Mbiri ya Kazan. The adani a Kazan Asilikali Ivana Groznogo (1552)

Ufumu kamodzi lalikulu otchedwa Zolotaya Orda unasweka mu khanates atatu: Kazan, Astrakhan ndi Crimea. Ndipo ngakhale mkangano womwe ulipo pakati pawo, iwo oopsadi boma la Russia. Moscow amakakamiza ziwembu zingapo kuti mphepo mpanda wolimba-mzinda wa Kazan anali kucitika. Koma nthawi iliyonse iwo khama kusonyeza kuukira onse. Kuchita zimenezi zochitika sakanatha Ivan IV kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano, pambuyo maulendo ambiri, potsiriza, kuti linali tsiku kwambiri. Kazan kutenga zinachitika October 2, 1552.

prerequisites

Mu 1540s ya Russian boma mfundo mwachibale kwa East zasintha. Nthawi ya boyars chotetana kulimbana wachifumu wa Moscow kunatha. Panali funso chochita ndi Kazan Khanate, yemwe walunjika ndi Boma la Safa Giray.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mfundo wake akukankha Moscow pafupifupi lokha kanthu motsimikiza. chakuti Safa Giray anayesera kupanga mgwirizano ndi Crimea Khanate, chimene chinali chosemphana ndi pangano mtendere anasaina pakati pa iye ndi Russian tsar. akalonga Kazan nthawi anapanga anawazunza oopsa gawo malire a boma Moscow kupeza ndalama wabwino kwa malonda a akapolo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali kusiyana wosatha. Zonse kunyalanyaza zimene lankhanza la dera Volga a boma, amene ali pansi pa mphamvu ya Crimea, ndi mwa Iye, ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman, kunali kosatheka.

Kukwanilitsa mtendere

Kazan Khanate kunali koyenera kuti mwanjira mosavuta. Lamulo wakale Moscow, amene anali kuthandiza okhulupirika kwa akuluakulu ake, komanso paudindo ku Kazan wachifumu wa ankatumikira wake, kuti palibe patsogolo. Onse mwamsanga odzipereka ndi kuyamba kuchita ndondomeko ankhanza kwa boma la Russia.

Pa nthawi iyi, Moscow boma kunathandiza yaikulu Metropolitan Macarius. Iye anali Mlengi wa yokopa kwambiri kuti wapanga Ivan IV kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, mu mabwalo pafupi ndi Metropolitan, iye ankadziwa kuti vuto la mphamvu, imene ikuimira Kazan Khanate. Mwa njira, pa chiyambi cha Kugonja wathunthu ndi kugonjetsa limati kum'mawa Sunali kuperekedwa. Only mu njira ya nkhondo mapulani zaka 1547-1552 asintha pang'ono, zomwe zinachititsa kuti adani wotsatira wa Kazan Asilikali Ivana Groznogo.

Maulendo loyamba

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zonse za nkhondo pa linga, mfumu panokha kutsogoleredwa. Iwo akhoza Choncho ankaganiza kuti Ivan Ufumuyo yokopa kufunika deta. Mbiri ya anagonjetsa Kazan adzakhala chosakwanira ngati ife sananene ngakhale mwachidule nkhani zonse anatengedwa Muscovite tsar pankhaniyi.

Kampeni woyamba unachitika mu 1545. Iye anali kuoneka chionetsero asilikali, cholinga chimene anali kulimbitsa mphamvu ya Moscow chipani, anakwanitsa galimoto kunja kwa mzinda wa Khan Safa Giray. Chaka chotsatira, adatenga mpando wa Moscow protege - Prince Ali Shah. Koma kwa nthawi yaitali pa mpando wachifumu, iye sakanakhoza kukhala Safa Giray, ndi thandizo la Nogai kachiwiri anapezanso mphamvu.

