Kodi mliri wapangidwa bwanji? Kutuluka, kuyenda, kuyeretsa, kupuma, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mfupa

Lymph ndi minofu yamtundu wa thupi, yomwe imapezeka m'ziwiya zamakono komanso mitsempha yamagetsi. Mu thupi la munthu, mphutsi imapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa 2-4 malita patsiku. Ndi madzi omveka bwino, omwe amatha kufika 1,026. Mankhwala am'mimba ndi amchere, pH ndi 7.35-9.0. Madzi amenewa amathandiza kuti madzi azikhala osakwanira ndipo amatha kusamba tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku matenda.

Kuwoneka kwa ma lymph

Minofu imeneyi imayenda m'ziwiya za ma lymphatic ndipo imapezeka pafupifupi ziwalo zonse. Ambiri mwa ziwalo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti miyendo ya mitsempha ikhale yotsika kwambiri: m'chiwindi, ntchentche, mitsempha, komanso mumtima.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mapangidwe ake ndi osakhazikika, chifukwa zimadalira ziwalo ndi ziphuphu zomwe zimachokera. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndizo madzi, kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, mankhwala a lymphocytes ndi leukocytes. Mosiyana ndi minofu yamadzi, maselo amphamvu amakhala ndi mapuloteni apamwamba kwambiri. Zomwe zimayambitsa mankhwala zikufanana ndi magazi a m'magazi, koma mamasukidwe ake otsekemera ndi ofooka.

Mmene thupi limapangidwira limaphatikizaponso anions, mavitamini ndi mavitamini. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera coagulation mphamvu ya magazi. Ngati mitsempha yaing'ono yamagazi (capillaries) yowonongeka, chiwerengero cha ma lymphocytes chimawonjezeka. Ndiponso m'matumbo ndizochepa za monocytes ndi granulocytes.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti thupi la munthu silikhala ndi mapalelet, koma limatha kutseka, chifukwa lili ndi fibrinogen. Pachifukwa ichi, chovala chosalala cha mtundu wachikasu chimapangidwa. Kuonjezera apo, mumadzimadzi awa, ziwalo za chitetezo cha humoral (lysozyme, properdin), komanso kuthandizira, zimawululidwa, ngakhale kuti bactericidal mphamvu ya lymph ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa ya magazi.

Tanthauzo la mphutsi

N'zotheka kuwona ntchito zazikuluzikulu za mlifu:

• Kubwerera kwa electrolytes, mapuloteni ndi madzi kuchokera kumalo osakanikirana mpaka magazi;

• Kukhazikika kwa thupi kumathandiza kuti mapangidwe a mkodzo akhale ochepa;

• Mitsempha imanyamula zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalowa m'thupi, kuphatikizapo mafuta;

• mavitamini ena (mwachitsanzo, lipase kapena histamine) angalowe m'magazi okha kupyolera mu mchitidwe wamagetsi (ntchito yamagetsi);

• Mitsempha imatenga maselo ofiira a magazi, omwe amasonkhanitsa pamenepo pambuyo pa zoopsa, komanso poizoni ndi mabakiteriya (kuteteza ntchito);

• imapereka mgwirizano pakati pa ziwalo ndi ziphuphu, komanso dongosolo la lymphoid ndi magazi;

• Kusamalira maselo ochepa a maselo, ie, homeostatic ntchito.

Kuonjezera apo, mu maselo a mitsempha amapanga ma lymphocytes ndi ma antibodies, zomwe zimawathandiza kumayambilira mthupi mwa thupi. Ndi khansa, njuvu ndi njira yaikulu yofalitsa maselo a khansa.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti maselo, minofu yamadzi ndi magazi ali ofanana kwambiri, choncho perekani malo otsekemera.

Mapangidwe amphamvu kwambiri

Izi zimachokera ku kusungunula, kufalitsa, osmosis ndi kusiyana kwa hydrostatic pressure, yomwe imapezeka m'ma capillaries komanso m'madzi otentha.

Kodi mliri wapangidwa motani? Pachifukwa ichi, mlingo wa kuperewera kwa zombo zamakono ndizofunikira kwambiri. Motero, tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa m'makoma a makina a mitsempha yotchedwa lymphatic capillaries m'njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri:

1. Pakatikati, pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapatuka timadutsa m'mipata yambiri, kukula kwake kukufikira 10 nm - 10 μm.

