Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani mu Russia. Olamulira a Russia wakale

Kievan Lazaro - boma zakale zomwe zinachitika m'nthawi ya atumwi IX. Woyamba atsogoleri chachikulu anaika nyumba yake mumzinda wa Kiev, limene, mogwirizana ndi nthano, anakhazikitsidwa mu VI. abale atatu - Kyi, Scheck ndi Horebe. boma msanga anabwera mu gawo maluwa nakhala ndi malo ofunika lonse. Izi anali ntchito ndi kukhazikitsidwa ubale ndale ndi malonda ndi anansi wamphamvu, Byzantium ndi Khazar Khanate.

Board Askold

Dzina "Russian Land" anatumizidwa ku boma ndi likulu lake ku Kiev nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Askold (IX cent.). Mu "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" dzina lake ikutchulidwa pafupi ndi Dir - akuulu. Pakali pano, palibe deta pa bolodi ake. Ichi chimapereka zifukwa zingapo mbiri yakale (mwachitsanzo, Rybakovu B. A.) kusonkhana dzina la Deer ndi dzina lina Askold. Komanso, osathetsedwa funso za chiyambi cha olamulira woyamba Kievan. Akatswiri ena amaganiza awo Varangian abwanamkubwa, ena amapeza chiyambi cha Askold ndi Dir kuchokera kumunda (Kiya ana).

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" amapatsa ena zinthu zofunika zokhudza ulamuliro wa Askold. Mu 860, anapanga kampeni bwino kuti Byzantium ndipo ngakhale pafupi sabata unachitikira obloge Constantinople. Malinga ndi nthano ina, iye anapanga wolamulira Byzantine kuzindikira Russia ngati boma palokha. Koma mu 882 anaphedwa Askold, Oleg, amene ndiye wakukhala pa mpando wachifumu wa Kiev.

Board Oleg

Oleg - woyamba Grand Prince wa Kiev, amene analamulira zaka 882-912. Malinga ndi nthano ina, iye analandira mphamvu mu Novgorod ndi Rurik mu 879, monga regent khanda mwana wake, kenako inasamuka okhazikika Kiev. Mu 885 Oleg ali Ufumuyo ukulu wake m'dziko Radimichi Slaven Krivichy ndipo kenako anapanga ulendo Ulichi ndi Tivertsy. Mu 907 anapanga gulu lankhondo lamphamvu la Ufumu wa Byzantium. Chigonjetso wanzeru Oleg Nestor anafotokoza mu ntchito yake. Grand Duke ulendo osati kunathandiza kulimbitsa udindo wa Russia m'bwalo lonse, komanso anatsegula mwayi udindo ufulu wochita malonda ndi Ufumu wa Byzantium. Latsopano chigonjetso Oleg pa Constantinople mu 911 anatsimikizira mwayi wa amalonda Russian.

Kuti zochitika izi kutha siteji ya mapangidwe boma latsopano ndi malo mu Kiev ndipo akuyamba nthawi ya chitukuko lake lalikulu.

Igor ndi Olga ulamuliro

Atamwalira Oleg anayamba kulamulira mwana wa Rurik - (. 912-945 gg) Igor. Monga kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, Igor anali kulimbana ndi kusamvera akalonga Kumvetsela mapangano mafuko. ulamuliro wake imayamba ndi zipolowe Drevlyane, Wolakwayo ndi Tivertsy, kumene Grand Duke anazikuta msonkho kwambiri. ndondomeko ndi amenewa kumatanthauza imfa yake pogwa m'manja mwa Drevlyane opanduka. Malinga ndi nthano, pamene Igor kamodzi anapitiriza kusonkhanitsa msonkho, anagwada pansi mitengo birch awiri, womangidwa ku nsonga za mapazi ake ndi kumasulidwa.

Atamwalira kalonga anakwera wachifumu wa mkazi wake Olga (945-964 gg.). Cholinga chachikulu cha malamulo ake anali kubwezera imfa ya mwamuna wake. Anakana onse antiryurikovskie maganizo Drevlyane ndipo potsiriza Kumvetsela ku ulamulilo awo. Komanso, dzina la Olga Great adalumikiza nkhani ya ubatizo woyamba pofuna a Kievan Lazaro, amene zinalephereka. Ndondomeko za chipembedzo cha boma la kulengeza Christianity, anapitiriza kutsatira Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani.

