Catherine kusintha 2 (mwachidule). Ophunzira absoljutizm Catherine 2

Kodi tikudziwa za Russian Mfumukazi Catherine Wamkulu? Pokumbukira mbadwa zambiri kutuluka mfundo, pang'ono zokhudza mfundo pagulu. Catherine kuonera waukulu kwambiri wa mipira bwalo, zovala zabwino. Kuseri kwa izo nthawizonse akutsatiridwa ndi chingwe cha admirers. Moyo wa okondedwa ake, kamodzi chikugwirizana ndi chikondi zikulumikizana ake, anapita mpaka mu mbiri. Nthawiyi, Russian Mfumukazi anali koposa zonse, wanzeru, chowala, modabwitsa umunthu ndi kulinganiza luso. Dziwani kuti boma dongosolo bolodi anali reorganized kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ulamuliro Petra Velikogo. Great chidwi lero kuitana Catherine kusintha 2. kufotokoza mwachidule Komabe, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti apambane. Ambiri, onse kusintha yake yandale oyenera chiphunzitso zikuluzikulu, wotchedwa ŵakusanga absolutism. Zotsatira m'zaka XVIII, wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. M'madera ambiri a zochita za anthu ndi chikhalidwe anakhudza Catherine kusintha 2. Table "kusinthika mu dziko" munsimu, zikusonyeza momveka bwino.

Childhood ndi maphunziro a Mfumukazi Fike

Sophia Augusta Fredericka wa Anhalt-Zerbst - kotero adawomba dzina zonse za tsogolo Russian Mfumukazi. Iye anabadwa m'chaka cha 1729 mu yaing'ono German Muluwani Stettin (tsopano ndi dera la Poland). bambo ake anali mu utumiki wa Prussian Mfumu. Iwo anali munthu chabe. Pa nthawi ina, anali woyamba regimental mkulu, ndiye mkulu ndipo kenako mkulu wa mzinda kwawo. Mayi wa mfumukazi m'tsogolo wa magazi achifumu. Iye anali wamkulu-azakhali a Peter III - tsogolo mwamuna wa mwana wake. Sofia, kapena ngati icho chinali kutchedwa achibale, Fike, anaphunzitsidwa kunyumba. Anaphunzira French, Chitaliyana, English, madera, mbiri, zamulungu, kuvina ndi ankaimba nyimbo. The mtsikana anali wansangala, anali wosakhazikika, kucheza ndi anyamata. makolo anali wosasangalala ndi khalidwe lake. Fike banjali linali losauka. Koma amayi ake aja onena kuti kopindulitsa mwana wake mu ukwati. Posakhalitsa, maloto ake wodziyesa mu moyo.

Ukwati ndi wolowa ufumu wa Russia

Mu 1744, Zerbst Mfumukazi Fike anaitanidwa pamodzi ndi mayi ake mu Russia kwa yachifumu kwa ukwati ndi tsogolo Russian Mfumu Peter III, amene anali msuwani wake wachiwiri. Sikisitini chaka chimodzi mkwatibwi posakhalitsa anapereka Elizabeth, amene pofuna kukhazikitsa lamanja la kulowezana kwa Romanovs, kuyembekezera kumukwatira ne'er, kodi-mphwake. Russian Mfumukazi ankaganiza kuti wokongola komanso wachisomo Sofia kuganizira Peter ku zisangalalo ana ake ndi ana agalu ndi zidole. Kamodzi Fike anaonekera mu Russia, anayamba ndi mtima wofuna kuphunzira Chirasha, bwalo zodyera ndi malamulo Orthodox Mulungu. ukwati anauika kwa August 25, 1745. Madzulo a Sofia anatengera ziphunzitso ndi analandira dzina la Catherine I. Pa tsiku la ukwati pa 6 koloko mmawa kalonga anatengedwera ku chipinda cha Elizabeth, kumene iye anadziveka ndi mwaukhondo. Ukwati zinachitika mu mpingo Kazan. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa 17 zaka pambuyo apa Alonda Moyo adzatenga lumbiro la kukhulupirika kwa Mfumukazi wawo watsopano Catherine Alekseevna. Atakwatirana anapatsidwa mpira wamkulu ndi phwando m'nyumba yachifumu, kumene Fick anakakamizika kuvina kusinthanasinthana kosalekeza a anthu olemekezeka okalamba. Pomwepo atakwatirana, zinadziwika kuti mwamuna watsopano sakukwaniritsa ntchito zawo za m'banja. nthawi zonse Peter anakhala mu masewera ndi asilikali malata ndi makatoni nyumba. kuchipinda ukwati, iye inasanduka kennel agalu kusaka. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti ignoramus izi sangathe kuthamanga boma. Nthawiyi, Russia anafunika kusintha mkati. Catherine 2, ngati kunalibe. Inde, ndi kutseka yachifumu kuyembekezera kuti udindo wa mkazi wa mfumu ndi ana ake kwa Fike anali onse. Momwe iwo ankalakwitsa.