Kampeni lotsatira linali kucitika mu 1547. Panthawi imeneyi, Ivan Grozny kunyumba, ngati iye anali otanganidwa ndi kukonzekera ukwati - iye akanati akwatire Anastasia Zakharina, St. George. M'malo mwake, iye anatsogolera kampeni akuluakulu Umuna Mikulinsky ndi Alexander Namgumi. Anafika pakamwa Sviyaga ndipo anawononga mdani ambiri m'dziko.

Mbiri ya anagonjetsa Kazan akhoza kutha mu November 1547. Mtopola umenewu kale anatsogolera mfumu. Popeza yozizira chaka kuti anali wachikondi kwambiri, mwa mphamvu zazikulu Kutsekeledwa. Zida zankhondo mabatire afika Vladimir 6 okha December. Mu Nizhny Novgorod, mphamvu yaikulu anafika kumapeto kwa January, kenako asilikali anasamukira pansi pa mtsinje wa Volga. Koma patapita masiku angapo kachiwiri m'firiji pamtunda. asilikali Russian anayamba agonje katundu mu mawonekedwe a kuzinga zida zankhondo, amene likumira ndipo wamira mu mtsinje pamodzi ndi anthu. Ivanu Groznomu anali kumsasa pachilumba Rabotki.

Losses zipangizo ndiponso anthu sanathe achititsa kuti bwino ntchito ya usilikali. Choncho mfumu anasankha kupandukira asilikali ake ku yoyamba Nizhny Novgorod, ndiyeno Moscow. Koma asilikali akadali ndinapitirira. Awa anali Best Regiment molamulidwa ndi Prince Mikulinskaya ndi apakavalo Kasimov kalonga Shah Ali. Arsk Field nkhondo kunachitika, imene asilikali Safa Giray anali kuthyola ndi zotsala ake Kazan anatenga chivundikiro kuseri kwa zipupa. Kutenga mzinda ndi mphepo sanayese n'komwe, chifukwa anali si zotheka popanda kuzinga zida zankhondo.

Lotsatira yozizira kukwera wakhala inakonzedwa mapeto a 1549 - chiyambi cha 1550. khalidwe lake chinathandiza uthenga wakuti mdani yaikulu ya boma Russian Safa Giray anafa. Kazan kuyambira akazembe anali atalandira Khan latsopano Crimea, wolamulira ananena chaka ziwiri zakubadwa mwana wake - Utyamysh Giray. Koma pamene anali wamng'ono, Khanate anakhala mtsogoleri kunyamula mayi ake - mfumukazi Syuyumbike. Moscow Tsar anaganiza mwayi umenewu mavuto dynastic ndi kubwerera ku Kazan. Iye ngakhale wotetezedwa dalitso la Metropolitan Macarius.

January 23 asilikali Russian kachiwiri analowa Kazan dziko. Atafika linga, anayamba kukonzekera naiye mambonde mbancita kuipa. Komabe, nyengo siili kachiwiri kupewedwa kuchita zimenezi. Malinga ndi mbiri, ndi yozizira anakwiyanso ofunda ndi mvula zambiri, choncho kusunga atazingidwa ndi malamulo onse anali sizingatheke. Pa nkhani imeneyi, asilikali Russian anakakamizika abwerere kachiwiri.

kampeni bungwe mu 1552

Kuti anayamba kukonzekera kasupe oyambirira. Pa March ndi April, kuchokera Nizhny Novgorod kuti Sviyazhsk linga pang'onopang'ono kusamutsidwa chakudya, zipolopolo, ndipo atazunguliridwa zida zankhondo. Pakutha May pakati Muscovites ndi anthu a mizinda ina Russian, khamu lonse la asilikali osachepera 145 chikwi anasonkhana. Kenako asilikali onse anabalalitsidwa mu mizinda itatu.

