Medieval Japan. Chikhalidwe cha akale Japan

Makamaka Japan ndi chitukuko mbiri kuoneka bwino lero. dziko lino pachiyambi wakhala adzatha kuchita kudzera zaka pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa chikhalidwe yeniyeni, m'njira zambiri kwambiri ngakhale unachokera mu dera la anansi yapafupi. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa miyambo, lililonse kwa Japan, poyamba anaonekera mu oyambirira Ages Middle. Ngakhale zili choncho, luso la anthu osauka zinali zodzaza ndi mtima wofuna kuyandikira kwa chilengedwe, kumvetsa kukongola ndi mogwirizana.

zikhalidwe

Medieval Japan, yomwe ili pa chilumba, kutetezedwa kulowerera mwachibadwa. Mphamvu ya dziko kunja pa dziko makamaka akuwonetseredwa mu ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi anthu a ku Korea ndi Chinese. Ndipo ndi Japanese amayamba kumenyana, pamene chachiwiri kudzadza.

Kukula mkati mwa dziko wakhala inextricably zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Zilumba ochepa pafupifupi kopita ku chimphepo choopsa ndi zivomezi. Choncho, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi Japanese anafuna kuti katundu nokha ndi zinthu zosafunika kuti nthawi iliyonse inu mosavuta kusonkhanitsa onse zofunika kwambiri ndi kupulumutsidwa ku zinthu mafunde.

Komano, ndendende chifukwa cha zinthu zoterozo akale chikhalidwe Japanese anapeza makhalidwe yake. Islands anazindikira mphamvu ya nyengo ndi kulephera kwawo chinachake kutsutsa, iwo anazindikira kuti mphamvu ndi nthawi yomweyo chiyanjano cha chilengedwe. Ndipo anayesa kuti tisasokoneze wake. akale Japanese luso anayamba ndi maziko a Shinto, umene unali pa mtima wa kupembedza mizimu ya mphepo, ndi Chibuda kulandira Kulingalira mantha a dziko mkati ndi kunja.

State loyamba

Pa gawo la chilumba cha Honshu mu zaka III-V. anapanga chitaganya mafuko katundu wa Yamato. Ndi IV m'zaka za maziko ake oyamba kulengedwa boma Japanese walunjika Tenno (Mfumu). Medieval Japan wa nthawi timaona asayansi mu kuphunzira nkhani za manda Barrow. Mu chipangizo cha kuona kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha zomangamanga dziko la: ndi chitunda akufanana chilumba yokutidwa ndi mitengo atazunguliridwa ndi mtsinje wa. The manda anaika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, ndiponso ena wolamulira mochedwa kulondera Honeyview dzenje kanjedza ceramic, aikidwa pamwamba pa chitunda lapansi. Izi mafano yaing'ono kusonyeza momwe chidwi ndi ambuye Japanese: iwo akamachita anthu ndi nyama, akuona pang'ono makamaka, ndipo anatha kufalitsa maganizo ndi makhalidwe ofanana.

Chipembedzo loyamba la Japan, Shinto, anapangidwa mizimu chirengedwe chonse okhala mtengo uliwonse kapena madzi. makachisi anamangidwa ku mapiri ndi amenewa m'dera ndi mtengo ( "moyo" zinthu). zomangamanga anali lophweka ndi ambiri zikugwirizana malo ozungulira. Akachisi anali zokongoletsa anamanga ngati bwino zimapita ku Edene. Chikhalidwe cha akale Japan anafuna kugwirizanitsa chikhalidwe ndi nyumba zopangidwa. Ndipo akachisi anasonyeza zimenezi.

Mapangidwe feudalism

Japan mu Ages Middle anabwereka kwambiri mu China ndi Korea: makamaka lamulo ndi mayendetsedwe dziko, kulemba ndi statehood. Kudzera anansi adalowa dziko ndi Chibuda, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko. Iye wandithandiza kuthana ndi kugawikana mkati mwa dziko kugwirizanitsa mafuko, amene anagawa Japan. Asuka nyengo (552-645 gg.) Ndipo Nara (645-794 gg.) Yodziwika ndi zikamera wa feudalism ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe zamakolo pa maziko a zinthu amabweza.

