Chitonzo koipa mu mbiri ya anthu. Wozunzikirapo zozunzirako

Kuzunza ambiri amati matenda osiyanasiyana zazing'ono zimene zimachitika ndi anthu onse parlance wamba. Ndipotu izi amalandira maphunziro wosamvera ana, ubwenzi yaitali mu ima pamzere, ndi zovala lalikulu, nsalu wotsatira kusita ndipo ngakhale ndondomeko kuphika. Zonsezi, ndithudi, zingakhale zopweteka kwambiri ndi zosasangalatsa (ngakhale mmene yotopetsa Pamlingo waukulu zimadalira chikhalidwe ndi ndingaliro ya mwamuna), koma amafanana pang'ono kuti mtengo koipa mu mbiri ya anthu. Khalani zoyankhulana "ndi tsankho" ndi zinthu zina nkhanza akaidi zinachitika pafupifupi maiko onse a dziko lapansi. The munthawi amadziwikanso osati n'chiyani, koma chifukwa munthu masiku ano maganizo pafupi ndi zochitika posachedwapa, ndiye maganizo ake kukopeka njira ndi zipangizo zina zapadera anatulukira mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, makamaka mu msasa wa chibalo German ya ulamuliro wa Hitler. Koma panali wakale Oriental ndi akale wozunzikirapo. Nazi anaphunzitsa anzawo ku counterintelligence Japanese, ndi zina zofanana NKVD apolisi. Ndiye n'chifukwa uyu mnyozo onse a anthu?

Tanthauzo la mawu akuti

Choyamba, kuyamba kuphunzira nkhani kapena chodabwitsa, wofufuza aliyense kuyesera kufotokoza izo. "Ndi bwino kuitana - kale theka kumvetsa," - limati mwambi Chinese.

Choncho wozunzikirapo - kupereka kwa mavuto sadziwa. Zilibe kanthu chikhalidwe cha wozunzikirapo, mwina osati kukhala thupi (mu mawonekedwe a ululu, ludzu, njala kapena kugona kulandidwa ngati nkotheka), komanso makhalidwe abwino ndiponso maganizo. Mwa njira, mtengo koopsa kwa mbiri ya anthu, monga ulamuliro, kuphatikiza onse "zotsatira njira."

Koma sikuti mfundo ya mavuto. kuzunzika mwachisawawa otchedwa wozunzikirapo. Ndi osiyana wozunzikirapo purposefulness. M'mawu ena, munthu kumenyedwa ndi chikwapu, kapena adapachikidwa pachithandara chifukwa, ndi kuti apeze mtundu wa zotsatira. Ntchito chiwawa, kulimbikitsa wozunzidwayo kuvomereza, anafotokoza nkhani zobisika, ndipo nthawizina kulangidwa chifukwa cha mulandu uliwonse kapena milandu. The mzaka zana makumi awiri wawonjezera kuti mndandanda wa zolinga zotheka kuzunzidwa mfundo ina: nthawizina amazunza m'misasa ndende zinalengedwa kuphunzira zimene chamoyo kuti zinthu kosati kudziwa malire a mphamvu anthu. zatsopano izi akuzindikiridwa ndi Nuremberg Khoti woipa mtima wawo, sindinasiye kuphunzira zotsatira akadzagonjetsedwa Nazi Germany ndi akatswiri-physiologists wa maiko wopambana.

Imfa kapena bwalo

Akulimbana kanthu amasonyeza kuti kulandira zotsatira, ngakhale mtengo koopsa kwambiri mbiri ya anthu idaleka. Kupitiriza awo sazindikira. Malo wakupha-Executor, monga ulamuliro, unachitikira katswiri amene amadziwa njira ya ululu ndi mbali ya kuwerenga maganizo, ngati si onse, kwambiri, ndipo amathera khama lake pa analikodi akuvutitsidwa sichinali chomveka. Pambuyo kuzindikira kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha upandu izo zikhoza kudikira, malingana ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu, imfa yomweyo kapena mankhwala ndi mayesero wotsatira. Mwalamulo Sikoyenera chilango pambuyo olimbanawo mafunso pa kufufuza za anali ndi khalidwe la Chilango cha chiweruzo cha Germany mu Hitler nyengo ndi chiyambi cha "njira yotseguka" Stalin (Shakhty chibwenzi mayesedwe a Party Industrial, kuphana wa Trotskyists, ndi zina zotero. D.). Pambuyo ulili wozengedwa chocheperako maonekedwe awo yabwino zovala ndi kusonyeza poyera. Kuswa mwamakhalidwe, anthu anamvera mobwerezabwereza onse kuti iwo anakakamizika kuvomereza kuti Ofufuza. Kuzunza ndi Kuphedwa anayikidwa pa mtsinje. umboni zoona kanthu. Ndipo mu Germany, ndi USSR 30 ntchentche kuvomereza kuti ndi mfiti anali kaye "Mfumukazi ya umboni" (A. Ya. Vyshinsky, USSR Loya). Wachiwawa wozunzikirapo ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi cholinga cholandira izo.