Mu Kolomna anali regiments atatu - Best, Great, ndi dzanja lake lamanzere, mu Kashira - dzanja lamanja, ndi Murom anaima Ertoulnaya gawo wokwera reconnaissance. Ena mwa iwo asamukira ku mbali ya Tula ndi kusonyeza woyamba kuukira kwa asilikali Crimea molamulidwa ndi Devlet Giray, amene anayesa kusokoneza mapulani a Moscow. Zimenezi Crimea Chitata kokha nthawi yochepa anatha am'manga asilikali Russian.

malankhulidwe

Kukwera, umalimbana ndi adani a Kazan, anayamba July 3, 1552. Asilikali anali, anawagawa magawo awiri. Wamkulu Koposa Way, apachipata ndi lamanzere Regiment anadutsa Vladimir ndi Moore kwa Sura Mtsinje kenako m'kamwa mwa Sura. asilikali athamangisa Tsar Ivan. Ena a asilikali anaika molamulidwa ndi Mihaila Vorotynskogo. madera awa awiri anali ogwirizana yekha Boroncheeva n'chodabwitsa a Sura. August 13 asilikali pa mphamvu zonse anafika Sviyazhsk. Patapita masiku 3, asilikali anayamba kuwoloka Volga. Zimenezi penapake anachedwa, koma pa August 23 khamu lalikulu pansi makoma a Kazan. The adani a mzinda anayamba zimenezi pasanapite nthawi.

mdani wokonzeka

Kazan kubala kukonzekera zonse zofunikira nkhondo latsopano. Mzindawu kwambiri zokhalamo. Padziko Kazan Kremlin anali mpanda awiri a thundu. Mkati, izo anadzazidwa ndi chomenyedwa, ndipo pamwamba - clayey matope. Komanso, linga anali 14 mwala nsanja, battlements. Njira iyo yokutidwa mitsinje: kumadzulo - Bulak, kuchokera kumpoto - Kazanka. M'minda Arsky kumene conveniently kwambiri anagwira makoma achitetezo, anali zakale dzenje ndi mamita 15 kwambiri ndi 6 mamita lonse. Malo bwino kutetezedwa amawerengedwa zipata 11, ngakhale kuti iwo anali ndi nsanja. Asilikali mivi kuchokera makoma, kuphimba denga matabwa ndi kampanda.

Mu mzinda wa Kazan, mu kumpoto-kumadzulo, panali citadel, anamanga pa phiri. Apa panali okhala Khan. Iwo unazunguliridwa ndi khoma lolimba mwala ndi dzenje lakuya. Kumbuyo kwa mzindawo unali 40000th asilikali, wopangidwa osati wa asilikali akatswiri. Amaphatikiza amuna onse angathe usilikali. Komanso kuno anauphatikiza 5000th detachment amalonda zosakhalitsa ankamenya.

Hahn ankadziwa kuti pa nthawi ina ya Mfumu Russian adzayesa kachiwiri kuti adani a Kazan. Choncho, Chitata warlords ndipo ngakhale outfitted ndi gulu lapadera la asilikali amene anali kuchita ntchito ya usilikali kunja kwa mpanda wa mzinda, ndiye, mu kumbuyo kwa asilikali mdani. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, pafupifupi 15 mailosi kuchokera kumtsinje Kazanka anali kutsogola anamanga ndende, yomwe oletsedwa ikuyandikira kuti zithaphwi ndi abatis. Pankayenera kuti akomere 20000th apakavalo Army molamulidwa ndi Prince Apanchi, Arsky Prince Evusha ndi Shunak-Murza. Malinga ndi njira anayamba asilikali iwo anali mwadzidzidzi kuukira asilikali Russian pa flanks ndi kumbuyo.

Poganizira, tisaiwale kuti zochita zonse anatengedwa kuteteza linga sichinatheke. Ankhondo a Ivan ndi amkunkhuniza chapamwamba kwambiri osati anthu oti komanso njira zatsopano za nkhondo. Izi amatanthauza nyumba ya mobisa tambirimbiri wanga.

kukumana koyamba

Tikhoza kunena kuti adani a Kazan (1552) anayamba panthawi imene Regiment anasamukira kudzera Ertoulny Bulak mtsinje. Chitata asilikali anaukira mu nthawi yabwino kwambiri. Russian Regiment anangokweza oposa, kugonjetsa phompho otsetsereka Arsky kumunda. ena asilikali onse achifumu anali akadali pa mbali ina ndipo sanathe agwirizane nawo pa nkhondoyi.

