Zojambula za anthu akale. Ziboliboli wakale thanthwe

chitukuko anthu wabwera kutali chitukuko yapindula chidwi. Contemporary luso - mmodzi wa iwo. Koma zonse ziri chiyambi chake. Kodi kupenta ndipo iwo anali amene - ndi amisiri woyamba wa dziko?

Yambani luso mbiri isanayambe - mitundu ndi mitundu

Mu M'badwo Stone, ndi Paleolithic, koyamba wosazindikira luso. Iwo anali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Awa anali miyambo, nyimbo, kuvina ndi nyimbo komanso zithunzi kuvala pamalo osiyanasiyana - Zojambula thanthwe la anthu wosazindikira. Kuti nthawi ili ndi chilengedwe cha woyamba nyumba zopangidwa - megaliths, dolmens ndi menhirs, cholinga chimene akadali osadziwika. Yotchuka kwambiri iwo - Stonehenge ku Salisbury, wopangidwa mwa cromlechs (woongoka miyala).

katundu wa m'nyumba, monga zodzikongoletsera, zidole, komanso a luso la anthu wosazindikira.

periodization

Asayansi mosakayikira za nthawi ya chiyambi cha luso achikale. Iwo anayamba kupanga pakati pa Paleolithic, m'nthawi ya akalewa mochedwa. Chikhalidwe cha nthawi lotchedwa Mousterian.

Akalewa anatha pokonza mwala, kupanga zida. Pa nkhani zina, asayansi apeza matendawa, ndipo notches mu mawonekedwe a mitanda n'kupanga chokongoletsera achikale. Panthawiyo, zojambula sakanakhoza komabe, koma kachitidwe kale ntchito. pansi kuchokera zidutswa ake apezeka, ngati pensulo, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Wosazindikira thanthwe kupenta - Tanthauzo

Umenewu ndi mtundu wa luso achikale. Kodi fano, ntchito utoto pa phanga khoma pamwamba pa munthu wakale. Ambiri a zinthu izi zimapezeka mu Europe, koma pali zojambula za anthu akale Asia. M'dera chachikulu cha kuchuluka kwa luso thanthwe - m'dera la Spain zamakono France.

asayansi ndikukayika

Kwa nthawi yaitali, sayansi yamakono sanali kudziwa chakuti luso la munthu wosazindikira zafika pamlingo wotere mkulu. The zojambula zambiri ku mapanga a anthu akale sanali kupeza mpaka m'ma XIX. Choncho, pamene woyamba anatulukira, iwo anatenga falsification.

History of atulukira

Ancient thanthwe luso anapezeka ndi katswiriyo zofufuzafufuza, Spanish loya Marcelino Sanz de A Sautuola.

kafukufukuyu chifukwa zinachitika pa. M'chigawo Spanish wa Cantabria mu 1868, msaki anapeza kuphanga. polowera panali chosaneneka zinyalala kugwazidwa thanthwe. Mu 1875, iwo anafufuza de A Sautuola. Pa nthawi, anapeza Zida. The anapezazo wakhala ambiri. Patatha zaka zinayi, ankachita masewera katswiriyo revisited Altamirskuyu phanga. Iye anali limodzi ndi mwana 9 wazaka, amene anatulukira ndi zojambula. Pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake, katswiriyo Juan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola chinkhoswe mu zofukulidwa wa nthumbi. Atatsala pang'ono kuti, pa chionetsero cha zinthu za Age Stone, anaona chifanizo cha njati, n'zosadabwitsa amatikumbutsa kupenta thanthwe la munthu wakale, amene anatha kuona mwana wake Maria. Sautuola adafotokoza kuti Altamirskoy unapezeka kuphanga zojambula nyama za Paleolithic. Chifukwa cha ichi inatheka ndi Wilanow-Pierre.

Asayansi linatulutsa zotsatira yoipa ya zofukulidwa awo. Ndiyeno iye mlandu kucenjerera dziko maphunziro. Tonga akatswiri a zinthu zakale zokumba pansi ndi m'mbali anakana n'zotheka kupeza luso paleolithic nthawi. Marcelino de A Sautuola mlandu, kuti zithunzi za anthu akale ankati anawapeza, anakopeka katswiriyo wina, alendo m'masiku amenewo naye.