Mliri wozunzikirapo wa kusaka

Osati pa zimene munda wa ntchito (kupatula mu kupanga zida za kupha), anthu ali bwino. Tikumbukenso kuti m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza, pali ngakhale ena mgwirizano, poyerekeza ndi kalelo. European chilango ndi kuzunza akazi Ages Middle zinalengedwa, monga ulamuliro, pa milandu ya ufiti, koma chifukwa nthawi zambiri pempho zithunzi za analakwa. Komabe, nthawi zina kusaka natsutsa ndi anthu amene anachita upandu kwambiri, koma limatchula nthawi imene anali bwino wathedwa watsutsidwa. Ngakhale kuti anali kuvutika, iwo itatha imfa Wolakwayo a. Monga chilango mfuti akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito namwali Iron, Mkuwa ng'ombe moto kapena anafotokoza Poe pendulum ndi m'mphepete lakuthwa, methodically kumira kwa wovulalayo pachifuwa inchi ndi inchi. kuzunzika ya kusaka zoopsa ndi yaitali ndi limodzi mwa sangaganize kuwawa abwino. A kufufuza kuyambirira akhoza ikuchitika ntchito zina zipangizo luso mawotchi kwa chimbudzi pang'onopang'ono mafupa zala ndi miyendo ndi akulu mitsempha chophukacho. The zida wotchuka anali motere:

- zitsulo kutsetsereka peyala, ntchito wozunzikirapo makamaka chipangizo cha akazi Ages Middle;

- "Spanish nsapato";

- Spanish ndi mpando ndi clamps ndi brazier kwa miyendo ndi matako;

- Iron kamisolo (pectoral), ankavala pa chifuwa mu mawonekedwe a red-hot;

- "Ng'ona" ndi pliers wapadera kufafaniza maliseche aamuna.

Mu adzawononga za kusaka anali kuzunzidwa ndi Chalk ena, amene ndi bwino kudziwa anthu ndi psyche tcheru.

East, zakale ndi zamakono

Kaya woyamba luso chlenovreditelnoy luso European, koma mtengo kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu anatulukira koma mu East. The kusaka ntchito zida zitsulo anali kapangidwe zina zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri Asia anasankha zonse zachilengedwe, chilengedwe (lero, ndalama izi angatchedwe Eco-wochezeka). Tizilombo, zomera, nyama - zonse anali mu filimu. Oriental kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa ndi cholinga chomwecho monga ku Ulaya, koma nthawi mwaukadaulo osiyana ndi kudziŵa kwambiri. Old Persian alonda Mwachitsanzo, ankachita scaphism (kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "skafium" - a ufa). Anasokonezeka kuyenda maunyolo, atamangirira ufa wa, anakakamizika kudya uchi ndi kumwa mkaka, ndiye thupi lonse topaka ndodo wokoma, ndipo anatsitsanso mu chithaphwi. Bloodsucking tizilombo moyo pang'onopang'ono anadya anthu. Kuti mwina panali ena chilango pa anthill, ndipo ngati nkhani zopanda kuti kutenthedwa ndi dzuwa, izo ziyenera kudula kuzunzika puschih muyaya. Panali njira zina wozunzikirapo imene zinthu za machitidwe kwachilengedwenso ankagwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti nsungwi amakula msanga, pa mita patsiku. Mwachidule mpokolowekapo wovulalayo pang'ono pa zanthete, umatheka ndi kudula nsonga ya njingayo lakuthwa. Tinayesetsa kudya nthawi yoganizira kachiwiri, kuvomereza zonse ndi kupereka nawo. Ngati ndi kupirira, zidzakhala pang'onopang'ono ndiponso yopweteka napyoza zomera. Chotero kusankha amaperekedwa, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse.