Pakali pano, ku lotseguka Tsarevo ndi Nogai kanyumbako loyang'ana Ertoulnomu Regiment anabwera 10000th phazi ndi 5000th asilikali okwera pamahatchi, wa Kazan Khan. Koma sikuti anali wopulumutsidwa. Afunkha Ertoulnomu Regiment anathamangira oponya mivi ndi Cossacks. Iwo anali pa phiko kumanzere ndipo anakwanitsa kutsegula moto mwachilungamo lolemera adani, kuchititsa Chitata apakavalo osokonezeka. asilikali Russian anayandikira zina zolimba kwambiri kuchuluka shelling. The apakavalo zina nazo anayamba kuthawa, ndi ukali oyenda wake. Choncho anathetsa kukumana koyamba ndi Chitata, zimene zinabweretsa chigonjetso cha manja Russian.

Chiyambi cha zovuta

The shelling a linga anayamba pa 27 August. The oponya mivi sanali kupatsidwa kuwuka kwa zokometsera la mpanda wa mzindawo, ndi bwino kupeweratu kuukira kawirikawiri mdani. Mu gawo loyamba la kuzinga Kazan anali kumva ndi zimene asilikali a Prince Yapanchi. Iye ndi ankhondo ake anaukira asilikali Russian pamene linga pali mbendera lalikulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anali limodzi ndi incursions ndi mpanda wolimba asilikali.

Zimenezi anatenga loopsa ndithu kuti khamu Russian, mfumu anasonkhana bungwe la nkhondo, amene anasankha akonzekeretse asilikali 45000th ndi kalonga Yapanchi. Russian kumuwombera kutsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu Petr Serebryany ndi Alexander Namgumi. August 30 mthunzi wake chonyenga, anakwanitsa kunyengerera ndi Chitata apakavalo ndi gawo la Arsk kumunda, ndipo ndinamutengera iye mu chilengedwe. Ambiri mwa gulu lankhondo la adani anawonongedwa ndi pafupifupi zikwi asilikali anagwidwa kalonga. Iwo anagwidwa molunjika ku linga la mzinda ndi msanga. Amene anali mwayi zokwanira kuthawa, anabisala mu ndende.

Pa September 6, oweruza ndi Silver Namgumi ndi Ratiu wake anapita kukwera kwa Kama Mtsinje, yowononga ndi moto mu njira yake Kazan dziko. Iwo anadzasokoneza m'ndende, amene anali pa phiri lalitali. The Nkhani limanena kuti ngakhale a asilikali anakakamizika anasiya akavalo awo ndipo kutenga mbali nkhondo wamagazi. Chifukwa cha m'munsi mdani, omwe anaukira asilikali Russian kumbuyo, izo inawonongedwa. Pambuyo kuti asilikali a mfumu n'kulowa ndi Khanate wina makilomita 150, pamene kwenikweni awonongedwe anthu wamba. Atafika Kama, anatembenukira kupita ku makoma a mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Choncho, Kazan Khanate m'mayiko anali ofanana owonongedwa, komanso Russian, Chitata asilikali pamene pomenyana iwo. Chifukwa cha kampeni imeneyi 30 anawononga mphamvu m'ndende, akaidi za 3 zikwi zambiri ng'ombe chandalama.