2. Kupyolera kwa endothelium, zotengera zoterezi zimagwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe kawo mwachindunji mothandizidwa ndi micropinocytosis vesicles ndi mablisters.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti njirazi zimagwira ntchito imodzi.

Ngati muyankha funso lakuti "Mmene thupi limapangidwira", ndi bwino kukumbukira kupsyinjika kwa oncotic. Motero, kuthamanga kwa magazi kothamanga kwa magazi kumalimbikitsa kupanga mapuloteni, ndipo kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa oncotic kumaletsa njirayi. Kusungunuka kwa madzi kumadutsa kupyolera kwa capillaries, ndipo kubwerera ku njira yowopsya, chifukwa pali kusiyana kwapakati pa mapeto a mitsempha.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kuperewera kwa ma lymphocapillaries kumadalira malingana ndi momwe ziwalo zimagwirira ntchito, komanso zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakina, zamagetsi, komanso zamatsenga. Liwiro la kupyapyala ndi mphamvu yake limadalira mgwirizano pakati pa kayendedwe ka maselo ndi maselo. Choncho, ngati mphindi imodzi ya ma circulation ndi 6 malita, 15ml ya madzi imasankhidwa kudzera m'magazi a magazi, 12 ml yomwe imabweretsedwanso mmbuyo, koma 5 ml amakhalabe pamalo, ndikubwerera ku njira yoyendetsa mitsinje.

Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe zimapangidwira komanso momwe zimapangidwira, m'pofunika kudziwa zomwe zimapangidwira momwe thupi limayendera.

Mbali za bungwe la lymphatic system

Chiyanjano choyambirira ndi ma lymphatic capillaries. Iwo ali mu ziphuphu zonse ndi ziwalo. Palibe iwo okha mu ubongo ndi msana wam'nsana, maso a maso, mkati mwa khutu, komanso mu khungu la epithelium, mu nthenda, mafupa, mafupa.

Mankhwalawa amatha kugwirizanitsa, kupanga maukonde a amphinecapillary ndi zitsulo zazikulu zam'mimba zomwe zili ndi zidutswa zitatu:

• mkati - muli maselo otchedwa endotheliocytes;

• Zambiri - zili ndi maselo ofunika kwambiri;

• minofu yapadera.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zitsulo zamagetsi zili ndi valve. Chifukwa cha iwo, kayendetsedwe ka maselo am'mimba amapezeka kokha kumbali imodzi - kuchokera kumbali mpaka pakati. Monga lamulo, zotengera za mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi ziwalo zimachokera ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha ndipo zimatchedwa ziwiya zakuya.

Zigawo zofunika kwambiri za mliri wamakono ndi amaliseche. Zimakhala ngati fyuluta komanso zimateteza chitetezo cha thupi. Mankhwala am'mimba amapezeka pafupi ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi, kawirikawiri m'magulu, akhoza kukhala wongopeka kapena amakhala mkati mwa mitsempha ya thupi. Amadziunjikira ndi kuchotsa ku mavairasi a thupi ndi mabakiteriya, komanso ma particles akunja. Pakakhala katundu wambiri, maselo a mitsempha amakula ndikumva kupweteka, kusonyeza kuipitsa kwambiri kwa mpweya. Mu mitsempha yam'mimba yamphongo, monga lamulo, yonjezerani ndi matenda m'mapiri kapena miyendo. Ndondomeko yotupa ikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zowonongeka, kukhalapo kwa benint cysts kapena kutuluka kwa minofu.

Ndiyenera kunena kuti m'kati mwa mitsempha ya mitsempha imakhalanso ndi lymphosten komanso zovuta, zomwe zimayambira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thupi ndi ziwalo za thupi.

Zizindikiro za kayendetsedwe ka ma lymph

Pafupifupi 180ml ya lymph imalowa m'zombo za lymphatic pa ola limodzi, ndipo mpaka malita 4 a madziwa amatha kudutsa mumtambo wa lymphatic masana. Pambuyo pake, amabwerera ku magazi wamba. Podziwa momwe mliri umapangidwira, ndi bwino kudziŵa mmene zimayendera kupyolera mu thupi.