Kuzunza njira kufunsidwa

Ndipo mu Zapakati, ndipo mu nthawi kenako mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya wozunzikirapo ntchito osati inquisitors ndi zina kuboma nyumba lamkunkhuniza, komanso wamba akuluakulu onse lero amatchedwa yazamalamulo. Analowa ya njira kufufuza ndi kufunsitsa. Popeza theka lachiwiri la XVI atumwi ku Russia ankachita osiyanasiyana zotsatira thupi, monga: chikwapu, ikulendewera, chikombole, moto mbano ndi lotseguka moto, kumizidwa mu madzi, ndi zina zotero. Ŵakusanga Europe komanso sanali amasiyana umunthu, koma kumapeto zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina, kuzunza manyazi, ndipo ngakhale kuopa imfa sanalonjeze pa choonadi. Komanso, nthawi zina, munthuyo anali wofunitsitsa kuvomereza upandu manyazi ankaona kuti ndi woopsa mapeto mantha wopandamalire ndi ululu. Mumadziwika nkhani ya Miller kumbukirani amene aitana pa mwala pediment la nyumba French chilungamo. Iye anatenga cholakwa wina kumuzunza, anali ataphedwa, koma zikuoneka kwenikweni posakhalitsa kugwidwa.

Chiyembekezo chakuti kuzunzidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII, kuchoka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera mchitidwe wozunzikirapo ndi kusintha kuchokera ku wina, zambiri uweme njira ya mphavu yofufunzira. zotsatira mmodzi wa Choonadi ndi kuzindikira kuti si chilango chankhanza, koma zikukhalira ake deters upandu. Mu Prussia, wozunzikirapo anathetsa kwa 1754, dziko lino anali woyamba kuika mayesero ake pa utumiki wa umunthu. ndondomeko anapita limati translationally osiyana zomwezo mu ndondomeko izi:

Dziwani izi:

*) The malamulo zosiyanasiyana cantons ku Switzerland zasintha pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana nyengo.

munene Special woyenera mayiko awiri - Britain ndi Russia.

Ekaterina Velikaya anathetsa wozunzikirapo 1774, anapereka lamulo chinsinsi. Izi, pa dzanja limodzi, kusunga olakwa pa Bay, koma kumbali ina, amasonyeza mtima wofuna kutsatira mfundo za choonadi. Mwalamulo formalized chisankho kale Alexander I mu 1801.

Koma England, pali anaziletsa wozunzikirapo 1772, koma osati onse, koma ena okha.

wozunzikirapo oletsedwa

Zokonza chiletso sindimatanthauza kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa mchitidwe kufufuza chisanadze mayesero. M'mayiko onse, panali akuluakulu a malo apolisi, wokonzeka amaswa malamulo m'dzina la kupambana wake. Chinthu china ndi zochita zawozo ikuchitika mozemba, Tikanena kukhudzana iwo anaimbidwa milandu malamulo. Kumene, ndi njira zasintha kwambiri. Anafunika "kugwira ntchito ndi anthu" mofatsa, popanda kusiya kuda kuwoneka. Mu XIX ndi XX zaka mpikisanowo anali nzika ndi lolemera, koma ndi pamwamba zofewa, monga mchenga, wandiweyani mabuku (Izitu n'zovutitsa wa zinthu anawonetseredwa mu chakuti ambiri anali awa zizindikiro malamulo), labala hoses ndi zina zotero. N. Usasiye popanda kuganizira ndi njira ya zovuta abwino. Ofufuza ena nthawi zina anaopseza chilango chaukali, moyo wautali, ngakhalenso chokana ndi achibale. Izinso, anazunzidwa. The chodabwitsa anakumana ndi akaidi chisanadze mayesero, anawalimbikitsa kuti avomere kukambirana okha ndi kutenga chilango kwakukulu, mpaka kuphedwa. Ambiri a apolisi kugwira ntchito zawo moona mtima, kuphunzira umboni ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni kwa ulaliki wa milandu wololera. Zinthu zinasintha kuchokera pamene m'mayiko ena a opondereza ndi opondereza. Izo zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Mu Soviet Russia,

Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma la 1917 mu madera a ufumu wakale Russian ufumu Nkhondo itaulika, imene awiri chikumenyana zipani zambiri osaganizira omangika ndi malamulo, akale kuvomerezedwa ndi mfumu. Kuzunza akaidi a nkhondo kuti mudziwe za mdani, ndipo ankachita White Alonda potsimikizira-nzeru ndi KGB. Pa Red mantha nthawi zambiri anaphedwa, koma nkhanza anthu a "masuku pamutu kalasi" imene wowerengedwa mwa atsogoleri ndi anthu otchuka, ndi ovala bwino "ambuye", anatenga khalidwe misa. Mu makumi a, mmasate ndi makumi anai NKVD ntchito analetsa njira kufufuza, kuwamana akuwakayikira tulo, chakudya, madzi, kumenya ndi wopundula iwo. Ichi chidachitika ndi chilolezo cha kasamalidwe, ndipo nthawi zina malangizo ake mwachindunji. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza choonadi kawirikawiri - kupondereza anapanga kuopseza ndi ndikutsutsa wapolisiyo anali kupeza siginecha pa munali kuzindikira ntchito counterrevolutionary, ndi mabodza ena lipotilo. Monga ulamuliro, Stalin "ozunza" sanagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zapadera wozunzikirapo, zili Kufikika zinthu monga paperweights (iwo anali kumenyedwa pa mutu), kapena khomo wamba, amene nip zala ndi mbali zina yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda wa thupi.