The inalowa mpando wachifumu Catherine

Panopa Mfumukazi Elizabeth Petrovna anali kuchepa mphamvu tsiku lililonse likadutsa, matenda akewo anali wofooka kwambiri. A ubwenzi korona akazi sanali kukhala. Petulo ankakhala momasuka ndi mbuye wake ndipo anayankhula za akufuna kumukwatira. Catherine nayenso Mosakhalitsa adatengedwa zaka 26 kamera-cadet Sergei Saltykov. Patangotha miyezi ingapo kuti Fike wabereka mwana wamwamuna, amene iwo anamutcha Paulo. Pa bwalo tinayenda mphekesera kuti bambo ake ndi wokonda Catherine. Ngakhale izi, Mfumukazi Elizabeth ankalengeza mnyamata wachiwiri nayenso wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu. Nthawiyi, Russia, mu mgwirizano ndi Austria ndi France anali pa nkhondo ndi Prussia, kumene Umapeza chigonjetso akutiakuti. Izi adakondweretsa aliyense kupatulapo infantile Peter, amene anaganiza Mfumu Frederick II la Prussia zosafanana ndi asilikali mwapang'ono. Zinaonekeratu kuti mu nkhani ya inalowa wake wachifumu wa Russia kunena mtendere manyazi ndi Prussia, kutaya zonse kuti amamuonera mu nthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi. posachedwa izo zinachitika. Elizabeth anafa pa Tsiku la Khirisimasi 1761. Pambuyo pake, Petro anali mfumu Russian. Mu March 1762 anapangana ndi Prussia mu dziko, chimene chinapangitsa kwambiri wosakhutira ndi asilikali Russian. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito kulimbana ndi otsatira a Peter III Catherine Orlov abale, amene, Gregory, anali wokonda ndi atate mwana wake wake wotsiriza. The Kazan Church Catherine anagwirizira mwambo wa odzozera, ndi kutenga lumbiro monga Mfumukazi wa Russia. Woyamba analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa asilikali ake. Izo zinachitika June 28, 1762. Ndiye palibe amene amakhulupirira zimene adzakhala Politika Ekateriny 2.

General zokhudza ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi

sabata A pambuyo zotchulidwa, July 6, Catherine kalata kuchokera Orlova kuti mwamuna wake Peter, amene analemba abdication ndi ukapolo Manor Ropsha anafa. Malinga okha, kumene anapanga mfumukazi anathamangira, akulira ndi kukuwa kuti ana ake adzakhala konse. Koma akatswiri ena amasonyeza kuti ankadziwa pofuna anakonza pa mwamuna wake, monga masiku 2 isanafike kupha ake anatumizidwa kwa dokotala Paulsen si ndi mankhwala, zoimbira kwa autopsies. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, ufulu wachifumu wa Catherine palibe munthu kutsutsana. Ndipo lero tikhoza n'cigwagwa 34 wazaka ake ulamuliro. Nalo gulu ake mkati azambiriyakale boma zambiri ntchito mawu monga "ŵakusanga absolutism". Okhulupirira chiphunzitso ichi amakhulupirira kuti boma ayenera kukhala amphamvu autocratic mphamvu ntchito kuti athandize nzika zake. Ŵakusanga absolutism wa Catherine 2 chimaoneka makamaka kulimbikitsa bureaucracy, yogwirizanitsa dziko ndi centralization kachitidwe kasamalidwe. Mfumukazi ankaganiza kuti gawo lalikulu la Russia ndi nyengo yake nkhanza inafunika kubadwa ndi chitukuko kuno autocracy. Schematically, mukhoza amasonyeza Catherine kusintha 2.

Table "kusinthika mu dziko"

Monga mukuonera pa gome, mu kusintha awa akuwonetseredwa bwinobwino absolutism ŵakusanga wa Catherine 2. Iye wafuna kuganizira mphamvu zonse za boma ku manja ake ndi kukhala m'dziko la magulu onse pa wapadera, inayambitsa malamulo.

