Chovuta ndi chiyani? Kodi makalasi a zinthu ndi ziti? Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zakuthupi ndi zachilengedwe

Mu moyo, takhala tikuzunguliridwa ndi matupi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pakhomo pazenera, pakhomo, patebulo, nyali, chikho, pamsewu - galimoto, kuwala kwa magalimoto, asphalt. Matupi kapena zinthu zilizonse zimakhala ndi chinthu. Nkhaniyi iyankha za zomwe zilipo.

Kodi chimayi ndi chiyani?

Ndi sayansi ya chirengedwe, kuphunzira zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zina, mawonekedwe awo, katundu ndi kusintha kwake chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mankhwala. Chemistry ndi imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu a sayansi ya chirengedwe ndipo imagwirizana ndi kuphunzirana kwa makompyuta ndi maatomu. Amapereka lingaliro lomveka bwino la chomwe chinthu chiri, ndipo chiri chogwirizana kwambiri ndi fizikiya ndi biology, motero amatanthauza sayansi ya chilengedwe.

Kufunika kwa Chemistry mu Moyo Waumunthu

Mchere, zamoyo, miyala ndi mlengalenga zimakhala zofanana zosiyana siyana. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa moyo ndi wosakhala moyo ndi zomwe mamolekyu anapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina zamagetsi. Moyo wathu wa chilengedwe udzakhazikitsidwa potsatira kayendedwe ka mankhwala.

Moyo wa munthu sungatheke popanda katundu wa mafakitale (zakudya, mavitamini, mankhwala, zodzoladzola, zida zomangira, zipangizo zomangira, varnishes ndi zojambula, fetereza zamchere, ndi zina zambiri).

Malekyulo ndi maatomu

Zinthu zonse zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa ma molekyulu (kuchokera ku Latin - misa). Mamolekyu onse amakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri - maatomu, kapena mochuluka, kuchokera ku nuclei, omwe ali kuzungulira ndi ma electron amkati ndi kunja omwe amapanga zida zamagetsi. Atomu ali ndi misala yeniyeni, ndipo chotero chiwerengero cha nkhani ndichokhazikika. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za kapangidwe ka molekyulu zinapezeka pofufuza za sayansi zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala, kusanthula mankhwala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi. Maatomu m'mamolekyu amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zida za mankhwala. Ma particlecopic particles mu molekyulu akhoza kuwonetsetsa bwino komanso molakwika.

Lingaliro la nkhani

Chovuta ndi chiyani? Thupi limaonedwa ngati zomwe matupi ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zili m "chilengedwechi zikuphatikizapo. Zinthu zili ndi mamolekyu, ndipo ma molekyulu amakhalanso ndi maatomu. Mwachitsanzo, msomali wachitsulo udzakhala thupi, ndi chitsulo - chinthu. Zina zilizonse zimakhala ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi.

Zizindikiro za thupi zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimasiyanitsa zinthu zina kuchokera kwa ena. Izi zikuphatikizapo: chiwerengero cha dziko, kuchuluka kwake, kusungunula, mtundu, gloss, kutentha (otentha kapena kusungunuka), magetsi opangira.

Mitundu ya mankhwala - zida za zinthu kuti zichite ndikudziwonetsera okha mu mankhwala njira (zotsatira).

Ntchito yowonjezera zamadzimadzi imadziwika ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi mankhwala.

Zosiyanasiyana za zinthu

Pali magulu a zinthu zomwe Ndizosavuta komanso zovuta. Kwa osavuta ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma atomu a chinthu chimodzi chokhachokha. Mwachitsanzo, mamolekyu a mpweya wambiri (neon, argon, oxygen, bromine, ayodini). Kuvuta kumatha kukhala ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zinapangidwa chifukwa cha kuphatikiza maatomu osiyanasiyana (madzi, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, potassium permanganate, sucrose). Zinthu zothandizira ndizo zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi pamtunda.

Zinthu zakuthupi

Gawoli likuphatikizapo zinthu zonse zomwe zili ndi kaboni. Kupatulapo ndi carbides, carbon oxides, carbonates ndi carbon-containing cyanides ndi mpweya.