Mu Nazi Germany

Kuzunza m'misasa adalenga kuchokera pamene Hitler, osiyana mu kalembedwe kuchokera kale ntchito kuti wosamvetseka osakaniza kum'maŵa European kudziŵa zothandiza. Poyamba, izi "ndende" analengedwera kwa Germany wolakwa nthumwi za magulu aang'ono dziko, analengeza ankhanza (Majipise ndi Ayuda). Ndiye anadza kwa zatsopano, amene anali wa khalidwe ndi sayansi, koma nkhanza kuposa mtengo koipa mu mbiri ya anthu.
Pofuna kulenga ZINGATHANDIZE ndi katemera Nazi madokotala ku SS kutumikiridwa jakisoni tizilombo akaidi, opaleshoni zinachitikadi popanda mankhwala, kuphatikizapo m'mimba, akaidi mazira amene njala kutentha awo, sanawalole kugona, kudya ndi kumwa. Kotero, iwo ankafuna kukhala sayansi "kupanga" asilikali wangwiro, Musawope kuzizira, kutentha ndi kuvulala kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi poizoni ndi majeremusi matenda. Mbiri ya wozunzikirapo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kwamuyaya unazokotedwa mayina a madokotala ndi Pletner Mengele anakhala pamodzi ndi akuluakulu ena a mankhwala chigawenga Nazi, epitomized akuchitirana nkhanza. Iwo ankachititsanso zatsopano kwa nthambi kutalikitsa ndi makina kukoka, strangling anthu mpweya wochepa thupi, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinatipangitsa woopsa m'chipsinjo imene inatenga nthawi zina kwa maola.

Kuzunza akazi achifasizimu anachitira makamaka ndi kukula njira yochotsa iwo ku ntchito ya ubereki. Anaphunzitsidwa njira zosiyana - kuchokera chosavuta (kuchotsa chiberekero) kwa chipangizo, anali Nkhata Ulamuliro wa Nazi misa ntchito kaonedwe (cheza komanso kukhudzana ndi mankhwala).

Zonse zikuthera pamaso chigonjetso, mu 1944, pamene kutsasa kumasula Soviet ndipo anagwirizana asilikali. Ngakhale maonekedwe a akaidi analankhula mokweza kuposa umboni uliwonse umene paokha zili mu zinthu woipa mtima anali wozunzikirapo.

udindo Current

Kuzunza Nazi anakhala muyezo wa stiffness. Akadzagonjetsedwa Germany mu 1945 anthu mosangalala anapumira mu chiyembekezo kuti izi sizidzachitikanso. Mwatsoka, ngakhale pamlingo aang'ono, koma thupi wozunzikirapo, mnyozo ulemu kwa anthu ndi kunyoza makhalidwe ena zizindikiro lowopsya la Masiku ano. M'mayiko otukuka, kulengeza kudzipereka kwawo kwa ufulu ndi kumasulika, kufunafuna munakhazikitsa malamulo kulenga malo apadera komwe kulemekeza malamulo awo nkhani. Akaidi a m'ndende chobisa kwa zaka ongoyendayenda apolisi popanda mlandu milandu yeniyeni. The ntchito njira asilikali m'mayiko ambiri pa m'deralo ndi lalikulu nkhondo poyerekezera ndi akaidi ndi chabe amaganiziridwa chisoni mdani, kuposa nthawi zina nkhanza akale wozunzikirapo ndi kutsitsidwa kwa anthu m'ndende za a Nazi. Pa kufufuza mayiko a precedents amenewa nthawi zambiri m'malo Kudziwa n'zotheka kusunga awiri mfundo pamene milandu nkhondo limodzi mwa magulu kwathunthu kapena mwina ananyalanyaza.

Kodi padzakhala nyengo yatsopano ya Choonadi, pamene kuzunzidwa kudzakhala, pomaliza, potsiriza ndi mosasintha anazindikira manyazi anthu ndi kuletsa iwo? Padakali ziyembekezo ichi pang'ono ...