Dzhon Lo: yonena ndi chithunzi

Dzhon Lo - shotlansky zachuma, mneneri, adventurer, chikondi banki ngongole wamatsenga kufufuma bambo - chifukwa iye anati za anthu zana XVIII. Poyamba, munthuyo anayamba France mu limodzi la mayiko wotchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya, ndipo kenako lankhosa mu umphawi. The yonena loyamba la zachuma anatuluka pa moyo wake ndipo linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri. The French anamutcha Jean kamtsikana. M'mayiko ena, ankatchedwa Dzhon Lo. Nkhaniyi itithandiza kutchulidwa yonena mwachidule zachuma ndi.

achinyamata

Dzhon Lo Of Lauriston anabadwa mu Edinburgh (Scotland) mu 1671. awisi anali jeweler ndi moneylender. Mu 1683, mutu wa banja anagula malo ka Lauriston, limene linali lofika dzina la anthu otchuka. Mu unyamata wake, John anali wokongola kwambiri, ndi okondwa kutenga mu nyumba yabwino ku Edinburgh. Choncho, tsogolo zachuma msanga "wakhala katswiri mitundu yonse ya makhalidwe oipa." Posakhalitsa, mnyamatayo zoterozo, ndi zaka makumi awiri anapita kugonjetsa likulu la England.

Chikaikiro ndi duel

Mu London Dzhon Lo yomweyo anayamba namondwe wa ntchito. Luso ndalama anatengera bambo ake. John anayamba ndi nkhambakamwa mu magawo, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zojambula. Komanso, iye anatulukira khadi masewera dongosolo. Ndinatuluka Chiluo ndalama olimba. John akusangalalanso ndi kupambana yaikulu akazi ndi yodziwika ndi selectivity m'zochitika chikondi. zinthu zake lotsatira inatha mu 1694 duel. Chiluo anapha mdani wakeyo ndipo anamangidwa. Pa mayesero a zachuma m'tsogolo kuti aphedwe. Koma John wapulumuka m'ndende ndi kupita ku Amsterdam. Nthawi zambiri, ngwazi za nkhani imeneyi mwayi kwambiri.

Change ntchito

Kufika mu mzinda watsopano, Dzhon Lo kwambiri chinkhoswe mu phunziro chiphunzitso zachuma. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mnyamata kuwerenga zambiri za mapepala otchuka. Posachedwapa, lofalitsidwa mu bukhu lake. zachuma Pali za chinthu chachikulu chomwe stagnation zachuma. Malinga Lo, anali kusowa kwa ndalama. Kuthetsa nkhaniyi, John anapereka kuti apereke banknotes ndi kupereka iwo ndi golide. Ndipo koposa onse, kuti apereke ngongole kugwira ntchito ya boma. Izi zachuma lingaliro anapereka kutengera pafupifupi m'mayiko onse a ku Ulaya. Koma kuzindikira kuti anali yekha mu chikhalidwe chimodzi.

Kukhazikitsa maganizo

Mu 1715, pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu ndi chuma France kanthu kwathunthu. Filipp Orleansky (regent chifukwa anali mdzukulu wa Louis XIV) anali mantha pambuyo mawerengedwe a ngongole boma. Kunapezeka kuti chithunzi zimenezi zafika 3 biliyoni livres. A msonkho pachaka ndi misonkho anapanga 250 miliyoni zokha. Ngakhale, malinga ndi lipoti la Mkulu wa apolisi, kuchuluka anali katatu apamwamba. 500 miliyoni basi mu matumba a ogwira zosiyanasiyana.

Malinga regent, mu zinthu zovuta zitha kuthandiza dongosolo Dzhona Lo. Kale m'ma 1716, ndi ngwazi ya m'nkhaniyi watsegula banki (koma osati onse, ndi chilungamo) ndi ufulu kuti apereke pepala ndalama. Pa chipembedzo chomwecho momasuka umasinthanitsidwa ndalama zopangidwa ndi zitsulo wapatali pa tsiku leni linanena bungwe mwadzina, komanso kutenga malipiro a misonkho ntchito. Ie banknotes John anakhala olimba kuposa siliva ndi golide ndalama.