Molekyu wa mankhwala a saccharides ali ndi zigawo zitatu ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zamoyo. Monosaccharides ndi mankhwala omwe samakhala ndi crystallization. Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) ali ndi ma molekyulu awiri, atatu kapena anayi. Crystallization ikuchitika. Polysaccharides (glycogen, wowuma, Aarabu, xylans) sagwedezeka ndipo samapasuka m'madzi. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi kugwirizana, kumangiriza ndi kumanga maselo. Kwa lipids ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe ali mu maselo onse amoyo. Amawoneka ngati maunyolo ophweka a kaboni kapena mabwinja a ma molekyulu. Iwo amagawidwa mu mafuta (triglycerides ndi ndale) ndi lipoids. Awa ndi ethers osavuta. Mafuta amchere (stearic, ricin) amapezedwanso m'zinthu zamoyo. Lipids ndi mafuta-monga zinthu zomwe zili zofunika chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo. Amapanga zolemba bwino. Mavitaminiwa amaphatikizapo mavitamini omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni. Siziwonongeka ndi zomwe zimachitika ndipo zimasiyana ndi mankhwala othandizira mankhwala kuti athe kuonjezera chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zimakhala bwino.

Zinthu zosafunika

Zinthu zosafunika zimaphatikizapo: madzi, mpweya, carbon, hydrogen, nayitrogeni, potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphorous, sulfure.

Madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso osungunuka. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera kutentha komanso kutentha kwapadera. Mitundu yamadzi yamadzimadzi imakhala yabwino kuti izi zichitike. Amadziwika kuti ndi owonetseredwa komanso osagonjetsedwa.

Mapangidwe a mankhwala ambiri osakhala ndi mapuloteni amaphatikizapo nayitrogeni. Sulufule amagwira ntchito mwakhama pomanga. Zamoyo zambiri zimakhala ndi phosphorous mu mchere. Potaziyamu ili mu maselo mu mawonekedwe a ions. Amayambitsa mavitamini a mapuloteni. Sodium ndi gawo la magazi ndipo limakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakulamulira madzi a thupi lonse. Iron imatenga mbali yogwira ntchito yopuma, photosynthesis ndipo imakhala ndi hemoglobin. Kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumalandira 2 mg wamkuwa. Kutaya kwake kumatulutsa magazi, kuchepa kwa njala ndi matenda a mtima. Manganese amakhudza njira zobwezeretsanso zomera. Zinc imathetsa carbonic acid. Boron imakhudza kukula kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Ngati sichikupezeka m'nthaka, maluwa ndi njira zoyendetsera ntchito zimachokera ku zomera. Molybdenum imayambitsa zinyama komanso zakhala zikudziwika kwambiri pa kukula kwa zomera.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zinthu zakuthupi ndi zakuthupi?

Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiri a zinthu. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kuli mu kapangidwe, kumene zinthu zopangidwa zimakhala ndi osakhala ndi maselo, ndi organic - maselo.

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosakhala ndi maselo, kotero zimadziwika ndi mfundo zowonongeka komanso zotentha. Iwo alibe mpweya. Izi zimaphatikizapo mpweya wabwino (neon, argon), zitsulo (calcium, calcium, sodium), amphoteric zinthu (chitsulo, aluminium) ndi nonmetals (silicon), hydroxides, mankhwala a binary, salt.

Organic nkhani ya maselo mawonekedwe. Iwo ali ndi mfundo zochepa zowonongeka, ndipo amawononga mofulumira pamene atenthedwa. Makamaka amakhala ndi mpweya. Kupatulapo: carbides, carbonates, carbon carbon and cyanides. Mpweya umathandiza kuti apange mankhwala ochuluka (omwe ali oposa 10 miliyoni amadziwika).

Ambiri mwa magulu awo ndi a kubadwa (chakudya, mapuloteni, lipids, nucleic acid). Mitundu imeneyi imaphatikizapo nayitrogeni, hydrogen, oksijeni, phosphorous ndi sulufule.

Kuti mumvetse zomwe zilipo, ndizofunika kulingalira zomwe zimakhudza mmoyo wathu. Kuyanjana ndi zinthu zina, zimapanga zatsopano. Popanda iwo, zochitika za moyo wa dziko loyandikana ndizosawerengeka komanso zosatheka. Zinthu zonse zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zina, choncho zimakhala ndi mbali yofunikira pamoyo wathu.