The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. Mbiri ya USSR

Baibulo la mfundo yachilendo ya Soviet Union anayamba atamwalira Stalin. Mu 50 ntchentche. Malenkov analankhula za "kumaliseche" wa mavuto mgwirizano wa mayiko. Tsopano tikambirana zinthu zapadera mfundo Soviet zakunja zaka 1953-1964.

mapangano a mtendere

The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu zaka 1953-1964 wakhala lolunjika makamaka pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano mtendere ndi matanthauzo zaphindu ndi kumayiko ena. Pa njira imene utsogoleri Soviet, mapangano ambiri akhala anasaina. Choncho, mu 1953, July 27, anali anasaina armistice ku Korea. Njira yaikulu ya easing kusagwirizana pa dziko GAWO utsogoleri dziko waona kukula kwa malo mgwirizano ndi limati zina. Mu 1955, 25 January, ndi Presidium a magulu ankhondo okhala ndi zida Analeredwa ndi lamulo zinathera boma la nkhondo ndi Germany. Mu September chaka chomwecho, mutu wa boma la Germany anafika ku Moscow. Ulendo izo anakhazikitsa asapita zamtendere ndi Germany West. Mu 1955, mu m'ma May, tagwirizana lalembedwa ndi Austria. Malinga ndi monga boma la nkhondo izo mipingo. Chikalatachi inakhazikitsa ulamuliro ndi chitsimikizo usilikali.

Mu 1956, boma la Soviet Union anabweza anausiya m'dera la Finland - Porkkala Udd, kumene kunali panyanja m'munsi mwa Union. M'ma June ndi Karelian-Chifinishi wogwirizana ndi mabwalo anali lidzasinthidwa standalone a. Komanso mu 1956, October 19, Japan ndi Soviet Union anapereka kulengeza kubwezeretsa ubale zamtendere ndi kutha kwa kachirombo asilikali. Pakutha 50s ya Soviet Union anali ofanana Mapangano malonda limati oposa 70.

Soviet mfundo yachilendo 1953-1964 (mwachidule)

m'madera Ofunika anafotokozedwa pa XX Party Congress. Khrushchev analengeza pa msonkhano wa pakalibe zikukhalira wa dziko lotsatira nkhondo, kunenanso kuti n'zotheka njira zosiyanasiyana za kusintha kwa dongosolo zokomera ndi coexistence mtendere wa mayiko ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale. Mabuku a msonkhano anali anatsindika kukhulupirika kwa Soviet Union kuti mfundo za ufulu ndi ulamuliro, mogwirizana ndi kumayiko ena. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Khrushchev ankanena kuti dziko co-kuli boma amachita monga mtundu enieni a kalasi kulimbana. Iwo amakonda njira asilikali yekha ndi sizikhudza ndi mfundo za. Mu 1957 ya unduna okhonda lotsogoleredwa ndi nthumwi yaikulu Gromyko. Utumiki okhonda anali pansi pa utsogoleri wake mpaka 1985. Gromyko anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti pakhale ndondomeko kukambirana pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro pa mpikisano manja.

Kusintha chiphunzitso asilikali

Mu 1956, iwo anawonetsa n'kulephera la Soviet mfundo yachilendo 1953-1964. zingapo m'mayiko anapanga mayunitsi, amene ntchito kumeneku chinali chakuti, mwa zina, kutsitsa chikoka cha mayiko zokomera ndi mapangidwe dziko kumasulidwa kayendedwe ka anthu atsamunda.

Mu 1956, mu chiphunzitso asilikali a Soviet Union wakhala pansi kusintha. Iwo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ntchito Unyinji wa asilikali pa munda wa nkhondo kuti chida ndi standoff nyukiliya. Woyamba wakhala bwinobwino anayesedwa intercontinental ballistic chida mu dziko mu 1957. Iwo anali ndi uthunthu lalikulu ndipo akafuna US gawo. Kuyambira 1959 unayambitsidwa kupanga siriyo a miyala iyi, kenako akuphunzitsa magulu mpweya chitetezo, mpweya ndi dziko mphamvu, anayamba kumanga m'madzi nyukiliya chida zombo. America akuonera zonsezi, kumvetsa kuti Soviet Union mwina kubwezera mwambo nkhondo latsopano.

Nkhondo ndi US

Ngakhale yogwira kumanga nyukiliya chida kuthekera, mfundo yachilendo wa USSR 1953-1964 gg. akadali lolunjika pa mgwirizano ndi maiko muzochitika zosiyana. Kiyi kukhala ndi ubale ndi United States. Kuyambira 15 ndi 27 September 1959 unali ulendo Khrushchev ku America. Pa Khrushchev wake analandira Eisenhower analankhula pa National Press Club, ndi General Assembly UN, anakumana ndi alimi ndi anthu amalonda. M'chaka cha 1961 iye ankayenera kuti abwerere Ulendo pulezidenti US. Koma pa May 1 pa kukhala mu Mausoleum Khrushchev anamva kuti US akazonde ndege intruded mu airspace dziko ndi anawomberedwa pansi pafupi Sverdlovsk. Utsogoleri Soviet watumiza aganizira kuukira. Poyankha boma lake America anati, "zolakwa panyanja" chifukwa sanadziwe kuti woyendetsa ndege, zosiyana ndi malangizo, akali ndi moyo, ndipo analiza yekha. Choncho, anatengedwa ukapolo. boma la Soviet anamasula umboni wa woyendetsa komanso United States wagwidwa bodza. Eisenhower anakana kupepesa. ulendo wake ku USSR chinathetsedwa.