M'masiku amenewo unali ulendo kale lonse. Kuonetsetsa ngongole zonse umatulutsa Lo ku France monga analibe chofunika kuchuluka siliva ndi golide. Komabe, miyezi 12 kuchokera pachiyambi cha nkhani ya banknotes ku France zowawa kuchira zachuma. Adapitiriza zomangamanga otukuka, nakhalanso malonda ndi chikalata ngongole otsika chidwi.

kampani ina

Koma gombe sanali lingaliro yekha Scot. Kumayambiriro 1717 Dzhon Lo analenga "Company ya Indies." Capital a kampani ino Chiluo ankafuna kuti aganyali mu chitukuko cha Mississippi Mtsinje beseni. The French amanenela Louisiana polemekeza Mfumu Louis XIV. Mu mbiri ya chochitika ichi anapita monga Mississippi Company.

M'chaka mochedwa 1717, John analengeza za mayikidwe a 200 zikwi. Anandigaŵira. The zinthu zinali zabwino ndithu: pa mtengo mwadzina la livres 500 pepala sizigulitsidwa 250 chabe ndi kungakupatseni kuwombola pasanathe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mtengo koyamba. Magawo a makampani anagula yomweyo. Patapita miyezi sikisi, msika phindu ndi apamwamba kuposa oveteredwa nthawi zambiri. Kugula sheya onse, John anaba ndalama zambiri. Posakhalitsa kampani Chiluo anapereka chambiri malonda "onse Indies." Ichi chokha kuchuluka mtengo wa masheya ndi kuwonjezeka kwa iwo.

Woyamba katundu kuwombola

Nkhani ya magawo zikwi 50 -. Tsopano, kodi Dzhon Lo analengeza posachedwapa. Pambuyo njira ya ntchito nthawi yotsiriza ya zachuma anaganiza ndalama zambiri. Umafuna nthawi sikisi oversubscribed, monga kwa ogulidwa sheya analandira Mapulogalamu 300 zikwi.. Chintchito, awnings, atsogoleri, barons ndi viscounts pelleted zachuma nyumba, ofuna kukhala gawo la chuma "wa Indies." Chifukwa ichi, Mlembi Scot ali analemera kwambiri mwayi waukulu, kulandira kwa iwo ziphuphu.

Zokha anaonekera yachiwiri sheya msika. Ndipotu, anali woyamba katundu kuwombola. Kuwona Chinanso ndalama, John anakonza pafupi ndi nyumba yake pavilions. Iwo anayamba kugulitsa magawo Chiluo anthu ntchito, lomwe tsopano limatchedwa "osinthitsa".

sheya kusinthitsa ndalama anakula exponentially. Mu gawo ili linali chifukwa chakuti pulezidenti membala wa Duke wa Orleans, gulu kampani. Ubwino wa French kukula pamodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mu mtengo gawo. Inde, limeneli udachita yekha Dzhon Lo. zachuma piramidi anafika mfundo zake pazipita kukula. Koma Scot nkomwe za izo ndi "ankasamba" ndalama. Iye ngakhale anagula yekha angapo zigawo mtengo. Ndipo komabe, Yohane anaona mutu wa Duke ndipo anali Nduna ya Zachuma (zoona, munthu wachiwiri pa dziko). Koma zonse zabwino afika konse mathero.

Chosowa ndalama

Ataona "Mississippi Company" John bwino ankalamulira kasamalidwe banki. Ndipo nkhani yake yonse inali pa ngongole amene padera mu kugula magawo kampani. Nawonso "Company ya Indies" zonse ikani magazini atsopano a sheya pogula nsinga boma ndalama. Choncho, kampani wakhala pafupifupi wokongoletsayo yekha wa France. Koma regent zonse anakonza, ndipo iye anafuna kuti amasule kwambiri ndalama pepala.

Ngakhale ambiri "India Company" Sichinatsitsidwe zikukhalira kwambiri. Development wa m'madera akutali a Louisiana wokongola pang'onopang'ono. Pa magombe a Mississippi kwenikweni anamanga mzinda kupereka Maulendo ndi zombo anatumizidwa ndi odzafuna malo. Koma kukhudzanso mwaonapo ndi polojekitiyi. Ochepa tizidziwe weniweni. Chifukwa cha kusowa zoopsa anthu m'njira regent analamula (by kuti chinsinsi) kutumiza ku United States pansi kuperekezedwa mahule, akuba, ndi amwendamnjira. Koma ganizo-kunja malonda ndawala anauzira French kuti abwere ku madoko a ngalawa dziko odzaza ndi nsalu, zonunkhira, siliva ndi zinthu zina yachilendo.

kuwonongeka

Belu woyamba anali kubwera kwa Prince de A Conti Bank. Ndi iye anatenga cartload a zolemba banki ndipo akufuna kusinthana iwo makobidi. John yomweyo anatembenukira kwa Regent ndi wachibale anamukakamiza kugwira pepala ndalama. Ngakhale mlandu ndipo analandira ambiri olengeza, koma pafupifupi munthu wina ndinapereka phindu, monga Conti sanali otchuka pakati anthu. Koma anthu ambiri anzeru ndi ochenjera anayamba kusinthitsa banknotes siliva ndi golide. Izi ngakhale ulamuliro umene anali pa nthawi ya Dzhon Lo. Ponzi chiwembu Posakhalitsa kusokonekera chiwerengero cha kuphana anakula yekha tsiku lililonse likadutsa.