Art cha nthawi inextricably zogwirizana ndi yomanga nyumba kuti anali ndi tanthauzo wopatulika. Chitsanzo zazikulu za Chibuda kachisi -Horyudzi nthawi imeneyi, agulupa, anamanga mozungulira Nara, likulu loyambirira la Japan. Zingamvekere onse: zokongola mkati yokongola, mtokoma wa pagoda zisanu storied, denga ikuluikulu ya kapangidwe chachikulu, mothandizidwa ndi m'mabokosi zosamvetsetseka. Kamangidwe ka zovuta kwambiri monga mphamvu ya miyambo ya zomangamanga Chinese ndi mbali pachiyambi kuti yodziwika Japan mu Ages Middle. Palibe kuchuluka, akachisi khalidwe ikumangidwa ku China chachikulu. akachisi Japanese zambiri yaying'ono, ngakhale kakang'ono.

Yosangalatsa kwambiri akachisi Chibuda anayamba anamangidwira mu VIII atumwi, pamene anapanga centralized boma akale. Japan zofunika likulu, ndipo anakhala Nara anamanga chitsanzo Chinese. Akachisi ndi anamangidwira kuti agwirizane lonse la mzinda.

chosema

Zojambulidwa bwino anayamba komanso zomangamanga ndi - kuchokera oyerekezera mabwana Chinese motsogozedwa kupeza adzadziwire kwambiri. Poyamba wocheza ndi mafano lapansi milungu linadzala ndi maganizo akuti ndi achilendo, anthu kani, wamba kuposa okhala kumwamba.

chifukwa choyambirira cha chosema cha nthawi - fano la Buddha pa mamita 16 mkulu, yomwe ili Todaiji obisika. Ndi chifukwa cha merging njira zambiri ntchito mu nthawi Nara Ndikutaya oposatu chosema, mitundu, kulipira. Yaikulu ndi yowala, choyenera kudabwitsa kwa mutu dziko.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zithunzi sculptural wa anthu, makamaka atumiki a kachisi. Nyumba zina chokongoletsedwa ndi murals zosonyeza paradaiso wazolengedwa.

wozungulira latsopano

Kusintha chikhalidwe cha Japan, umene unayamba cha m'ma IX, yogwirizana ndi wandale nthawi ino. likulu la dzikolo anagwidwa Heian masiku ano amadziwika pansi pa dzina la Kyoto. Mwa mwezi wa atumwi panali mfundo zambiri mosalidwa, akale Japan wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kuchokera anansi salinso kulandira akazembe. Culture ochuluka kusunthira kutali Chinese.

Heian nthawi (IX-XII m'ma) - ndi heyday wa wotchuka ndakatulo Japanese. Thanki (pyatistishiya) limodzi ndi Japanese zonse. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa kuti nthawi amatchedwa golide zaka ndakatulo Japanese. Mwina amamvetsa kwambiri kufotokoza maganizo okhala dzuwa likutuluka kwa dziko, kumvetsa kwake kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa mwamuna ndi chirengedwe, luso zindikirani kukongola ngakhale zazing'ono. Psychology ndi wapadera nzeru ndakatulo ambiri luso lonse la nthawi Heian: zomangamanga, kupenta, prose.

Akachisi ndi nyumba yakale

Features la Japan pa nthawi imeneyo makamaka kugwirizana ndi zikamera wa Chibuda mipatuko, kulumikizanitsa mwa iye yekha ziphunzitso za Buddha ndi Shinto miyambo. Mchitidwe umenewu ndi akachisi kachiwiri inali kunja kwa mpanda wa mzinda - mu nkhalango ndi mapiri. Iwo analibe dongosolo bwino, ngati mwangozi panali mitengo kapena zitunda. Zokongoletsa anatumikira chilengedwe, nyumba maonekedwe anali zazing'ono ngati n'kotheka. Malo zinkaoneka kuti ukugwirizana nyumba mapulani. Mchitidwe umenewu si zotsutsana ndi chirengedwe, ndi kugwirizana nazo.

