Mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa zipangizo

Masiku ano, pali za miliyoni 2.5 mankhwala osiyanasiyana, onse mwachibadwa zikuchitika ndi chongopeka apanga ndi munthu. Iwo onse ali osiyana kwambiri, ena mwa iwo - ophunzira n'kofunika njira kwachilengedwenso kunachitika zamoyo. Mankhwala amasiyana lililonse katundu ena mwa mankhwala. Zofunika ndi zimene akadali zotheka asankhe makamaka mankhwala molekyulu, pansipa.

Chavuta ndi chiyani?

Ngati inu kupereka tanthauzo la mfundo imeneyi, m'pofunika lozani kugwirizana kwake ndi matupi a mnofu. Ndipotu, chinthu amati ndendende zimene tichipeza matupi awa. Mwachitsanzo, galasi, chitsulo, sulfure, matabwa - mankhwala. Zitsanzo zikhoza anabweretsa wamphamvu. Losavuta kumvetsa izi: Monga mmene mawuwa amanena kuti zinthu zonse za m'dzikoli pali wa ma yosiyanasiyana ya maselo, komanso particles yosavuta monatomic.

Choncho, madzi, mowa, zidulo, alkalis, mapuloteni, chakudya, mchere, shuga, mchenga, dongo, diamondi, mipweya, etc. - ndi thunthu. Zitsanzo zikhoza kukhala bwino mumpanda akamanena za mfundo imeneyi.

Thupi - ndi mankhwala, amene analengedwa ndi chikhalidwe kapena munthu pa maziko a mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, galasi - thupi chomwe galasi ndi pepala - thupi lomwe ndi kukonzedwa mapadi kapena mtengo.

Kumene, mamolekyulu zonse zosiyana. Kodi maziko a kusiyana kwawo, iwo adachemera katundu - thupi, mankhwala ndi katundu organoleptic. Iwo anafotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera kuti aliyense sayansi ake. Zimakhala masamu, mawunikidwe, komanso njira malangizo, ndi zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, sayansi zimapangidwira amagwiritsa aliyense mankhwala, kapena kani, kuzindikira izo, wothandizila wanu. Anasankhidwa pa maziko a mbali structural wa molekyulu ndi kulosera katundu mankhwala. Ndiye anayesedwa experimentally ovomerezeka komanso anakonza maziko ongolankhula.

gulu la zinthu

Maziko a gulu m'magulu mankhwala akhoza kuika zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, boma la loitanirana. Onse a iwo akhoza kukhala pa chinthu ichi wa mitundu inayi:

• plasma;
• mpweya;
• madzi;
• crystalline chuma (olimba).

Ngati ife monga maziko a ntchito zambiri "kwambiri" chizindikiro, zipangizo zonse angathe kugawidwa:

• organic - zochokera mu unyolo ndi m'zinthu mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu;
• zochita kupanga - onse.

The zikuchokera elemental amene amasonyeza mankhwala a kachitidwe, ali:

• yosavuta - ndi mtundu umodzi wa maatomu mankhwala;
• zovuta - awiri kapena kuposa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu.

Nayenso wamba ogaŵikana zitsulo ndi nonmetals. Chipangizo ndi makalasi ambiri salt, zapansi, zidulo, oxides, esters, chimasanduka, alcohols, mkati zidulo ndi zina zotero.

mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala a mitunduyi

Kodi zomveka kuti ndi mawonekedwe, kugwirizana anasonyeza? Kumene, chilinganizo ichi zinthu. Iwo ali osiyana. Malinga mtundu wa malangizo nawo mosiyana molekyulu komanso. Choncho, pali mungachite:

1. Wazotsatira kapena maselo. Limangotsatira kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zikuchokera thunthu. Pamafunikanso zizindikiro za thupi zam'mwamba ndi index mu ngodya wamanzere wa izo, kusonyeza chiwerengero cha maatomu mu molekyulu ndi. Mwachitsanzo, H ₂ O, Na _{2 4,} AL ₂ (CHONCHO _{4) 3.}
2. Elekitironi mapindidwe akuwala. chilinganizo Izi zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha valence ma elekitironi aliyense mchitidwe amapanga pawiri. Choncho, munthu wotero chimake ndi kale zotheka kulosera zina mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa zinthu.
3. Mu organic umagwirira wamba kugwiritsa ntchito zonse ndi chidule structural kachitidwe. Amaonetsa dongosolo la atomu mu mamolekyulu ndi Komanso, zikuonetseratu poyera chinthu ndiwe wa kalasi makamaka mankhwala. Ndipo limakupatsani molondola kudziwa mtundu wa mamolekyulu ndi kulosera za makhalidwe onse chifukwa cha mgwirizano wake.

