Features dongosolo nyukiliya. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya phata selo

selo phata - organelle kofunika kwambiri, malo yosungirako ndi kubalana wa mudziwe chibadwa. Mlatho Kakhungu, amene ali 10-40% ya maselo, amene ntchito kwambiri pa moyo wa eukaryotes. Komabe, ngakhale popanda pamaso pa nkhani majini Zokhala kukhazikitsa zotheka. Chitsanzo cha ndondomekoyi ndi luso moyo maselo bakiteriya. Komabe, zochitika structural wa phata ndi cholinga chake ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa munthu multicellular chamoyo.

Malo phata muchipindachi ndipo akuphatikizapo

phata ili kwambiri cytoplasm ndi mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi akhakula osalala endoplasmic reticulum. Wazunguliridwa ndi nembanemba awiri, wosiyana ndi danga perinuclear. Mkati ngale masanjidwewo alipo, kuchuluka kwa chromatin ndi nucleoli.

Ena odalirika maselo a anthu alibe mtima, ndipo ena ntchito pansi kuponderezana choopsa cha ntchito zake. Ambiri, kapangidwe ka phata la (chiwembu) ankayimiridwa ngati M'mimbamo nyukiliya njanjira karyotheca ku maselo munali chromatin ndi nucleoli, lokhazikika mu nucleoplasm masanjidwewo nyukiliya.

kapangidwe karyotheca

Pakuti mayiko maselo pachimake, yotsirizira kuzioneka ngati thovu, womangika zipolopolo kuchokera thovu ena. Pachimake - ndi botolo la uthengawu ku maselo a makulidwe selo. Kuyambira cytoplasm ake anawateteza bilayer zamadzimadzi Kakhungu. Kore dongosolo chipolopolo ofanana Kakhungu ma. Ndipotu, iwo amasiyana yekha dzina ndi nambala ya zigawo. Popanda zonsezi, zimafanana mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito.

Kapangidwe karyotheca (Kakhungu nyukiliya) awiri wosanjikiza: izo wapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zamadzimadzi. Bilipidny karyotheca kunja wosanjikiza mwachindunji ojambula akhakula endoplasmic maselo reticulum. Internal karyotheca - nkhani pachimake. Pakati pa kariomembranoy akunja mkati danga perinuclear alipo. Zikuoneka inakhalapo chifukwa zochitika electrostatic - repulsion ziwembu zatsalira glycerol.

Ntchito Kakhungu nyukiliya ndi kulenga chotchinga makina pakati pa phata ndi cytoplasm. Phata mkati ndi malo Kakhungu fixation nyukiliya masanjidwewo - mamolekyulu unyolo mapuloteni amene amathandiza dongosolo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. The nembanemba awiri nyukiliya ndi pores wapadera kudzera kwa ribosomes mu cytoplasm Mtumiki masamba RNA. Pa makulidwe maziko ali nucleoli angapo ndipo chromatin.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa nucleoplasm ndi

Features dongosolo nyukiliya imatipatsa kuyerekeza ndi selo. Mkati phata ndilo pano malo apadera (nucleoplasm) umene Sol-gel osakaniza, ndi colloidal njira mapuloteni. Mkati mmenemo nucleoskeleton (masanjidwewo), kudzera mwa mapuloteni fibrillar. Chachikulu kusiyana imakhala kokha mapuloteni acidic alipo makamaka phata la. Zikuoneka ngati malo anachita ayenera kusunga katundu mankhwala zidulo mkati ndi zochita amuzolengedwa.

endosome

Kapangidwe ka phata khungu sangathe kutha popanda nucleoli. Im ndi helical ribosomal RNA, limene lili mu gawo yakucha. Kenako, kwa iye kupeza ribosome - ndi organelle zofunika kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. The nucleolus n'kopanda kapangidwe ali zigawo ziwiri: fibrillar ndi globular. Akusiyana yekha ndi elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu, ndipo alibe nembanemba awo.

chigawo Fibrillar lili pakati pa nucleolus lapansi. Bwaloli mtundu wa ribosomal RNA timafupa, umene adzasonkhanitsidwa ku kagawo kakang'ono ribosomal. Ngati tikambirana pachimake (kapangidwe ndi ntchito), ndi zoonekeratu kuti munthu chigawo chimodzi granular adzakhala anapanga ina. Awa ndi amodzi kukhwima ribosomal kagawo kakang'ono, amene ali mwa magawo ina ya chitukuko. Wa ribosomes awa anapanga posachedwa. Iwo amachotsedwa nucleoplasm kudzera pores nyukiliya karyotheca ndi kumgwetsera nembanemba awukali endoplasmic reticulum.

Chromatin ndi DNA

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya phata maselo organically zogwirizana: izo alipo okhawo nyumba ofunika yosungiramo ndi kubalana wa mudziwe chibadwa. Komanso pali karioskelet (masanjidwewo pachimake) amene ntchito ndi kusunga mawonekedwe organelles. Komabe, mbali zofunika kwambiri ndi phata chromatin. khromozomu ichi, kusewera udindo wa zolozera khadi la magulu osiyana a chibadwa.

Chromatin ndi puloteni zovuta chomwe dongosolo quaternary wa polypeptide zolumukizidwa ndi asidi ndi mkati (RNA kapena DNA). The plasmids chromatin mabakiteriya nawo pamsonkhanowo. Pafupifupi kotala la okwana kulemera mpaka chromatin histones - mapuloteni udindo "CD 'mfundo chibadwa. Mbali imeneyi ya maphunziro sayansi ndi zamoyo. Kapangidwe ka pakati zovuta ndendende chifukwa kukhalapo chromatin ndi njira iyo alternates spiralization ndi uncoiling.

Pamaso pa histone limachititsa condense ndipo amathandiza chingwe cha DNA mu malo aang'ono - mu phata selo. Izi zimachitika motere: histones kupanga nucleosomes, zimene mabungwe monga mikanda. H2B, H3, H4 ndi H2A - izi ndi waukulu histone mapuloteni. Nucleosome anapanga awiriawiri anayi aliyense histones anapereka. Choncho histone H1 ndi linker: izo kumayambitsa DNA pa malo a kulowa mauthenga mu nucleosome lapansi. DNA ma CD ndi zotsatira za "kumulowetsa" liniya molekyulu 8 histone mapuloteni dongosolo.

Kapangidwe ka phata, amene chiwembu kukuonetsedwa pamwamba kumapereka lingaliro solenoidpodobnoy DNA dongosolo okonzeka pa histones. The makulidwe a yense ndi za 30 nm. Kapangidwe akhoza Zachepetsedwa ndiponso kutenga malo kuchepa poyera kuti kuwononga makina amatipeza zikuchitika pa moyo selo.

The tuzigawo twa wa chromatin

Kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya phata selo fixated pa Chithandizo zazikulu njira helix ndi uncoiling wa chromatin. Chifukwa pali tuzigawo twa zikuluzikulu ziwiri kwake: kwambiri helical (heterochromatin) ndi malospiralizovannaya (euchromatin). Iwo agawidwa onse amapanga ndi zimagwirira ntchito. Mu DNA heterochromatin bwino kutetezedwa zimakhudza aliyense ndipo sangathe inalembedwa. Euchromatin kuteteza ofooka, koma majini akhoza kawiri pa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Nthawi zambiri malo heterochromatin ndi euchromatin ali alternated mu utali wonse wa khromozomu lapansi.

khromozomu

Selo phata, kapangidwe ndi ntchito imene yafotokozedwa mu buku lino zizindikiro khromozomu. Izi ndi zovuta kuli ankanyamula chromatin kuti Tingaone pansi wamamamayikirosikopu kuwala. Komabe, izi ndi zotheka ngati Wopanda lili selo mogwirizana mitotic kapena meiotic magawano. Imodzi mwa magawo ndi helix wa chromatin kupanga DNA. Kapangidwe awo ndi lophweka: khromozomu ali telomere ndi manja awiri. Aliyense chamoyo multicellular a mtundu dongosolo lomwelo la phata la. Table DNA iyenso ofanana.

Kukhazikitsa ntchito pachimake

Mbali yaikulu ya maziko a dongosolo kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa ena ntchito ndi kufunika nazo. Phata amachita monga zapamwamba za uthengawu ku maselo, ndiwo mtundu wa file ndi analemba mbali zonse kwa amino asidi mapulotini amene apanga mchipindamo. Tanthauzo akuchita ntchito yake, selo ayenera lithe mapuloteni kapangidwe ndi ndiyotengera mu mbewu ya.

Kwathunthu 'amamvetsa "mapuloteni chimene chingasonyeze kuti apanga nthawi yoyenera, pali dongosolo la Link (nembanemba) ndi maselo mkati. Information pa iwo umaperekedwa kwathunthu mwa transmitters maselo. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika limagwirira adenylate cyclase. Popeza maselo ongoyendayenda mahomoni (Epinephrine, norepinephrine), ndi mankhwala ena ndi dongosolo hydrophilic.

A yachiwiri mudziwe kufala limagwirira ndi mkati. Iye ogwera mamolekyulu lipophilic - corticosteroids. mankhwala bilipidnuyu likulowerera selo nembanemba ndi walangizidwa phata, kumene interacts ndi lilime lake. Chifukwa cha kutsegula kwa cholandilira zovuta ili pa khungu nembanemba (adenylate cyclase limagwirira) kapena karyotheca, anachita akuyamba kutsegula kwa mbewu makamaka. Iwo replicates, mtumiki RNA inamangidwa pa zifukwa zake. Kenako, malinga ndi atsopano apanga mapuloteni dongosolo kuti amachita ntchito yake.

Phata la zamoyo multicellular

Mu multicellular chamoyo makamaka dongosolo pachimake ndi amodzi mu umodzi tating'ono. Ngakhale pali ena mokoma. Choyamba, multicellular zikutanthauza kuti mwini zenizeni ntchito yake (kapena zambiri) adzakhala chikusonyeza nambala ya maselo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ena majini ndi kalekale despiralizovany, pamene ena mu boma kulalikira.

Mwachitsanzo, maselo a adipose minofu mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe adzapita wofooka, choncho ambiri chromatin ndi spiralized. Ndipo maselo, mwachitsanzo, exocrine pancreatic mapuloteni njira biosynthetic chitani mosalekeza. Chifukwa cha chromatin despiralizovan awo. M'madera amenewa majini ndi chitidwe zambiri. Mu mbali zofunika izi: asakhale ndi vutoli ya maselo zonse za thupi ndi limodzi. Chifukwa chakuti zosiyanasiyana ntchito mu zimakhala za ena mwa iwo ku ntchito, ndi zina dispiralized ena ambiri.

Nyukiliya ufulu maselo a thupi

Pali maselo, amene ali mbali structural a ngale akhoza kukhala chifukwa iwo amakhala moyo wawo kapena ziletsa ntchito yake, mwina kwathunthu kuchotsa izo. Chitsanzo losavuta - maselo ofiira. maselo Izi magazi, phata imene pano yokha mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko, pamene apanga hemoglobin. Kamodzi kuchuluka kwake chikukwanira kulanda mpweya, phata atachotsedwa maselo, kuti magawowa mayendedwe ake sikusokoneza oxygen.

Mu maonekedwe ake ambiri erythrocyte cytoplasmic thumba lodzala ndi hemoglobin. A dongosolo zofanana ndi khalidwe la maselo mafuta. Kapangidwe adipocyte selo phata kwambiri chosavuta, izo amachepetsa ndi kuwasintha kuti Kakhungu, ndi njira mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe ndi maximally imathetsa. Maselo amenewa komanso amatikumbutsa "matumba" wodzazidwa ndi mafuta, ngakhale kumene, zinthu zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa amakhala akuluakulu pang'ono kuposa maselo ofiira. Othandiza komanso alibe phata, koma sayenera ankamuona ngati maselo zonse kunachitika. chipindacho zidutswa koyenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko hemostasis.