Ndi nyumba Nawonso analengedwa ndi boma. Shinden, kutsogolo Manor hema ndipamene danga umodzi kulekanitsa zowonetsera, ngati n'koyenera. Aliyense yomanga kwenikweni limodzi ndi munda, nthawi zambiri ochepa, ndipo nthawi zina, monga mwa nyumba ya mfumu, zida ndi mayiwe, milatho ndi pavilions. minda awa samakhoza popitilira Asia onse akale. Japan, reworking Anabwereka masitaelo Chinese ndi nyengo, analenga zomangamanga mwini yekha, inextricably zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe.

kupenta

Atasinthidwa chosema: pali zithunzi latsopano, pulasitiki wakhala chipangizo ndi Mipikisano mtundu. Komabe, makamaka makhalidwe dziko chimaonetsa kupenta. Mu zaka XI-XII izo zachitika kalembedwe watsopano - katundu wa Yamato-e. Kwa iye, madzi utoto akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba katundu wa Yamato-e anali pofanizira ndi malemba ena. Panthawi imeneyi mwakhama osauka zopeka, panali mipukutu nkhani, kapena emakimono, zomwe zili dziko ndakatulo ndi ulemu wa chilengedwe khalidwe la akale Japanese. Childs, malemba awa anatsagana mwa mafanizo. Opanga katundu wa Yamato-e anatha kupereka ukulu wa chilengedwe ndi zimene zinachitikira wauzimu wa anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukwaniritsa zotsatira za kukulowa ndi translucency.

Ndakatulo chinyezimiro cha dziko ndi alimiwa mu lacquer ware nthawi - kwenikweni losonyeza mabokosi ndi mbale, zoimbira yosalala, gilded zifuwa.

Minamoto mzera

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII chifukwa cha nkhondo ang'onoang'ono likulu la Japan linali kamodzinso kulephereka. The wopambana Minamoto Fuko anapanga mudzi waukulu wa Kamakura dziko. Latsopano wolamulira pansi lonse akale Japan. Mwachidule Kamakura nthawi akhoza yodziwika monga nthawi ya shogunate - ulamuliro wa asilikali. Iye kwa zaka zambiri. Kuthamanga boma akhala makamaka asilikali - asilikaliwo. Mu Japan, iwo anayamba kulamulira, anayamba zatsopano chikhalidwe. M'malo mwa thanki ndakatulo anabwera DGCPI - amunamuna epic akulemekeza ndi mtima wa asilikali. Chipembedzo anayamba yofunika zikuluzikulu za chipembedzo cha Chibuda, amene anaphunzitsa tidzapulumuke pa nthaka limodzi ndi thandizo la thupi maphunziro, maganizo ndiponso kudziletsa chidziwitso. Gloss chinali chosafunika, mbali miyambo ya chipembedzo amatenga mpando wakumbuyo.

Asilikaliwo ku Japan anaika chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi mzimu, ulemu ndiponso kukhulupirika. Umuna ndi mphamvu chibadidwe iwo, amalimbikitsa luso onse kuchokera zomangamanga kuti kupenta. Mchitidwe umenewu zinamangidwa popanda pagodas wa iwo mbisoweka kuukonza wa nthawi Heian. Akachisi ngati chilindo yosavuta, chifukwa chimene chinalimbikitsa mgwirizano wawo ndi chikhalidwe. A ambiri zithunzi sculptural. Ambuye anaphunzira njira zatsopano kulenga zithunzi ankaoneka moyo. Mu maudindo a, akalumikidzidwa ndi nyimbo kudzera mtima womwewo ndi chenicheni.

Emakimono nthawi ili yodziwika osati otchulidwa maganizo ndi chiwembu zazikulu, kuwauza za nkhondo wamagazi pakati pa mabanja.

Garden - kupitiriza nyumba

Mu 1333 likulu unali kubwezedwa kwa nthawi Heian. Olamulira atsopano anayamba patronize zaluso. Mamangidwe a nthawi ino amakonda akadali pafupi mgonero ndi chikhalidwe. Austerity ndi kuphweka kukhala azikhala ndi ndakatulo ndi kukongola. Amaonetsa wa Zen mpatuko ziphunzitso anaimba okwera chauzimu kuganizira za chilengedwe, zikugwirizana ndi iye.

Nthawi imeneyi, anakamba luso ikebana, ndipo zinalili mumzinda njira yakuti mu madera osiyana a m'nyumba akhoza amasirira munda ku njira yosiyana. A chidutswa ka zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri si wosiyana nyumba, ngakhale pakhomo, iwo anali kupitiriza ake. Izi kwambiri noticeable mu nyumba Ginkakudzi imene inamangidwa khonde, bwino kupita mu munda ndi kupachikidwa pa dziwe. munthu, amene anali m'nyumba, analenga kunachititsa kuti malire pakati pa balaza madzi ndi m'munda si kuti ndi magawo awiri a wonse.

