Thupi katundu

Category thupi katundu - mmodzi wa mfundo yaikulu kupanga uliri ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri katundu wa zinthu, zinthu ndi zochitika popanda amene ntchito chidziwitso cha munthu Sindingachite.

M'lingaliro wodziika, katundu zimenezi n'zimene onse katundu sanali mankhwala mankhwala, i.e. ngati kuti thunthu ndi chibadidwe chifukwa cha mogwirizana ake ndi zinthu zina.

Zikuphatikizapo katundu monga limatsogolera ndi magawo kuwira kutentha, mphamvu kutentha ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe, kachulukidwe zakuthupi. Ndi katundu electrophysical ndi inductance, matenthedwe madutsidwe ndi dielectric zonse. zofunika kwambiri ndi katundu monga mayamwidwe, mtundu, ndende.

Zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe kumvetsa katundu thupi ndi makhalidwe a M'derali lomwe zimaonetsela ankaimba ndi chakuti chinthu kungakhale mankhwala ndale khola Koma ngati kumene khola ndi kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka tinthu ake. Ichi ndi chofunika chifukwa, ngakhale pokhala yemweyo boma la loitanirana, ndi thupi katundu ndi zinthu zikhoza kukhala zosiyana. kusiyana ndi anakonzeratu ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, monga kapangidwe galasi latisi, kupeza mbali ya njira ndi ena.

Kunena zoona, zinthu zonse zopezeka m'chilengedwe adzatenga katundu thupi, kumene kudziwa udindo wake mu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, limatsogolera kutentha (chuma ichi kawirikawiri ukutchulidwa kuti maumboni mu kutentha solidification), ndi kutentha malire pa zomwe olimba crystalline thupi adutse mu boma madzi. Mu tanthauzo limeneli, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti Mawu ofunikira ndi mawu akuti "mulole", ndiko kuti, zikutanthauza kuti pa kutentha anapatsidwa, nkhani ikhoza kukhala madzi kapena olimba. Koma ngati kutentha izi kuonjezera penapake, chinthu, ndithudi, amapita ku boma madzi, ndipo potsatira - M'malo mwake. Izi khalidwe thupi la thunthu ndi umafananirako katundu wina - otentha mfundo, koma katundu izi zofanana Koma ngati pankhani chinthu choyera.

Ngati tikulingalira thupi katundu monga madutsidwe magetsi, magetsi madutsidwe, zokhudzana ndi boma gulu la zamagetsi, ayenera kuti katundu izi zimaonetsa kuti thupi la umunthu anadzera pa magetsi. Malinga zimenezi, anthu Matupi kuchititsa magetsi amatchedwa ochititsa pamene anthu musaphonye - dielectrics. Potengera maonekedwe deta, ife athanso kunena katundu mankhwala. Y ochititsa nthawi zones ndi zaulere onyamula mlandu magetsi, koma dielectrics sizingakhale ali. mawu awa kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti thupi katundu ukudalira katundu wa mankhwala, ndipo iwo matanthauzo chifukwa mzake.

Mothandizidwa ndi magawo thupi akhoza ngati nambala yaikulu komanso zinthu zinthu zimene zatizungulira m'chilengedwe anafotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, ichi chititsimikizira kuti thupi katundu wa asafe - mankhwala omwe ndi mbali yaikulu ya mpweya ndi motere.

Asafe ndi mpweya colorless lomwe lili limatsogolera kutentha wofanana -210 ° C, ndi pa kutentha -196 ° C, asafe zithupsa. Asafe ndi sungunuka m'madzi ndi osalimba ake ndi 0.0012506 g / cm3. The dielectric zonse za asafe pa kutentha wofanana 1.000528 25 ° C.

Kapena, mwachitsanzo, thupi katundu wa Mpweya umene yodziwika ndi magawo amenewa. Mpweya umene - komanso ndi mpweya colorless ndi fungo yeniyeni ndi kukoma, kumakhaladi mdima buluu kulocha, ndi olimba amakhala wakuda m'chigawo madzi. Mpweya umene limatsogolera kutentha ndi madigiri -192,7, ndipo zithupsa pa -111,9 ° C. Mpweya umene ndi sungunuka m'madzi, ali dielectric zonse 1.0019 (pa 0 ° C), ndipo ali osalimba a 0,002144 g / cm3 (pa 20 ° C).