Mapeto a azingidwa

Pambuyo powononga asilikali a Prince Yapanchi, palibe chingalepheretse kuzinga zina. The adani a Kazan Ivanom Groznym anali tsopano nkhani ya nthawi. Russian zida zankhondo ukuyandikira ku linga la mzinda, ndipo moto zinafika povuta kwambiri. Near Tsarevo chipata anamanga yaikulu kuzinga nsanja mamita 13 mkulu. Iye anali wautali makoma. Mtanda unaonetseratu arquebuses 50 mfuti 10, amene kusinja misewu ya mzinda, potero kupangitsa kuwonongeka ndithu kwa zokometsera wa Kazan.

Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo German Rozmysel, amene anali kutumikira mfumu, pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake, anayamba kukumba mumphangayo ku makomawo mdani, kuyala migodi. Mlandu woyamba anauika nsanja Daurova, kumene kunali chinsinsi kasupe kupereka mzinda. Pamene kuphulitsa, anawawononga osati mwa kundipatsako lonse la madzi, koma kwambiri kuonongeka mpanda wolimba khoma. Kenako mobisa kuphulika anawononga Muravleva chipata. Movutikira, ndi Kazan kaboma anakhoza munganyansidwe nkhondo ya asilikali a Russia ndi kulenga latsopano kumbuyo mzere.

Mobisa mabomba asonyeza mogwira awo. Lamulo la asilikali Russian adaganiza kuti asiye shelling ndi angatifooketsere ya mpanda wa mzindawo. Iwo anazindikira kuti akanthe msanga zingachititse kuti imfa zosafunika la anthu oti. Pakutha September tinapanga kukumba ambiri pansi makoma a Kazan. Mabomba mu iwo anali kutumikira monga chizindikiro kutenga malo otetezeka. M'madera amene ati kukathyola mzinda, ngalande zonse zidakhuta ndi mitengo ndi dziko lapansi. M'madera ena, iwo anaponya pa footbridge matabwa.

asilikali ake mpanda wolimba

Musanasamuke asilikali ako kwa adani a Kazan, lamulo Russian anatumiza kumzinda Murza Kamaya (m'khamu lachifumu kutumikira asilikali ambili a Chitata) ndi lamulo kugonja. Koma anali m'gulu anakana. October 2, m'mawa Russian zitsulo bwino kukonzekera nkhondo. Pa 6 koloko pa maalumali anali kale Pre wabwino malo. kumbuyo onse a asilikali munali detachments apakavalo: Kasimov Chitata anali pa Arsk kumunda, ndi ena anaima pa maalumali ndi misewu Chigalashiya Nogai.

Ndendende 7:00, mabomba awiri. Zimenezi zinayambitsa milandu anaika m'dzenje pakati pa mayina Tower ndi Atalykovymi zipata, komanso mu imeneyi Arsky ndi Tsarevo chipata. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, makoma a mpanda wolimba m'dera munda anakomoka ndipo anapanga mipata yaikulu. Kudzera mwa iwo, asilikali Russian m'malo mosavuta anathyola mu mzinda. Popeza adani a Kazan Ivanom Groznym wafika gawo lomaliza.

Mu misewu yaing'ono ya mzinda panali aukali ndewu. Tikumbukenso kuti udani pakati pa Russian ndi Chitata anasonkhanitsa zaka zambirimbiri. Choncho, m'tauni kuzindikira kuti sadzasiyidwa ndi kumenyana kwa mpweya. The malo waukulu kukaniza anali ovuta Khan ndi mzikiti waukulu, ili Tezitskom chigwa.

Choyamba, zoyesayesa zonse a asilikali Russian kulanda malo amenewa akhala bwino. Pokhapokha anayambitsa malo asilikali atsopano ku nkhondo, mdani kukana linathyoka. asilikali Royal akadali analanda mzikiti, ndi onse kumbuyo ndi Seid Kul-Sharif anaphedwa.