Board Svyatoslav

Svyatoslav - mwana wa Igor ndi Olga - malamulo a zaka 964-980. Iye wakhala akuchita mu ndondomeko aukali ena ndi pafupifupi sankasamala za mavuto a mkati mwa dziko. Choyamba, pamene ine kulibe wake, kasamalidwe chinkhoswe mu Olga, ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake zigawo zitatu zokhudza boma (Kiev, Drevlyansky dziko ndi Novgorod) ankapita ndi wamkulu akalonga Russian Jaropolk, Oleg ndi Vladimir.

Svyatoslav anapanga kampeni bwino motsutsa Khazar Khanate. Pamaso anamuperekeza ake sakanatha angakane linga amphamvu monga Samandar, Sarkel Itil. Mu 967, iye anayamba Balkan kampeni. Svyatoslav analanda m'madera ku malire m'munsi wa Danube, anatenga Pereyaslav ndi anabzala palibe wachiwiri wake. Maulendowa pafupi ndi Balkans anatha pogonjetsa mfundo Bulgaria lonse. Koma panjira kumuwombera kunyumba Svyatoslav anagonjetsedwa Pechenegs, kunachitika mu kuipitsidwa ndi mfumu Byzantine. ndi Grand Duke anafa obloge.

Vladimira Velikogo Board

Vladimir anali mwana wapathengo wa Svyatoslav, monga kubadwa kwa Malusha - wantchito Mfumukazi Olga. Atate anaika tsogolo la wolamulira wamkulu pa mpando wachifumu mu Novgorod, koma nkhondoyo anatha akathyole wachifumu wa Kiev. Kamodzi mphamvu, Vladimir streamlined kasamalidwe madera ndi achotsa pa dziko Kumvetsela mafuko zizindikiro zilizonse za anthu otchuka m'deralo. Ndi pamene m'malo gulu la fuko la Kievan Lazaro malo.

Pa United Vladimir m'mayiko anthu mitundu ina yambiri ya anthu. Izi zikachitika, kazembe zovuta kusunga umphumphu m'zigawozo boma, ngakhale mwa mwankhondo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kufunika kulungamitsidwa maganizo ufulu wa Vladimir pa mafuko onse a kasamalidwe. Choncho, kalonga anaganiza kusintha chikunja pogwiritsa Kiev, pafupi pamalo amene munali Palace ya Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani, mafano kwambiri akulemekezedwa milungu Asilavo.

ubatizo Lazaro

Kuyesa kusintha chikunja zinalephereka. Pambuyo Vladimir anaitanitsa oweruza a mapangano osiyanasiyana mafuko, kudzinenera Chisilamu, Chiyuda, Chikhristu, ndi zina zotero. D. pambuyo maganizo awo za chipembedzo chatsopano boma, mkulu anatumiza kwa Byzantine Chersonese. Pambuyo ndawala bwino, Vladimir analengeza kuti akufuna kukwatira wolemekezeka Byzantine Anna, koma popeza kunali kosatheka, monga ankati chikunja, Prince anabatizidwa. Tikaonanso Kiev, kazembe anatumiza mithenga kwa mzinda dongosolo la anthu onse a tsiku kubwera kwa Dnieper. January 19, anthu 988 anafika pa mtsinje, pamene iwo anabatizidwa ansembe Byzantine. Ndipotu ubatizo wa Lazaro anali moumiriza.

Chikhulupiriro chatsopano sizinayende anakhala m'dzikolo. Choyamba, Christianity anagwirizana ndi anthu a m'mizinda ikuluikulu, ndi mu mipingo mpaka m'zaka XII. pali malo apadera ubatizo wamkulu.

Kutanthauza kulengeza chipembedzo cha boma

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa pofuna kukwaniritsa boma. Choyamba, kunadzetsa chakuti kwambiri akalonga Russian Alimbikitsa ulamuliro wake pa mafuko unagawanika ndipo anthu. Chachiwiri, kuchuluka udindo wa boma m'bwalo lonse. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity anathandiza akupeka limasonyeza pafupi ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine, Czech Republic, Poland, ndi German Ufumu, Bulgaria ndi Rome. komanso zinathandiza kuti nkhondo ya Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani wa Russia salinso ntchito ngati njira zikuluzikulu za kukhazikitsa zolinga mfundo yachilendo.