nkhani latsopano

Lamulo lowona za USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. kapadera okhwima pamalo a dziko pa siteji dziko mu kumanga mmwamba angathe asilikali mafakitale. Izi mosakayikira, kuwonjezeka mavuto padziko lonse. Kumayambiriro June 1961 utsogoleri Soviet unachitikira nkhani Kennedy ku Vienna. mbali ndayesera kukambirana funso German ndipo zonse mukazimanga kuyezetsa nyukiliya. Khrushchev anapereka kusaina mgwirizano mtendere ndi Germanys awiri malinga ndi alipo malire de A facto yolengeza West Berlin mzinda ufulu. Koma maganizo izi anakanidwa. Nayenso Kennedy sakanakhoza kulowa loletsa pa kuyezetsa nyukiliya. The Wall Berlin inamangidwa pa 13 August. Iwo wakhala chimake chenicheni cha "Iron Katani" kuti anagawa Europe. Mu September, Soviet Union, kusiya mgwirizano ndi United States kuti aletse mabomba nyukiliya, anachita mndandanda wa mayesero.

Cuba chida mavuto

The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. Zakhala lolunjika makamaka pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa parity asilikali ndi United States. Mu 1962, panali ngozi ubale amgwirizano. The vuto anakula mogwirizana ndi chosankha kuika Soviet Union mu Cuba anatengera mivi sing'anga-osiyanasiyana. America, nayenso anayamba kukonzekera kuwukira lapansi. Komabe, pafupifupi pa mphindi yotsiriza ndi telefoni Khrushchev ndi Kennedy, imene atsogoleri analephera kufika kunyengalera. Mu US, kenako anadziŵa mivi kuchokera Turkey ndi Soviet Union - Cuba.

Cuba chida mavuto akuganiza apogee ya nkhondoyo pakati pa USSR ndi West. Atayamba nyengo ya détente wachibale. Mu 1963, ku Moscow, mgwirizano anali anamaliza pakati Soviet Union, Britain ndi America kuti liletse nyukiliya kuyezetsa m'madzi, danga ndi mu mlengalenga. Mu nthawi yochepa pangano limodzi ndi mayiko oposa 100. Atamwalira Kennedy ndi Khrushchev ndondomeko kumaliseche ankafunika.

ATS

The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. Iwo anali umalimbana kukhazikitsa mgwirizano osati ndi West, komanso ndi anansi ake apamtima. Mumsasa zokomera nthawi munali Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Albania. Teaming ndi Soviet Union, iwo ndi amene analenga ATS (a Warsaw ke). ophunzira ake anadzitengera pa iwoeni udindo kuthandizapo mwagwirizana mu nkhondo, mgwirizano mu chitetezo ndi mtendere. Komanso, upo pa zokhudza zinthu wamba. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe inayamba mapangidwe wogwirizana asilikali onse lamulo.

CMEA

The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. zinkayembekezera thandizo zikuluzikulu mayiko a msasa zokomera ntchito yomanga maofesi a mafakitale m'madera awo. A malo ofunika ubale anakhala Council kwa nonse Thandizo Economic (CMEA). M'madera ngati chifungulo cha ogwirizana:

1. Mgwirizanowu za mapulani mitundu chuma.
2. Trade.
3. zikulumikizana chikhalidwe.
4. Cooperation m'munda wa sayansi.

Ndi mgwirizano uno kenako anagwirizana ndi Cuba. . Mu zaka 1958-1964, malinga ndi chigamulo cha CMEA, inamangidwa ndi payipi "Druzhba" - waukulu mu dziko. M'litali anali oposa 4.5 zikwi. Km. Mu 1959-1962 gg. dongosolo mphamvu chonse analengedwa "The World." Iye zogwirizana zopezera Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko zokomera a ku Ulaya. Pankhaniyi, ambiri a ndalama ankatenga USSR. Utsogoleri Soviet anayesanso bwino ndi Yugoslavia. Mu 1955, kulengeza yosainidwa pakati pa anthu a maiko, chimene madera anasankha mgwirizano mu chikhalidwe, chuma ndi sayansi muzochitika.

mikangano

Features mfundo Soviet zakunja zaka 1953-1964. wa anatsimikiza kufunafuna utsogoleri Soviet kukhazikitsa sosholisimu. Komabe, mphamvu ya "m'firiji pamtunda" anatsogolera njira ya democratization ndi de A-Stalinization m'mayiko ena anagwirizana. Anayamba kuoneka magawano pakati pa mayiko. Iwo anali makamaka zokhudzana kuchoka kwa Soviet Union ndi mfundo anakhazikitsa ndi kutsegula kusokonezedwa ake mu zochitika mkati mwa limati zina. M'ma June 1953 East Berlin anayamba kusewera kwa kugwirizana kwa Germany. M'chaka cha zitsanzo 1956 inachitika ku Poland. Apa antchito anapita sitalaka udzafunidwa kupasula chikominisi. Chifukwa, watsopano utsogoleri dziko. Mu October 1956 zipolowe kunabuka Hungary. Posonkhezeredwa magulu odana ndi zokomera wa utsogoleri boma analengeza achire ake pa ATM. Komabe, mu chiyambi cha November kwa asilikali Soviet kuyamba, amene anapondereza kugalukira Chihangare.

The mfundo yachilendo wa USSR mu 1953-1964 gg. Izo zimasonyeza kotero kudzipereka utsogoleri kukhalabe mu madera a South-East ndi pakati European chitsanzo lamadyerero.