Nkhondo yomaliza, imene inatha ndi adani a Kazan ndi zinachitika pa dera la lalikulu kutsogolo kwa nyumba yachifumu ya khan. Apa, kuteteza Chitata asilikali ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu za 6000. Anapulumuka izi tasiya chimodzi, monga akaidi sanatenge. Ochitidwa kokha Khan Yadegar Mokhammad wa Kazan. Kenako, iye anabatizidwa ndipo anatchedwa Simeon. Iye anapatsidwa cholowa Zvenigorod. Amuna pakati pa zokometsera mumzinda anapulumuka pang'ono kwambiri ndiponso kukonda anthu eŵatuma, chimene chinawononga pafupifupi onse.

zotsatira

The adani a Kazan Russian asilikali zinachititsa kuti inalowa ku Moscow madera akuluakulu a m'dera Middle Volga, pamene anthu amitundu ambiri Bashkirs, Chuvash, Chitata, Udmurt, Mari. Komanso, popeza anapambana linga, boma Russian anagula pakati zofunika kwambiri chuma, amene anali Kazan. Ndipo pambuyo kugwa kwa Astrakhan Muscovy kunali kofunika kulamulira madzi malonda mtsempha wamagazi - ndi mtsinje wa Volga.

Mu chaka cha adani a Kazan Ivanom Groznym m'dera Middle Volga anawonongedwa ndi ankadana Moscow Crimea-Ottoman mgwirizano ndale. Malire a kum'mawa kwa boma salinso anamuopseza anawazunza zonse Zapita ndi anthu wamba ku ukapolo.

Chaka cha adani a Kazan anali oipa mu mawu a zimene Chitata, yemwe ankati Islam, kuti akhazikike mu mzindawo zinali zoletsedwa. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti malamulo amenewa achita osati Russia, koma Europe ndi Asia. Ichi chidachitika pofuna kupewa kuukirana, komanso yapakati-mitundu ndi yapakati-achipembedzo kumenyana. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XVIII Chitata midzi pang'onopang'ono mogwirizana ziziwayendera mzinda.

chikumbukiro

Mu 1555, pa behest ndi Ivana Groznogo anayamba kumanga tchalitchi polemekeza adani a Kazan. yomanga wake unatha zaka 5, mosiyana ndi mipingo European, amene analenga zaka zambiri. dzina pano - St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo - izo zinali mu 1588, pambuyo ukugwirizana kuti izo yopemphereramo polemekeza oyera, monga zotsalira wake anali pa malo pomanga mpingo.

Poyambirira kachisi chokongoletsedwa ndi domes 25, lero adasiya 10: mmodzi wa belu nsanja, ndi ena pa mpando wake wachifumu. Eyiti mipingo odzipereka mapwando kuti azikumbukira adani a Kazan, imagwera pa tsiku pamene iwo anapambana nkhondo zofunika kwambiri mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Chapakati Mpingo wa Kupemphera ya Amayi a Mulungu, amene korona hema wamng'ono mzikiti.

Malinga ndi nthano, zilipo, pambuyo yomanga tchalitchi inatha, Ivan Grozny analamula kuti kumuchititsa mapulani moti sanathenso kubwereza ndi kukongola koteroko. Koma chilungamo tisaiwale kuti palibe zikalata akale, mfundo imeneyi sizimawoneka.

chipilala wina kwa adani a Kazan inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX pansi ntchito ya luso wamanga-engraver Nikolaya Alferova. chipilala uyu anali ovomerezedwa ndi Mfumu Alexander I. The Mlengi wa akupitiriza kukumbukira asilikali amene anafa mu nkhondo kwa mpanda wolimba anapangidwa Archimandrite Zilantova obisika - Ambrose.

The chipilala waima kumanzere mtsinje wa Kazanka mtsinje, pa phiri laling'ono, pafupi kwambiri ndi Admiralty Pamudzi. Chronicle anasunga kwa nthawi ajawo, anena kuti adani a linga la Ivanom Groznym anafika ndi asilikali ake ku malo anaika pali mbendera zawo. Ndipo pambuyo adani a Kazan anali pano anayamba chionetsero wake wapadera mu linga anagonjetsa.