Ting'onoting'ono malo a zitsulo zamtengo wapatali anasungunuka pamaso pa gombe. Kumayambiriro a 1720 Lo chikalata malamulo womangika nzeru zolemba. Komanso pa ndalama pepala analetsedwa kuti tikhale miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zodzikongoletsera. Mu May, zolemba devalued kawiri, ndiyeno akabwerera kwa ndalama wakhala kwathunthu kutha.

udani A anthu

The French yomweyo ankadana Lo. Monga gulu la Paris adamfunsa John kusinthitsa banknotes golide. Kukhala akanizidwapo, nzika aukali pafupifupi kuzidya adventurer. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Chiluo anasamukira ku chotchedwa Palais Royal, kukhala pansi pa chitetezero mwachindunji kwa Duke. Posachedwa zachuma amachotsedwa pa nchitozi anthu. Angayendetsere France anabwerera Dagasso Chancellor, amene poyamba anabalalitsa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa John kukana. lamulo lake ndi udindo wake watsopano anali resumption a Polankhula. Pa June 10, 1720 onse French anapita ku Bank Royal. Pambuyo kuuzana siliva ndi golide, chiyambi sikunali kokwanira, ndipo maphunzirowo anapita ndalama mkuwa. anthu osauka anasangalala ndi izo. Tsiku lililonse likadutsa, banki chilakolako mudakhumudwapo. July 9 Anyankhondo akhaonerera malo adatchithisira grille, khamu sanathe udzaphwanya nyumbayi. Anthu anayamba kuponya miyala. Poyankha, asilikali anayamba kuwombera mfuti zawo. Chifukwa cha imfa ya ku France limodzi. Patapita masiku angapo khamu kuponderezedwa anthu 15 ...

Mu August 1720, ku Bank Royal dipo. Patapita miyezi itatu, onse zolemba zake sizichitika.

Mu nkhani ya kampani Indian sanali bwino. mitengo katundu anagwera. Yamalamulo kuika patsogolo kufunika kuti Dzhon Lo, monga kulinganiza wa piramidi woyamba chuma, ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kuphedwa. Koma mmalo mwa ngwazi za nkhaniyi mu Bastille anapita kwa mbale wake - William. yotsirizira si kutsimikiziridwa wolakwa, ndi zachuma wachibale linatulutsidwa.

Kusamukira ku Brussels

Koma Dzhon Lo kumanzere France kumapeto kwa 1720. Scot ndi mwana wake anapita ku Brussels, kusiya mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi. M'tawuni latsopano, John anakhala ndithu modzichepetsa. ndalama zake zokha anali penshioni lolipiridwa ndi Kalonga wa Orleans (France analandidwa katundu onse Lo).

kupereka zosayembekezereka

Mu 1721, a zachuma anali mu Venice. Apo iye anachezeredwa Savoyard m'banja lachifumu amene anayambitsa Russian nthumwi ya boma. Iye anapereka Yohane kalata yochokera kwa m'modzi wa alangizi a Peter. Mu uthenga kwa Chiluo anaitanidwa utumiki Russian, ndipo analonjeza pasadakhale wabwino. Koma ndiye zonse ziyembekezo za John anali a khoti ya azuungu, kumene Russia woyesedwa ankhanza kwambiri. Choncho, Scot waganiza kuti pachiswe ndi evaded. Ndiyeno mopupuluma kumanzere Venice.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Lo miyezi ingapo nditachoka ndi zinkandisangalatsa okha ndi chiyembekezo kuti Regent akamuitana ku France atithandize kugonjetsa mavutowo. Koma mu 1723, kalonga wa Orleans anafa, ndipo zachuma anazindikira kuti sangathe kubwerera.

Dzhon Lo, amene yonena waperekedwa pamwamba, anafa Venice ku chibayo mu 1729. Asanafe, ndi Scot analemba buku la "The History of Finance nthawi regency." Koma kuwala, anaona zaka ziwiri zokha kenako.