15 Koma patapita zaka zambiri, pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu amene anapeza zitsanzo dziko zodabwitsa za luso la anthu akale adani ake anazindikira choonadi cha Marcelino de A Sautuola. Ndi nthawi chithunzichi m'mapanga a anthu akale anazipeza Zilembo-de-Gaume, Trois Frères, les combarelles ndi Rouffignac mu France, Bale d'Oduber mu Pyrenees ndi madera ena. Onsewo Anthu amaganiza kuti nyengo Paleolithic. Choncho, dzina la Spanish wasayansi amene wachita mmodzi wa atulukira kwambiri yodziwika zakale zokumba pansi, wabwezeretsedwa.

Luso aluso wakale

Rock kupenta, zithunzi zimene anapereka m'munsimu, imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mafano a nyama zosiyanasiyana. Iwo chogwidwa ndi njati Fano. Amene koyamba zojambula za anthu akale opezeka phanga la Altamira, adabwa kuona katswiri iwo anapanga. Izi luso zazikulu aluso wakale ndi kupangidwa mwa nthawi yake kuyamba kukayikira kudalirika asayansi awo.

mtundu sizinayende anaphunzira kulenga zithunzi enieni a nyama. Zojambula, imene sadzachitanso Powafotokozera contours apezeka, kotero N'zosatheka kuti tipeze yemwe anafuna kusonyeza kuti chithunzicho. Pang'onopang'ono kujambula luso ali bwino, ndipo anakwanitsa mwachilungamo molondola chifanizo cha chinyama.

Mwa zojambula woyamba wa anthu wakale mulinso handprints zimapezeka m'mapanga ambiri.

Dzanja topaka utoto ntchito kwa mpanda, chifukwa kuganiza contours a mumtundu pa mizere lili bwalo. Ofufuza zimenezi zinali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa mwambo wa munthu wakale.

Mitu penti ojambula zithunzi loyamba

Rock kupenta wa anthu akale amasonyeza chenicheni kuti isawonongeke. Chimasonyeza chimene nkhawa iye koposa. Ntchito yaikulu ndi njira Paleolithic zakudya ndinali kusaka. Choncho nyama - cholinga chachikulu cha zithunzi za msambo. Monga tanenera kale, ku Ulaya, apezeka zosiyanasiyana zithunzi za njati, agwape, mahatchi, mbuzi, zimbalangondo. Iwo anasamutsa si malo amodzi ndi zoyenda. Nyama kuthamanga, kudumpha, zosewera ndi kufa, analasidwa ndi mkondo wa mlenje lapansi.

Mu phanga la Lascaux, inali mu France, ndi waukulu wakale ng'ombe fano. kukula kwake - mamita oposa asanu. M'mayiko ena, ojambula zithunzi akale omwe utoto nyama iwo amene amakhala m'mbali mwa iwo. Mu Somalia, fano la kadyansonga anapezeka ku India - akambuku ndi ng'ona, mu mapanga a Sahara pali zithunzi za Nthiwatiwa ndi njovu. Kuwonjezera nyama, ojambula zithunzi woyamba utoto zithunzi za kusaka ndi anthu, koma kawirikawiri.

Kusankha ziboliboli

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu akale zosonyeza zinyama ndi anthu pa makoma a mapanga ndi malo ena, sakudziwika. Pamene anali atayamba kale kupanga chipembedzo, nthawi zambiri, iwo anali kwambiri mwambo tanthauzo. Chithunzi "Kusaka" anthu akale, mu maganizo ofufuza za posonyeza zinthu ziwayendere bwino kulimbana ndi chirombo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zinalengedwa Ula mafuko lifike chizimbwizimbwi ndi ndiyesere kudutsa mu chifanizo cha mphamvu yapadera. ojambula zithunzi akale ankakhala kwa nthawi yaitali, koma chifukwa zolinga za chilengedwe cha zojambula kwa akatswiri a masiku ano sakudziwika.

