Mankhwala osagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe: mawonekedwe ndi ntchito

Maselo onse a zamoyo ali ndi nembanemba ya plasma, nucleus ndi cytoplasm. Organoids ndi inclusions zimapezeka kumapeto. Organoids ndi mapangidwe osatha mu khola, yomwe iliyonse imagwira ntchito zina. Zowonjezera ndizomwe zimakhala ndizing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi glycogen zinyama ndi zomera zowonjezera. Iwo amachita ntchito yosungira. Zowonjezera zitha kupezeka pa cytoplasm komanso mu matrix a organelles, monga ma chloroplasts.

Chiwerengero cha organelles

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kameneka, amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu. Mu cytology, membrane ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu a organoids ali okhaokha. Yoyamba ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: memphane limodzi ndi memphane.

Mankhwala amodzi omwe amapezeka m'magulu amodzi amatchedwa reticulum (reticulum), Golgi, ma- lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, melanosomes.

Mitochondria ndi plastids (ma chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts) amawerengedwa ngati organoids . Zili ndi zovuta kwambiri, osati chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ziwalo ziwiri. Zomwe amapanga, inclusions komanso ziwalo zonse za DNA ndi DNA zingakhalensopo. Mwachitsanzo, mu matrix a mitochondrial, ribosomes ndi DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) zimawoneka.

Mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito osagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunduwu amakhala ribosomes, cell centriole (centriole), microtubules ndi microfilaments.

Nemembrannye organoids: ntchito

Ribosomes amafunikira kuti apange mapuloteni. Iwo ali ndi udindo pa kusinthira, ndiko kutanthauzira kwa chidziwitso chomwe chiri pa mRNA, ndi kupanga mapangidwe a polypeptide a amino acid.

Maselo a selo amagwira nawo ntchito yopanga chigawenga. Amapanga zonse mu njira ya meiosis, ndi mitosis.

Mbali zoterezi, monga microtubules, zimapanga cytoskeleton. Imachita ntchito zomangamanga ndi zoyendetsa. Pamwamba pa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timene timagwiritsira ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Njira yopitako imapezeka ndi chithandizo cha mapuloteni apadera, omwe amatchedwa mapuloteni amoto. Pakatikati pa bungwe la microtubules ndi centriole.

Mafilimu amatha kutenga nawo mbali pokonza mawonekedwe a selo, komanso ndizofunika kuti kayendedwe ka zamoyo zinazake monga amoeba. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zingapangidwe kuchokera kwa iwo, ntchito zomwe sizinaphunzire bwino.

Chikhalidwe

Monga zikuwonekera kuchokera ku dzina, organoid ya chipangidwe chopanda membrane mulibe nembanemba. Zili ndi mapuloteni. Zina mwa izo zili ndi nucleic acid.

Mapangidwe a ribosomes

Mankhwalawa omwe sali a membrane amapezeka pamakoma a endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosome ali ndi mawonekedwe, m'mimba mwake ndi 100-200 angstroms. Mankhwalawa osagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu awiriwa amakhala ndi magawo awiri (ang'onoang'ono). Pamene ribosome siigwira ntchito, iwo amalekanitsidwa. Pofuna kuti agwirizanitse, payenera kukhalapo mavitoni a magnesium kapena calcium mu cytoplasm.

Nthawi zina, popanga mapuloteni akuluakulu a puloteni, ribosomes ikhoza kuphatikizidwa m'magulu otchedwa polyribosomes kapena polysomes. Chiwerengero cha ribosome mwa iwo chikhoza kukhala kuyambira 4-5 mpaka 70-80 malingana ndi kukula kwa molecule ya puloteni yomwe imapanga.

Mitundu ya Ribosomes imaphatikizapo mapuloteni ndi rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), komanso ma molekyulu a madzi ndi ioni zamtundu (magnesium kapena calcium).

Makhalidwe a chipinda cha selo

M'magulu a eukaryotes, organoids osagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maguluwa amakhala ndi mbali ziwiri, zomwe zimatchedwa centrosomes, ndi centrosphere, yomwe imakhala pamwamba pa centrioles. Mosiyana ndi vuto ndi ribosomes, mbali za organoid nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa. Chiwonongeko cha two centrosome chimatchedwa diplomatism.

Centrosome iliyonse imakhala ndi microtubules, yomwe imapotozedwa ngati mawonekedwe a silinda.

Makhalidwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Choyamba chimakhala ndi actin ndi mapuloteni ena amtunduwu, monga myosin, tropomyosin, ndi zina zotero.

Ma microtubules amaimira makina aakulu, opanda mkati, omwe amakula kuchokera ku centriole mpaka kumbali ya selo. Machenga ake ndi 25 nm, ndipo kutalika kwake kungakhale kochokera ku nanometer angapo mpaka mamita ambiri, malingana ndi kukula ndi ntchito za selo. Mankhwalawa osagwiritsidwa ntchito mopangidwa ndi membrane amapangidwa makamaka ndi mavitamini a tubulin.

Ma microtubules ndi osaganoid osakhazikika, omwe amasintha nthawi zonse. Amakhala ndi mapeto komanso amatha. Yoyamba nthawi zonse imadzipangira okha molecule ya tubulin, ndipo kuchokera pa yachiwiri iwo amagawikana nthawi zonse.

Mapangidwe a organoids osakhala ndi membrane

Nucleolus ndi amene amapanga mapangidwe a ribosomes. Zimapanga ribosomal RNA, yomwe imakhala ndi encoded ndi ribosomal DNA, yomwe ili pamagulu apadera a chromosomes. Mapuloteni omwe amapanga organoids awa amapangidwa mu cytoplasm. Pambuyo pake, amatengedwera ku nucleolus, kumene amaphatikizana ndi ribosomal RNA, kupanga kachigawo kakang'ono ndi kakang'ono. Kenaka mapuloteni otsirizidwa amasunthira ku cytoplasm, ndiyeno kumakoma a granular endoplasmic reticulum.

Maselo a selo akhalapo mu selo kuyambira pamene adayambitsidwa. Zimapangidwa pogawira selo la amayi.

Kutsiliza

Monga chiwerengero, timapereka tebulo lalifupi.

Kotero, tsopano mumadziwa zonse za osganoids zomwe sizipezeka muzitsamba zonse zamasamba ndi zinyama ndi za fungal.