Choncho, zizindikiro mankhwala ndi mankhwala molondola Onani m'magazini a chilinganizo - yayikulu ntchito ndi zinthu zonse kudziwika. Maziko ongolankhula kuti aliyense ayenera kudziwa wophunzira amene amaphunzira zimapangidwira.

thupi katundu

Makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a katundu thupi ali anasonyeza ndi zipangizo. Kuti amagwa m'gulu limeneli?

1. boma thupi m'mikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo muyezo.
2. ndi Reflux kutentha, kusungunuka, kuzizira, evaporation.
3. Organoleptic makhalidwe: mtundu, kununkhiza, kulawa.
4. Solubility mu madzi ndi solvents ena (organic, mwachitsanzo).
5. The kachulukidwe ndi fluidity, kukhuthala.
6. Zamagetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe, kutentha mphamvu.
7. Chojambula permeability.
8. Mpweya wa poizoni.
9. Mayamwidwe ndi umuna.
10. Inductance.

Palinso angapo zizindikiro, zimene zili zofunika kwambiri kwa mndandanda, kunyezimiritsa katundu zinthu. Komabe, pakati pa thupi ndi mankhwala. Ali:

• elekitirodi kuthekera ;
• kutayipa galasi latisi;
• electronegativity;
• kuuma ndi brittleness;
• malleability ndi ductility;
• osakhalitsa kapena evaporation;
• Zotsatira kwachilengedwenso pa zamoyo (chakupha, lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma, wothandizila mitsempha, ndale, opindulitsa, etc.).

Nthawi zambiri kanjedza amatchulidwa chimodzimodzi pamene kale anachitira mwachindunji ndi katundu mankhwala zinthu. Komabe, mukhoza mwachindunji mu gawo thupi kulakwitsa sadzapezekapo.

The katundu mankhwala zinthu

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu yonse zotheka kwa anzake a molekyulu ndi zinthu zina yosavuta zovuta. Kuti ndi mwachindunji mankhwala anachita. Pakuti mtundu uliwonse wa kugwirizana ali mosamalitsa yeniyeni. Komabe, olekanitsidwa katundu gulu wamba kalasi lonse la zinthu.

Mwachitsanzo, asidi onse angathe yatikhudza ndi zitsulo, malinga ndi udindo wawo mu electrochemical mndandanda wa zitsulo voltages. Komanso kwa onse lililonse neutralization anachita soda ndi, yatikhudza ndi zapansi insoluble. Komabe, anaikira asidi sulfuric ndi nitric makamaka, kuyambira mankhwala anachita atamva ndi zitsulo osiyana ndi anthu akamagwira zochita zofanana ndi anthu ena m'kalasimo.

Mankhwala zimatha kwambiri aliyense mankhwala. chiwerengero chawo anatsimikiza mu ntchito ya pawiri, ndicho, luso kuchita ndi zigawo zina. Pali zotakasika kwambiri, pali pafupifupi inert. Izi mosamalitsa ndi chizindikiro payekha.

nkhani yamasewera

Awa ndi anthu amene amakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa atomu, koma osiyana mu chiwerengero chawo. Mwachitsanzo, S _8, O _2, O _{3, Au,} N _2, P _4, CL _{2 Ari,} ndi ena.

The katundu mankhwala zinthu yosavuta yafupika kucheza ndi:

• zitsulo;
• sanali zitsulo;
• madzi;
• zidulo;
• alkalis ndi hydroxides amphoteric;
• mankhwala organic;
• salt;
• oxides;
• peroxide ndi anhydride, ndi tinthu ena.

Kachiwiri tisaiwale kuti akapulumuka makhalidwe enieni lililonse nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, katundu thupi ndi mankhwala zinthu yosavuta amaonedwa payekha.

zinthu zovuta

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo mankhwala amenewa, mamolekyulu limene anapanga ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Kuchuluka kwa aliyense wa iwo angakhale osiyana. Kumvetsa pano zitsanzo zingapo zosavuta:

• H ₃ PO _4;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6];
• Cu (o) _2;
• LiF;
• AL ₂ O ₃ ndi ena.