"Malangizo" chikalata - mfundo absolutism ŵakusanga Catherine 2

Mfumukazi, mokalipa za mabuku a Montesquieu ndi kutsatira mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chake, anafuna convening otchedwa Zokonza Commission, amene waukulu cholinga - kupeza zosowa za anthu kuti achite kukonza zofunika mkati boma. Monga mbali ya thupi anapezeka ndi ziwanga 600 magulu osiyanasiyana. Monga malangizo chikalata cha bungwe Catherine linaperekedwa "Malangizo", umene unali zoona, maziko ongolankhula wa absolutism otsalira. Amadziwika kuti anali pafupifupi mwathunthu anasintha ku ntchito za Montesquieu - achangu adherent ya chiphunzitso. Catherine yekha anavomereza kuti iye ali akuno "m'madera ena mzere umodzi, mawu amodzi." ntchito inatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha, ndipo kenako kusungunuka. Anali thupi ili amatchedwa pa kuchita kusintha utsogoleri wa Catherine 2? Mwina, inde. Koma olemba mbiri lero kugwirizana mfundo yakuti ntchito zonse za Commission anali umalimbana kulenga chithunzi chabwino cha Mfumukazi mu Russia ndi mayiko ena. Ilo linali thupi anaganiza mphoto yake mutu wa "Wamkulu."

Administrative kusintha kwa Catherine 2

zaluso awa akhala mtchatho November 7, 1775. Anasintha dongosolo la utsogoleri gulu la dera la Russia. Poyamba, iye anali atatu wagawo: m'chigawo, chigawo, zigawo. Ndipo tsopano munda boma anayamba kugawikana kokha boma ndi zigawo. Ndinakopeka governorships angapo anali Kazembe-General. Iye anagonjera akazembe, ndi mthenga-fiscals ndi refatgei. Ndalama mu boma anali kuyang'anira Exchequer ndi thandizo la Komiti ya Banki. Pa mutu uliwonse wa chigawocho anaima akazembe. Mu osiyana utsogoleri wagawo anali olekanitsidwa mzinda, mutu umene aikiwa mu malo akuluakulu meya.

Catherine Senate kusintha 2

neoplasm unapangidwa Mfumukazi ya December 15, 1763. Malinga ndi iye, Senate anakhala lamilandu. Komanso, wagawanika mu Dipatimenti 6:

• The choyamba - kuyang'anira zochitika zonse za boma ndi ndale St. Petersburg;

• chachiwiri - m'makhoti ku St. Petersburg;

• Chachitatu - mankhwala, sayansi, luso, maphunziro, mayendedwe;

• Four - panyanja ndi dziko zochitika;

• Asanu - amchigulu ndi ndale Moscow;

• Six - zochitika khoti Moscow.

Catherine Administration Kusintha 2 kuno tinalengedwa kuti Senate womvera chida cha mphamvu autocratic.

kukonzanso chuma

Ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi anali yodziwika ndi chitukuko kwambiri chuma cha dziko. Kusintha kwa chuma Catherine 2 bwanji banki ndi dera ndalama malonda yachilendo. Mu ulamuliro wake, nthambi yatsopano ngongole (ndalama ngongole ndi Bank State) anayamba kulandira ndalama kwa anthu pa madipoziti kwa yosungirako. Anali woyamba chikalata banknotes - pepala ndalama. Boma pansi Catherine inkatumizidwa katundu kunja lalikulu zedi, monga chitsulo chosungunula, nsalu kupalasa, nkhuni, hemp, mkate. N'zovuta kunena ngati zidapatsa deta zabwino Catherine kusintha 2. Chitani kumuuza za n'zokayikitsa bwino. Chochuluka katundu wa tirigu pansi kasamalidwe ake kwachititsa njala zaka 1780 mu zigawo zambiri Russia. Milandu ya zoopsa za anthu wamba. Kuchuluka mtengo wa buledi. Chuma cha boma mulibe kanthu. Koma Russia a nongole kuposa rubles miliyoni 33.

Zaluso mu dongosolo maphunziro

Koma si onse masinthidwe a Mfumukazi anali kukumana ndi mavuto. Kusintha kwa maphunziro Catherine 2 unayambitsidwa mu 1760. Kulikonse anayamba kutsegula sukulu, chimene chingalowe nawo ana kuchokera makalasi osiyanasiyana. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa maphunziro akazi. Mu 1764 inakhalapo Smolensk Institute for Noble Atsikana. Mu 1783 anatsegula Russian Academy kumene anaitanidwa asayansi otchuka akunja. Kodi wasonyezera kusintha maphunziro Catherine 2? chakuti m'madera anapanga malamulo a chikondi pagulu, amene ali ndi udindo pa kayendetsedwe ka masukulu, zipatala, asylums kwa wamisala ndipo odwala, zipatala. Mu Moscow ndi St. Petersburg akhala ogona ana msewu, amene anawalandira mu analeredwa ndi maphunziro.