Ulamuliro Yaroslava Mudrogo

Yaroslav Mudry wa Kievan Lazaro ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wake mu 1036 patatha zaka zambiri nkhondo yapachiweniweni wolamulira latsopano anayenera kuvomereza kachiwiri m'mayiko amenewa. Iye anali wokhoza kubwerera kumzinda Cherven, anakhazikitsidwa mu mzinda wa St. George Chudskoy pansi ndipo potsiriza kumenya Pechenegs mu 1037-m. Polemekeza kugonjetsa chigwirizano Jaroslav analamula kuyala mpingo wawukulu - St. Sophia Cathedral.

Komanso, iye anali m'chigawo choyamba cha malamulo boma - "Choonadi Yaroslav". Tikumbukenso kuti kwa iye olamulira a Russia wakale (Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) ananena mphamvu yawo ndi mphamvu, ndipo si zabwino ndi lamulo. Jaroslav zikugwira ntchito yomanga mipingo (St. George ansembe yotchedwa St. Sophia Cathedral, agulupa Kiev-Pechersk) ndipo amapereka ulamuliro wa mphamvu kalonga akadali m'malo ofooka mpingo bungwe. Mu 1051 anaikidwa woyamba Metropolitan wa Lazaro - Hilarion. Akuluakulu Grand Duke anakhalabe zaka 37 ndipo anamwalira mu 1054.

Board Yaroslavichy

Atamwalira Yaroslava Mudrogo dziko zofunika kwambiri m'manja mwa ana ake achikulire - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav ndi Vsevolod. Poyamba, atsogoleri chachikulu analamulira boma ndithu bwino. Iwo bwinobwino nkhondo mafuko Turkic ankalankhula Torquay, koma 1068 pa mtsinje Alta zowawa linagonja kunkhondo ndi Polovtsy. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti Izyaslav anathamangitsidwa ku Kiev ndipo anathamangira Polish mfumu Boleslav II. Mu 1069 iye anali ndi thandizo la anagwirizana asilikali anatenga likulu kachiwiri.

Mu 1072 pa Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani wa Russia anasonkhana pa Komiti mu Vyshgorod, kumene wotchuka malamulo Russian "Choonadi Yaroslav" anali naye. Pambuyo limayamba nthawi yaitali nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mu 1078 wachifumu wa Kiev anatenga Vsevolod. Atamwalira mu 1093, iye anayamba kulamulira Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, ndi ana awiri, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh ndi Rostislav - unayamba kulamulira mu Chernihiv ndi Pereyaslav.

Ulamuliro Vladimira Monomaha

Atamwalira Svatopluk mu 1113 anaitanidwa ku mpando wachifumu wa Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. Cholinga chachikulu cha malamulo ake, adawona centralization wa mphamvu ya boma ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa Russia. Pofuna kukhazikitsa mwamtendere ndi akalonga osiyanasiyana anagwiritsa ntchito maukwati dynastic. Ndendende chifukwa cha ichi, ndi kutali akuthwa mfundo zoweta, iye anatha bwinobwino kulamulira gawo lalikulu la Russia zaka 12. Komanso, maukwati dynastic ogwirizana boma Kievan ndi Byzantium, Norway, England, Denmark, ndi German Ufumu, Sweden ndi Hungary.

Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh akonzekeretse likulu la Russia, makamaka, linamangidwa ulalo Dnieper. Wolamulira anafa 1125, kenako anayamba nthawi yaitali kuchepa ndi kugawikana ya boma.

Great akalonga a Russia wakale mu nthawi kusagwirizana

Kodi chinachitika? Pa kugawikana ang'onoang'ono zaka 6-8, kusintha olamulira a Russia wakale. Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) anamenyera mpando wachifumu waukulu m'manja. Motalikitsa analamulira boma Svyatoslav ndi Rurik, amene anali otchuka kwambiri Olegoviches akale ndi Rostislavovich.