tiyi nzeru

Mu XV-XVI zaka Japan anayamba kuoneka teahouses. zosangalatsa Unhurried kumwa amene anabweretsa ku China anali mwambo wonse. Tiyi nyumba anakumbutsa hermitages. Iwo anali okonzeka m'njira kuti gulu mwambo angamve wosiyana dziko lakunja. Kukula ka chipinda ndipo anatsekera pepala mazenera kulenga chikhalidwe wapadera ndi maganizo. Chirichonse - kuchokera akhakula cobbled mwala kuti akwaniritse pakhomo, kwa mbiya yosavuta phokoso madziwa - anadzazidwa ndi ndakatulo ndi nzeru za mtendere.

monochrome kupenta

Limodzi ndi luso minda kuswana ndi mwambo tiyi kusanduka ndiponso kupenta. Mbiri ya akale Japan komanso chikhalidwe chake mu zaka XIV-XV. amalembedwa ndi zikamera wa suyboku-ha - inki kupenta. Zithunzi za mtundu wanyimbo latsopano anali mu zina zachidule malo monochrome, limene lili mipukutu. Ambuye suyboku-ha, mukutengera mbali ya kupenta Chinese, yomweyo anthu mu penti adzadziwire Japanese. Aphunzira kusonyeza kukongola kwa chilengedwe, maganizo ake, ukulu ndi chinsinsi. Pa chiyambi cha XVI njira m'ma suyboku-mahekitala organically anaphatikizidwa njira katundu wa Yamato-e, kulenga mulingo watsopano kupenta.

Mochedwa Ages Middle

mapu Medieval la Japan ndi cha m'ma XVI watha kukhala "patchwork zoyala" wa Mabuku a mabanja osiyanasiyana. Iwo anayamba kugwirizanitsa dziko. Iwo anayamba kukhazikitsa ojambula limati Western. A mbali yofunika tsopano ankaimba zomangamanga boma. Shoguns nyumba yoopsa pa zachifumu zitsulo World chokongoletsedwa ndi mtendere wapadera. Facilities delimited kutsetsereka partitions, penti ndi chokongoletsedwa mwapadera kuwanditsa kuwala, kupanga chikondwerero m'mlengalenga.

Kano kupenta sukulu ambuye, kumene nthawi iyi munali osati nsalu yotchinga, komanso makoma zachifumu. zojambula wowoneka ndi omveka mitundu amene amapereka chimwambo ndi chofunika zachilengedwe. Pali nkhani latsopano -Nsanja zithunzi za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba. Analipo mu nyumba zachifumu ndiponso monochrome kupenta, anapeza expressiveness wapadera.

Nthawi zambiri, monochrome kupenta chokongoletsedwa nyumba tiyi, komwe kuli chikhalidwe cha mtendere, mlendo kwa chofunika ya zipinda Nyumbayi. Pawiri kuphweka ndi wafala lonse chimwambo chikhalidwe Edo nthawi (XVII-XIX atumwi.). Pa nthawi iyi, akale Japan kamodzinso anathamangitsa lamulo kudzipatula. Pali mitundu yatsopano ya luso, kusonyeza mtima makamaka kwa Japanese: Kabuki zisudzo, thabwa, novellas.

nthawi Edo wofanana ndi moyandikana wa ulemerero zazikulu za nyumba ndi nyumba wodzichepetsa tiyi, miyambo katundu wa Yamato-e njira kupenta ndi cha m'ma XVI. Kugwirizana mafunde osiyana luso lokhudza chikuoneka bwinobwino mu zojambula mochita kugoba lapansi. Master m'madera osiyana ankagwira ntchito limodzi zoona, nthawi zina wina ndi wojambula chomwecho utoto anali ngati mafani ndi zowonetsera, komanso zipsera ndi caskets.

Mochedwa Middle Ages amakhala ndi woganizira mozama cholinga cha moyo kudzazidwa: pali nsalu yatsopano ntchito dongo kusintha zovala. Ndi yamasika chikugwirizana ndi pakutchulidwa netske woimira mabatani ka mtundu kapena brelochki. Achita chifukwa zenizeni za chitukuko cha chosema Japan.

chikhalidwe Japanese n'zovuta kusokoneza ndi zotsatira za kulenga maganizo a anthu ena. Chizindikiro chake anayamba kupanga zinthu zenizeni zachilengedwe. The moyandikana zonse zinthu osatha wafunsira nzeru yapadera ya kufuna chiyanjano, yomwe unaonekera m'madera onse a luso ndi luso.