Wotchuka mu Catherine 2

kusintha Ichi ndi maganizo pakati mbiri yakale. Wotchuka 2 Catherine kusintha inkakhala mu buku la mu 1785. awiri makalata, mmodzi amene potsiriza wotetezedwa mwayi wa otchuka, ndipo zigawo zina za m'tawuni mu manambala 6. Mfumukazi otchedwa zimenezi "korona wa ntchito zawo." "Letters setifiketi otchuka" amatanthauza zotsatirazi:

• Gulu la anali amamasulidwa ku quartering mayunitsi usilikali, ku chilango logwirika, kuchokera kulanda katundu kwa milandu;

• otchuka anapeza ufulu matumbo a dziko lapansi, lamanja kumtunda umwini, ufulu ndi Maphunziro Mabungwe;

• Anthu awa ankaletsedwanso udindo ngati ndalama minda yawo anali zosakwana $ 100, ndipo akumanidwa ufulu kuvota, ngati inu mulibe udindo wa mkulu wa.

ndi kusintha m'tawuni Catherine 2 chiyani? Mfumukazi analamula kugawanitsa anthu m'magulu 6:

• okhala m'tawuni (eni nyumba);

• amalonda 3 munalidi gulu;

• amisiri;

• nonresident komanso akunja amalonda;

• nzika lopambana (amalonda olemera, osunga ndalama, mapulani, amisiri, asayansi, analemba);

• townsmen (popanda nyumba).

Ndi za kwa zaluso izi tikhoza kunena kuti Politika Ekateriny 2 kuno zathandizira kuti stratification amphamvu a anthu mu olemera ndi osauka. Choncho malo zachuma Part wa olemekezeka sakuyenda. Ambiri a iwo sakanakhoza kulowa pagulu, wosanyengereredwa kupeza zofunika zovala izi ndi nsapato. Pa yomweyo chiwerengero cha nduna yaikulu anali m'madera ambiri m'dziko ndi masauzande serfs.

Lamulo achipembedzo

M'madera ena adakali anakhudzidwa kusintha boma Catherine 2? Izi amphamvu wofuna mkazi kuyesa kulamulira zonse mu boma, kuphatikizapo chipembedzo. Mu 1764, iye anapereka lamulo mosatsata m'mayiko mpingo. Pamodzi ndi malo alimi deta akhala umasamutsidwa ku kasamalidwe ena Association ndalama. Motero, atsogoleri achipembedzo anali amadalira ufumu. Ambiri, Mfumukazi anayesetsa kutsata lamulo kulolera zipembedzo. Mu zaka zoyambilira za ulamuliro wake unatha kuzunzidwa Old Okhulupirira, analandira boma thandizo, Chibuda, Chiprotestanti, Chiyuda.

Catherine 2 ngati adherent ya chiphunzitso Choonadi

34-chimodzi wa Mfumukazi ladzala ndi zinthu zambiri zotsutsana. Ŵakusanga absolutism wa Catherine 2, chimene iye anayesa kukalalikira otchuka, ndipo unaonekera mwa zomwe iye analenga "Malangizo", ndipo ndi convening wa bungwe la Zokonza, ndi kusintha munda, ndipo mu utsogoleri gulu la dera la Russia, ndi kukonza mu gawo maphunziro. Komabe, kusintha awa zambiri. Maphunziro dongosolo, kasamalidwe autocratic mfundo serfdom anakhalabe sizisintha. mwapadera zapatsidwa kwa ubale Catherine French Chenicheni (Voltaire, Diderot). Iye anatsogolera makalata yogwira nawo, kupatsana maganizo. Iwo anali za iye wapamwambatu. Komabe, olemba mbiri amakono amakhulupirira kuti asapita awa anali mwangwiro zothandizira khalidwe. Mfumukazi zambiri mowolowa manja awo "abwenzi".

The zotsatira za ulamuliro wa mfumukazi kwambiri

Nthawi yakwana kuti mufotokozere Catherine kusintha 2 ndi mwachidule mwachidule ulamuliro wake. Iwo masinthidwe ambiri ankachiritsa, nthawi zina zotsutsana kwambiri. nyengo Mfumukazi amakhala ndi ukapolo pazipita wamba, kuwamana iwo ufulu osachepera. Pamene anapereka lamulo loletsa alimi kupeleka chodandaula mwininyumba wake. Ponseponse katangale komanso ndalama makamaka lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo akadandaule mfumukazi yekha, mowolowa manja endowing abale ndi kutseka bwalo ndi kupatsa okondedwa anu posts kiyi boma. N'zosadabwitsa kuti patatha zaka zochepa za ufumu wake, chuma cha dziko chinali chopanda. Kodi linatha 2 Catherine kusintha? Mwachidule, wina akhoza kunena izi: chaukali mavuto azachuma kugwa onse a chuma cha boma. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, iye anali wakhama mu moyo wapoyera ndipo ankakonda anakhala Russia chakwawo.

Tinaphunzira zimene aonekera anaunikira absolutism Catherine 2 pa ulamuliro wake, chakudyacho zimene anali kupereka kwa moyo.