Mu Chernigov-Seversky ukulu wa mphamvu anali m'manja mwa O. Davidovich ndi mafumu. Popeza mayiko amenewa anali pangozi yaikulu kwambiri kuwonjezeka aliyense Polovtzy olamulira anakwanitsa muli kugonjetsa kudzera kukhazikitsidwa kwa maukwati dynastic.

Pereyaslavl ukulu , ngakhale mu nthawi ya kugawikana anali amadalira kotheratu Kiev. Maluwa apamwamba madera awa kugwirizana ndi dzina la Vladimir Glebovich.

Kulimbikitsa wa Moscow ukulu

Pambuyo Kiev amakana udindo waukulu amapita ku Moscow ukulu. Olamulira takongola mutu amene anali chachikulu atsogoleri a Russia.

Kulimbikitsa wa Moscow ukulu kugwirizana ndi dzina la Danieli (mwana wamng'ono wa Aleksandra Nevskogo). Iye anatha agonjetse mzinda wa Kolomna, ndi Pereyaslavl ukulu Mozhaisk. Ndi inalowa la akupita malonda kwambiri njira ndi waterway p. Moscow chinali pakati pa dera la Danieli.

Ulamuliro wa Ivan Kalita

Mu 1325, anayamba kulamulira, Prince Ivan Kalita. Iye anapanga ulendo wopita ku Tver ndipo anagonjetsa izo, chotero kuchotsa Goliyati amphamvu. Mu 1328, iye analandira kuchokera chizindikiro Mongolian Khan pa Vladimir ukulu. Mu ulamuliro wake Moscow mwamphamvu manowa ukulu wake North-East Russia. Komanso pa nthawi ino anapanga mgwirizano pafupi kwa akuluakulu Grand ndi mpingo, amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe boma centralized. Metropolitan Peter inasamuka ku Vladimir kwa Moscow, amene anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri likulu.

Mu kugona ndi Mongol khans Ivan Kalita anathamangitsa lamulo machenjerero ndi vuto kupereka msonkho. Ntchito zotolera ndalama ndi anthu unachitikira ndi appreciable chinthu chimodzimodzi zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale m'manja mwa wolamulira wa chuma chochuluka ndithu. Inali nthawi maziko a Moscow ukulu Kalita mphamvu chinaikidwa. mwana wake Simoni ali ankanena mutu wa "Grand Prince wa Russia."

Yonseyi Padziko Moscow

Mu ulamuliro wa Ivan Kalita Moscow anakwanitsa achire mndandanda wa nkhondo zapachiweniweni, ndi kuika maziko kachitidwe ogwira zachuma ndi zachuma. Mphamvu imeneyi anali kulimbikitsa ntchito yomanga boma la Russia mu chaka 1367, amene anali asilikali kumbuyo linga.

Mu zaka za m'ma XIV. mu yolimbirana ulamuliro mu dziko Russian m'gulu Kalonga wa Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ndi Ryazan ukulu. Koma mdani waukulu wa Moscow Tver anakhalabe chete. Otsutsa wa ukulu zamphamvu zambiri anafuna thandizo lochokera ku Mongol Khan kapena Lithuania.

Kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow chikugwirizana ndi dzina la Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, amene anazinga Tver ndipo anapambana kuzindikira mphamvu yake.

nkhondo ya Kulikovo

Pa theka lachiwiri mu XIV. Russian chachikulu atsogoleri kulongosola mphamvu zawo zonse kulimbana ndi Mongol Khan Mamai. M'chaka cha 1380, iye ndi asilikali ake anabwera kwa malire a kum'mwera kwa Ryazan. Mosiyana ndi iye, wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich kuika kumuwombera 120,000th, amene walimbikitsa mu chitsogozo cha Don.
September 8, 1380 asilikali Russian wotanganidwa udindo wa kumunda Kulikovo, ndipo tsiku lomwelo, ndi zoopsa nkhondo - mmodzi wa nkhondo lalikulu mbiri akale.

Kugonjetsedwa anafulumira kugwa kwa Mongol Golden gulu ndi kulimbikitsidwa mtengo wa Moscow monga likulu la kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian.