Thunthu mu umagwirira ndi - ndi chiyani ichi? Katundu zinthu. makalasi a zinthu

funso zazikulu zimene ayenera kudziwa yankho munthu kuzindikira moyenera chithunzi cha dziko - kuti zinthu zoterozo mu zimapangidwira. Mfundo imeneyi anapanga ngakhale ali ndi zaka sukulu ndipo akuuza mwana kuti inakulitsidwa. Kupeza kuphunzira zimapangidwira n'kofunika kupeza nazo pa mlingo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, timatha kuona m'maganizo mwanu ndi kupezeka kufotokoza zosiyanasiyana njira, matanthauzo, katundu, etc.

Mwatsoka, chifukwa dongosolo sanali abwino a maphunziro ambiri akusowa ena ndizosowa ofunika. Lingaliro la "Thupi mu umagwirira" - mtundu wa pangondya, mayamwidwe yake ya tanthauzo ukupereka munthu chiyambi pomwe chitukuko wotsatira m'munda wa sayansi achilengedwe.

mapangidwe Lingaliro

Musanayambe mfundo zoona, m'pofunika kudziwa chiyani nkhani ya mmene zinthu zinapangidwira. Nkhani - ndi mwachindunji amafufuza kapangidwe ka masinthidwe onse awiri, kapangidwe ndi katundu. Mu luntha ambiri thunthu - izi ndi zimene zimapanga thupi.

Choncho, kodi ndi thunthu mu umagwirira chiyani? Tidzakhala kupanga mtima ndi kusintha kwa maganizo onse a chinthu mankhwala. Thunthu - ndi mtundu winawake wa nkhaniyi, kwenikweni ndi misa kuti angathe kuyeza. Mkhalidwe umenewu chimasiyanitsa mankhwala mitundu ina ya nkhaniyo - munda umene ulibe misa (magetsi, maginito, kwachilengedwenso munda, etc.). Kanthu, nayenso - chinthu kumene ife analenga ndi chirichonse chimene paliponse.

Zingapo makhalidwe ena a nkhaniyi, amaonekera, umene ndi mwachindunji - ndi kale phunziro zimapangidwira. Zinthu popangidwa ndi maatomu ndi tinthu (ena ayoni), kutanthauza chinthu chilichonse ongokhala mayunitsi chilinganizo ndi zinthu.

Zambiri ndi zovuta nkhani

Pambuyo lophunzira m'munsi tanthauzo angaphunzitse kwa kapangidwe kake. Zinthu kubwera mu milingo yosiyanasiyana ya bungwe, umene uli yosavuta zovuta (kapena kugwirizana) - uyu ndi gulu loyamba mu makalasi zinthu, umagwirira ali zambiri kulekana wotsatira, mwatsatanetsatane ndi zovuta zambiri. Gawo ili, mosiyana ndi anzake ena ambiri, ali ndi malire mosamalitsa kumatanthauza aliyense kugwirizana bwinobwino zimachitika m'gulu la mbalame ndi matanthauzo ofananafanana.

Zambiri thunthu mu Chemistry - pawiri wopangidwa ndi ma atomu a chinthu chimodzi chokha patebulo nthawi. Childs, izi mamolekyulu bayinare, i.e. wapangidwa particles awiri, chikugwirizana ndi covalent kulumikizana nonpolar - mapangidwe ambiri unshared awiri elekitironi. Choncho, maatomu a yemweyo mankhwala amafotokozera ndi electronegativity yomweyo, mwachitsanzo, luso kukumbukira wonse elekitironi osalimba, kotero si nkani kuti aliyense wa ophunzira polankhulana. Zitsanzo za zinthu chosavuta (nonmetals) - hydrogen ndi mpweya, chlorine, ayodini, fluorine, asafe, sulfure, etc. Amakhala maatomu atatu a molekyulu ndi zinthu monga ozoni, ndi wina - onse mpweya wolemekezeka (argon, xenon, helium, etc.). Mu zitsulo (magnesium, calcium, mkuwa, etc.) pali kugwirizana yake mtundu - zitsulo, ikuchitika chifukwa socialization wa ma elekitironi ufulu mkati zitsulo ndi mapangidwe tinthu ngati si anati. Pamene thunthu la mbiri zitsulo lili monga chizindikiro cha mchitidwe mankhwala popanda zolozera iliyonse.

Zambiri thunthu mu umagwirira zitsanzo za zimene anapatsidwa pamwamba, ndi osiyana zikuchokera Mkhalidwe wa zovuta wa. Mankhwala maatomu a zinthu zosiyana anapanga awiri kapena kuposa. Zinthu zimenezi ndi covalent kumalo ozizira kapena amaayoni mtundu kogwirizana. Popeza maatomu osiyana ndi electronegativity zosiyana, kenako mapangidwe awiri chonse elekitironi amapezeka kosangalatsa ake kwa chinthu zambiri electronegative, imbaenda ku kugawanika okwana molekyulu ndi. Amaayoni mtundu - ichi kwambiri nkhani ya kumalo ozizira, awiri elekitironi pamene kwathunthu anatembenukira kwa mmodzi wa gulu kumanga, ndiye maatomu (kapena magulu) ali n'kukhala ayoni. Chotsani malire, pali pakati pa mitundu, amaayoni chomangira angathe kutanthauziridwa monga covalent kumalo ozizira kwambiri. Zitsanzo za mankhwala zovuta - madzi, mchenga, galasi, salt, oxides, etc.

zinthu zosintha

Zinthu amatchedwa losavuta kwenikweni, ndi mbali yapadera kuti si chibadidwe zovuta a. Ena zinthu akhoza kupanga mtundu winawake wa mankhwala yosavuta. Abweretsa zonse monga ali wosakwatiwa amafotokozera, koma kachulukidwe zikuchokera, kapangidwe ndi katundu kwambiri kusiyanitsa formations amenewa. Mbali imeneyi imatchedwa allotropes.

Mpweya, sulfure, mpweya ndi zinthu zina ndi angapo zosintha allotropic. Mpweya - ndi wa O ₂ ndi O _3, mpweya amapereka amitundu inayi zinthu - carbyne, diamondi, graphite ndi fullerenes molekyulu ndi rhombic sulfure, monoclinic kusinthidwa ndi pulasitiki. Chotero nkhani yamasewera mu umagwirira zitsanzo za zimene sizinalembedwa okha pamwamba, ndi yofunika kwambiri. Makamaka, fullerenes ntchito luso monga semiconductors, photoresists, zina za kukula mafilimu diamondi ndi zolinga zina ndi mankhwala Ichitu antioxidant.

Kodi chimachitika kwa thunthu?

Aliyense wachiwiri amapezeka ndi kuzungulira kusintha kwa zinthu. Umagwirira ikufotokoza ndipo anafotokoza zomwe kupita nako kusintha Mkhalidwe ndi / kapena kachulukidwe mu zikuchokera mamolekyulu yomweyo. Mu yomweyi, inakula amayambira ndi kusinthika thupi lomwe yodziwika ndi kusintha mawonekedwe, mtundu, chuma kapena chikhalidwe cha loitanirana, ndi makhalidwe ena ena.

Mankhwala zochitika - ndi zimene amitundumitundu Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a M'MALO, kupatsana, kuwonjezeka, kusintha, exothermic, redox, etc., malingana ndi kusintha kwa chizindikiro chidwi. Pakuti zochitika thupi monga: evaporation, condensation, sublimation, kuvunda, kuzizira, magetsi madutsidwe, etc. Iwo nthawi zambiri limodzi, mwachitsanzo, ndi mphezi kukachita namondwe - sikutha thupi, ndi kusankha pansi Mpweya umene wake - mankhwala.

thupi katundu

Thunthu mu umagwirira - nkhaniyi, amene chibadidwe katundu wina thupi. Pamaso pawo, pakalibe, digiri ndi mphamvu akhoza ananeneratu, monga thunthu khalidwe zinthu zosiyana ndi kufotokoza ena mwa makhalidwe mankhwala mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu kuwira kutentha mankhwala organic, imene ndi wa hydrogen, ndi electronegative heteroatom (asafe, mpweya, etc.) amasonyeza kuti chinthu akusonyeza ankachita mtundu mankhwala monga kogwirizana wa hydrogen. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha zimene zinthu ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuchita magetsi chingwe ndi waya oyang'anira amapangidwa zitsulo zina.

katundu mankhwala

Kukhazikitsidwa, kuphunzira komanso kufufuza za katundu wa kutsidya lina la ndalama ndi chinkhoswe mu mankhwala. The katundu wa nkhani ku mfundoyi maganizo - ndi anachita interoperability awo. Ena zinthu amapatsa yogwira Mwanjira imeneyi, mwachitsanzo, zitsulo kapena oxidants aliyense ndi zina wolemekezeka (inert) mpweya umene m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa si pafupifupi anatani. Chemical katundu zikhoza adamulowetsa kapena passivated ngati n'koyenera, nthawi zina si zokhudzana ndi mavuto makamaka ndipo amavutika zina. Asayansi maola ambiri zasayansi, ndi polakwitsalakwitsa, zolinga, ndi zina samafuna iwo. Mwa kusinthasintha magawo chilengedwe (kutentha, kuthamanga, etc.) kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala wapadera - catalysts kapena zoletsa - zingakhudze katundu mankhwala zinthu, choncho anachita.

Gulu la mankhwala

Maziko a classifications onse chimatilekanitsa mu mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga. The mbali yaikulu ya nkhani organic - ndi mpweya chikugwirizana ndi mzake ndi hydrogenic maatomu mpweya kupanga hydrocarbon mafupa kuti mutayankha maatomu ena (mpweya, asafe, phosphorous, sulfure, halogens, zitsulo ndi ena), chatsekedwa mu zingwe zopota kapena nthambi, kutsimikizira potero zosiyanasiyana organic mankhwala. Pakali pano, sayansi amadziwa 20 miliyoni a zinthu zina. Ngakhale mankhwala mchere theka yokha miliyoni.

Aliyense kugwirizana payekha, komanso ndi zinthu zambiri zofanana ndi zina katundu, kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi, pali grouping mu makalasi zinthu. Umagwirira ali mkulu mlingo wa systematization ndi bungwe ndi sayansi yeniyeni.

inorganics

1. oxides - bayinare mankhwala ndi mpweya:

a) asidi - mwa kuchita ndi madzi anapatsidwa asidi;

b) waukulu - pokhudzana ndi madzi kupereka maziko.

2. acid - chinthu ongokhala mapulotoni chimodzi kapena zingapo ndi asidi wa hydrogen zotsalira.

3. zapansi The (soda) - zigwirizana magulu chimodzi kapena zingapo hydroxyl ndi atomu zitsulo:

a) amphoteric hydroxides - kuonetsa katundu ndi zidulo ndi zapansi.

4. Mchere - zotsatira za pa neutralization anachita pakati pa acid ndi soda (m'munsi sungunuka), zigwirizana wa atomu zitsulo ndi limodzi kapena mapesi kwambiri asidi:

a) salt asidi - ndi anion zotsalira za purotoni asidi zikuchokera ndi chifukwa cha chosakwanira dissociation wa asidi;

b) salt zofunika - chikugwirizana ndi zitsulo hydroxyl gulu chifukwa cha chosakwanira dissociation maziko a.

mankhwala organic

organics mu zosiyanasiyana kwambiri makalasi zinthu, monga buku la nkhani zovuta yomweyo kumbukirani. Chinthu chachikulu ndi kudziwa kulekana yaikulu ya aliphatic ndi mankhwala ozungulira, carbocyclic ndi heterocyclic, zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated. Komanso, chimasanduka ndi ena ofanana zambiri zomwe mmalo atomu a haidrojini pa halogen, mpweya, asafe, ndipo maatomu ena, komanso magulu zinchito.

Thunthu mu umagwirira - Kodi maziko suschestovanie. Chifukwa kaphatikizidwe organic wa munthu lero ali ambiri zipangizo yokumba kuti m'malo achilengedwe, komanso chosasimbika mu makhalidwe ake mu chirengedwe.