The mafakitale zisinthe. Features za mafakitale mu United States ndi Russia

The Industrial utasintha, umene unayamba cha m'ma 18 mochedwa mu England ndi kuphimba kenako anayamba limati (cha m'ma 19), ndi m'malo a makina Buku kupanga kupita ku fakitale ndi fakitale. Kutsogolera magulu a anthu ndi ogwira ntchito ndi bourgeoisie. Chifukwa cha ulimi ali anali mafakitale, ndi zipangizo.

Mafakitale wakhala pang'onopang'ono. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 pambuyo ulimi wa England chimakwirira United States. Pomwepo adadza mafakitale mu Europe. Ndipo mu kum'mawa kwa mafakitale ali likupitirirabe.

Chiyambi cha mafakitale anakhudzidwa makampani kuwala. Ndiye kuyamba mechanization chivundikirocho ndi mafakitale ena opanga. Nthawiyi zinali zodzaza ndi ntchito zaluso luso, monga lathe ndi makina osokera, ndi zoyendera watsopano (sitima chombo), zikutanthauza kulankhulana (wailesi, wanthambo, telefoni).

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 mafakitale analowa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. Nthawi imeneyi injini kupangidwa ndi injini mkati kuyaka (mkati kuyaka injini), galamafoni (kujambula phokoso ndi kubereka zida), anapeza mafuta, makampani mankhwala. Anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mwakhama magetsi.

The Industrial utasintha zinachitika mu zinthu zabwino. Iwo analenga maphunziro US. Likuoneka ndi kupota gudumu makina anaonekera mu America mu 1789. Pambuyo ntchito emigrant ku England Pleyter anapanga zojambula za nsalu, pambuyo pachaka mu United States anayamba kugwira ntchito woyamba kupanga fakitale nsalu. Kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu, kumwa mafakitale thonje America Kuchuluka kwa nthawi zoposa makumi awiri-awiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito kuposa oyamba a injini nthunzi unkachitika kuyambira chiyambi cha makumi anai zaka za m'ma 19. Izi zinali ndi mochedwa oyamba a madzi amayamba kuchulukana injini, poyerekeza ndi nthunzi, ndi mtengo.

Chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mafakitale ku America chinaperekedwa kwa yomanga njanji. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1830 mpaka 1850 anali oposa usanu kuchuluka kwa maukonde sitima.

Kukula kwa makampani migodi ndi zitsulo makampani wakhala kugwirizana kwakukulukulu ndi mechanization zoyendera. Choncho, mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, kuchuluka kupanga nkhumba chitsulo ndi zina 12, komanso mbali kupanga - zikwi zingapo.

Mafakitale walola United States kukhala makina yake. Mwachitsanzo, zomera lalikulu kwa kupanga injini nthunzi anamangidwa ku Pennsylvania, New York.

Tikumbukenso kuti chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale mu United States munapanga namatetule wa luso (bulu, woimba, Morse). Dziko kunakopa ulimi makina, yoyenerera zosowa kuchuluka kwa munda. Pa '40s -' 50s mu America, chabwino makina threshers, seeders zinalengedwa, mowers ndi zipangizo zina.

Kwa zaka fifite, ndi imports United States chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 4, ndi zogulitsa kunja 3,7. Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 19 m'zaka mu udindo waukulu ku wolowa akadali wotanganidwa ndi ulimi ndi zipangizo.

Mu mafakitale zisinthe Russian mu ndondomeko anali uncoordinated Kupititsa ndi m'makalata gawo. Ichi chinali chifukwa mokwanira yaitali, kwa zaka kusintha dziko la ku ntchito yamanja kupanga makina. Mechanization anayamba makampani thonje mmasate ndi inatha mu kampani yopanga zitsulo ku Mipingo ya.

Ndi nthawi ya chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, oposa 60% ya ulimi mu gawo la malonda processing opangidwa antchito wamba m'mafakitale lapansi.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 za bizinesi zana makina idamangidwa, koma makampani anapitiriza ntchito ntchito yamanja.