: Dortmund tanthauzo la umodzi dziko ndi kalaliki wa Rostock. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiyanjano cha ambiri chinathandiza atolankhani. Ndi chiwonongeko cha madera chikhalidwe - mafakitale. Choncho kubadwa kwa amitundu, akatswiri ambiri (kuphatikizapo Hobsbawm, Gellner, Smith) amagwirizana ndi XIII makamaka m'zaka za m'ma XIX m'mbiri ya Ulaya ndi America.