Kujambula ndi zipangizo

Kuti akonze kujambula ojambula zithunzi akale ntchito njira yapadera. Choyamba, iwo zochepa chabe nyama wodula chithunzi pathanthwe pamwamba kapena mwala, kenako ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati utoto. Izo zinali zopezeka zachilengedwe - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ocher ndi pigment wakuda, umene umabala makala. Pakuti kukonza inki ntchito organics nyama (magazi, mafuta, medulla) ndi madzi. Mitundu kupezeka kwa ojambula zithunzi akale anali ochepa: wachikasu, wofiira, wakuda, wabulauni.

Zojambula za anthu wakale zinthu zingapo. Nthawi zina superimposed pa wina ndi mzake. Nthawi zambiri ojambula zithunzi zojambulidwa ambiri a nyama. Pankhaniyi, ziwerengero mu Pachithunzipa ndi akuonetsedwa mosamala, ndi zina - chojambula. Wosazindikira munthu sanalenge nyimbo mu ambiri Zojambula - ndi jumble wachisokonezo mafano. Pakali pano ochepa "zithunzi zojambula" anapeza kuti yunifolomu zikuchokera.

Mu nthawi Paleolithic kale analengedwa ndi zipangizo oyamba kupenta. Awa anali wosazindikira timitengo ndi maburashi anapangidwa kuchokera ubweya nyama. ojambula zithunzi akale ndi akhadzudzumika younikira wake "nsalu zokha ayi". nyali anapezeka kuti mwachita mawonekedwe a mwala mbale. Anatsanulira mafuta ndi kuika chingwe.

Chauvet phanga

Linapezeka mu 1994 ku France, ndiponso kusonkhanitsa ake zojambula anazindikira monga akale kwambiri. Laboratory maphunziro athandiza chimatanthauza zaka zithunzi za - oyambirira awa zinalengedwa zaka 36,000 zapitazo. Apa, zithunzi za nyama anakakhala mu m'badwo ayezi. Izi rhinoceros wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya, m'phanga mkango, njati, Panther, Tarpan (kholo la kavalo amakono). Ziwerengero mwangwiro anasunga chifukwa chakuti kwa zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo pakhomo kuphanga anali mbwee.

Tsopano izo kutsekedwa kwa anthu. The microclimate, mmene muli zithunzi, angasokoneze kukhalapo anthu. Only maola ochepa ofufuza yake msonkhanowo. Kukaona oonera anaganiza kutsegula chifanizo cha kuphanga si kutali kwa izo.

Lascaux

Ichi ndi malo ena odziwika bwino, komwe anapeza zojambula za anthu akale. Cave anapeza achinyamata anayi mu 1940. Tsopano deta yake ya zojambula za anthu akale Paleolithic ojambula zithunzi zikuphatikizapo 1900 zithunzi.

malo wakhala wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa alendo. The otaya yaikulu alendo kwachititsa kuwonongeka kwa zojambula lapansi. Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa cha overabundance mpweya woipa wotuluka tikamapuma anthu. Mu 1963, anaganiza kuti kutseka phanga kwa anthu. Koma mavuto ndi kuteteza zithunzi akale alipo lero. Microclimate Lasko anali irretrievably wosweka, ndipo tsopano manambalawo mowirikiza kuyang'aniridwa.

Pomaliza

Zojambula za anthu akale chidwi ife ndi Kuzindikira awo ndi kuti akhale mmisiri. Ojambula a nthawi anatha kufotokoza yekha maonekedwe lodalirika la nyama, koma gulu lake ndi makhalidwe ake. Kuwonjezera pa zokongoletsa ndi luso mtengo zojambula aluso wosazindikira ndi zofunika chifukwa chophunzira zomera nyengo. Ndiyamika zimene zimapezeka zojambula grotto Chauvet, asayansi anapeza odabwitsa: kunapezeka kuti mikango ndi rhinos, okhala choyambirira cha mayiko otentha kum'mwera m'nyengo ya Age Stone ankakhala Europe.