Popeza onse a magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu, kudziwa wamba maonekedwe ndi mankhwala onse zosatheka. Izi zimatha yeniyeni, wapadera ndi munthu lililonse.

inorganics

Iwo lero, pali anthu oposa 500 zikwi. Pali onse yosavuta zovuta. Okwana pali zikuluzikulu makalasi a mankhwala zochita kupanga, ndiwo zosiyanasiyana awo onse.

1. Zambiri mankhwala zitsulo.
2. Oxides.
3. Zambiri zinthu sanali zitsulo.
4. Noble kapena inert mpweya.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. Oyaka wa hydrogen pawiri.
8. Hydrides.
9. Salt.
10. Acid.
11. Base.
12. Amphoteric pawiri.

nthumwi aliyense lililonse kalasi waika yakeyake thupi katundu ndi mankhwala kuti kulola kuwasiyanitsa ndi mankhwala ena ndi kuzindikira.

Katundu zinthu organic

Organics - ndi gawo zimapangidwira kuti amachita ndi kafukufuku wa mankhwala ena kuposa zochita kupanga, ndi katundu wawo. mpweya maatomu chimayambitsa dongosolo lawo, angathe kulumikiza ndi mnzake mu nyumba zosiyanasiyana:

• liniya kapena unyolo nthambi;
• m'zinthu;
• onunkhira mphete;
• heterocycles.

Zamoyo anapeka monga mankhwala amenewa, monga maziko a moyo - ndi mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya. Onsewo - oimira zinthu organic. Choncho, katundu wa zizindikiro zawo. Koma Mulimonsemo, ziribe kanthu mtundu wanji wa ataunika funso, komabe chifukwa ndizodabwitsa za akonzedwa zina za thupi katundu ndi mankhwala, zomwe ife tamutchula uja.

Kodi nkhani moyo?

Likutchedwa wamoyo nkhani yomwe imakhala ndi zotsalira zazomera lonse la dziko lathuli. Kuti anthu zamoyo zimene zimapanga moyo kuti:

• mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina;
• mogwirizana;
• zomera;
• nyama;
• bowa;
• anthu.

Popeza zambiri za mankhwala mu okhalapo amoyo - organic, n'zotheka kuti awatengere iwo ku gulu la nkhani wamoyo. Komabe, si onse. amene Only n'zofunika kwambiri kuti kuli oimira moyo wa biosphere lapansi. Iwo mapuloteni, zidulo mkati mahomoni, mavitamini, mafuta, chakudya, amino zidulo ndi ena. Mawu akuti "moyo kanthu" polima Vernadsky, woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso cha biosphere dzikoli.

The katundu wa nkhani wamoyo:

• chuma cha mphamvu ndi kuthekera kwa kutembenuka ake;
• kudziletsa lamulo;
• kayendedwe zaufulu
• kusinthana kwa mibadwo;
• zosiyanasiyana kwambiri.

Makhiristo ndi zachitsulo zinthu

Zimatanthauza mankhwala onse crystalline ndi mtundu winawake wa dongosolo latisi. Pali kugwirizana kwa atomiki, maselo kapena zachitsulo latisi krustalo. Malinga mtundu ndi katundu wa osiyana crystalline zinthu. Chitsanzo mankhwala olimba kumaiona fine- kapena coarse crystallites ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana.

Palinso zinthu yosavuta ndi dongosolo otere, monga graphite kapena diamondi, wapatali ndi theka-miyala ya mtengo, mchere, miyala. The katundu zoyambirira za iwo:

• kuuma;
• fragility;
• pafupifupi limatsogolera ndi kutentha kuwira.

Komabe, monga nthawi yonse, aliyense Mbali sangakhale abwino aliyense.

Zitsulo katundu zinthu kuonetsa zitsulo, kasakaniza wazitsulo awo. Kwa iwo, ya makhalidwe ambiri:

• malleability ndi ductility;
• mkulu kuwira mfundo, kusungunuka mfundo;
• zamagetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe;
• zachitsulo luster.