Popeza kuti maselo a mitsempha amapangidwa m'kati mwa maselo a mitsempha, kutentha kwambiri kwa madziwo kumatulutsa mitsempha kumabweretsa kufulumira kwa mapangidwe ake ndi kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro lake. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera lymphogenesis, ziyenera kutchulidwa zotsatirazi:

• kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa hydrostatic mu capillaries;

• ziwalo zogwira ntchito zogwira ntchito;

• Kupima kwapamwamba kwa capillaries;

• kukhazikitsa njira zothetsera hypertonic.

Chofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka maselo a mitsempha amaperekedwa ku chilengedwe chachikulu cha hydrostatic pressure. Amalimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka bodice kuchokera ku mitsempha yotchedwa lymphatic capillaries kupita kumitsinje yotuluka.

Nchiyani chimatsimikizira kupititsa patsogolo kwake? Lymph imapangidwa kuchokera ku minofu yamadzi. Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu yaikulu yomwe imayambitsa kayendetsedwe kake kuchokera kumalo opangidwira kupita kumtunda wa mitsempha ya khosi ndiyo kuvomereza kwa maselo amphongo.

Makhalidwe a mapangidwe a lymphangions. Njira zina zoyendetsera maselo

Lymphangiomas ndi mapulotheni omwe ali ndi valve ndi "chikho" cham'mimba. Maphunzirowa akhoza kutchedwa mtima wamathambo. Kotero, iwo amadziunjikira minofu, yomwe imatsogolera ku kutambasula kwa "chikho". Pachifukwa ichi, valve ya distal ya lymphangia imatha, ndipo valve yodalirika, mosiyana, imatsegula. Chotsatira chake, mliriwu umapita ku lymphangionum yotsatira (ndi zina zotere musanalowemo mavitamini).

Tikamayankhula za makoma a ma lymphangions, amaimiridwa ndi zida za adrenergic. Minofu yosalala ya lymphangia imatha kupangika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi kutuluka kwa mitsempha m'magazi. Njirayi ingakhudze mahomoni ena, BAS (mwachitsanzo, histamine), komanso kusintha kwa mavitamini ambiri ndi kutentha kwakukulu.

Zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kayendetsedwe kake ka mitsempha ndizokulu, koma palinso zinthu ziwiri. Choncho, mukamapuma, minofu imatuluka kuchokera m'chifuwa cha mfupa kwambiri, ndipo ndi kutulutsa mpweya, njirayi imachepetsanso. Chifukwa cha kayendedwe kameneka, matanthwe amtunduwu amatha kupanikizidwa ndi kutambasulidwa, omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino.

Mphamvu ya kutaya kwa mimba imakhudzidwanso ndi kusinthasintha kwa chiwalo cha ziwalo (mtima ndi matumbo), zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa thupi kwa minofu ya capillaries. Mitsempha ya mitsempha yomwe ili moyandikana ndi zombo zam'mimba imathandizanso kupopera mafupa, pamene imalimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kake, ndipo imathandizanso kuti ziwalo za mitsempha zogonana zimangokhalapo. Chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kake ka mitsempha pamakinawo kamathamanga.

Zochitika zosayembekezereka mu dongosolo lamakono

Kuperewera kwa maselo a mitsempha ndi kuphwanya mapangidwe kapena kayendetsedwe ka khungu. Matenda ambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi matenda m'thupi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yofunika kwambiri pakapita nthawi.

Ndi ma circulation omwe sali okwanira, maselo amphongo sangathe kupirira ntchito yake yaikulu - kuchotsedwa kwa metabolites kuchokera ku ziwalo za thupi ndi liwiro lokwanira. Pachifukwa ichi, makina osakanikirana a maselo amphongo akhoza kukhala ndi khalidwe lachigawo kapena chigawo.

Stasis ya lymph imasonyezedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimadalira zifukwa zingapo:

• Kuchokera ku dera limene lilimphostasis ikukula;

• maonekedwe a ukonde wamagulu;

• msinkhu wa wodwalayo;

• mlingo umene umakhala wosakwanira.

Kufooka kwa mitsempha yamakono kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala oopsa. Pamene zotupa zam'mimba zimasokonezeka, imayamba kutuluka, yomwe imakhala ndi leukocyte ndi fibrin. Iwo amachedwa kuchepetsa ziwalo za m'madera, choncho palibe ngozi.

Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti lymphostasis ndi owopsa kwambiri m'matenda opatsirana komanso matenda oopsa, chifukwa amachititsa kuti zilonda zikhale zowonongeka komanso zimaoneka kuti zimayambanso kuthamanga.

Chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha kusowa kwa maselo a mtundu wa lymph ndi edema. Sitima yamatenda imaphatikizapo ndi hypoxia ya matenda, kusokonezeka kwa njira zamagetsi ndi madzi a electrolyte, komanso dystrophic ndi sclerotic phenomena. Ndi mitsempha yambiri yotchedwa lymph varices ya mitsempha ya mitsempha yotuluka mthupi, ma hypertrophy ya minofu yawo, komanso sclerosis ya intins, kusintha ma valve.

Kuphulika kwa coagulation mphamvu ya lymph

Zikudziwika kuti m'kati mwa mitsempha muli pafupifupi zigawo zonse zomwe zimayambitsa njira zothandizira, antifoaming ndi fibrinolysis, choncho kupweteka kwa m'mimba kumapangidwanso osati m'magazi okha. Pachifukwa ichi, zizindikiro zazing'onoting'ono zimakhudza osati hemostasis yekha, komanso kuwonongeka kwa ziwiya komanso kuyenda kwa minofu yamadzi. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zomwe zimayambitsa magazi kutseketsa zimatha kupangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana ndizo m'makina a mitsempha, mitsuko ndi nodes.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za magazi ndi mitsempha waphunziridwa pang'ono, koma zimadziwika kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira zimakhudzira kusiyana kwa thupi. Choncho, poyambitsa magazi osakanikirana, mphamvu ya mphutsi imatha kupezeka, monga momwe kuchuluka kwa anticoagulants zachilengedwe kumawonjezeka. Zimakhulupirira kuti ma antiticoagulants ambiri amapezeka m'chiwindi, ndipo maselo amatha kuwatsogolera m'magazi.

Ponena za kuphwanya kofiira kwa maselo a mitsempha mu chitukuko cha thromboses sichidziwika chilichonse. Pali deta yomwe imatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa magazi ndi mitsempha kungakhale kosiyana, koma malangizo awo ali ofanana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zimadziwika kuti thrombosis imaphatikizapo kuchepa pang'ono kwa mitsempha yotchedwa thoracic lymphocyte, ndipo kupangidwa kwa thrombus yowopsa kumaphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu m'magazi ndi mitsempha. Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza kuti pali zifukwa zokha osati kungophunzira zochitika zokhudzana ndi matenda a mitsempha, komanso kuti azigwiritsire ntchito kuchipatala.

Kuyeretsa zamadzimadzi: zizindikiro

Pamene ntchito yachibadwa ya maselo am'thupi imasokonezeka, mankhwala ochulukirapo amadziwika mu malo osungirako zinthu. Pankhaniyi, minofu imadetsedwa, ndipo imayambitsa chitukuko chamatenda. Matendawa akuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa katundu pa ziwalo, makamaka pachiwindi, impso ndi m'matumbo. Pofuna kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa poizoni, muyenera kupereka mitsempha ya lymph komanso kutuluka kwa madzi.

Zisonyezo zotsuka mchitidwe wamagazi ndizo zotsatirazi:

• Kutaya thupi kochepa chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa chiwindi ndi m'matumbo (hepatitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis, kudzimbidwa ndi bile stasis);

• kuzizira kawirikawiri;

• Matenda osapatsirana omwe amapezeka m'mimba mwachisawawa (mwachitsanzo, cystitis, adnexitis kapena endometritis);

• Matenda opatsirana m'mimba kapena matenda ena omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuledzeretsa kwakukulu;

• Matenda a khungu;

• zilonda zamtundu uliwonse (mwachitsanzo, neurodermatitis, eczema, kapena atopic dermatitis);

• Zinthu zomwe zimapangika ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu ndi kuyamwa kwa mankhwala owonongeka m'magazi (kupsinjika, kuwotchedwa ndi kuphulika);

• Kusokonezeka kwa magazi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa magazi, thrombosis, embolism;

• Matenda a endocrine, makamaka kunenepa kwambiri, shuga ndi matenda a chithokomiro.

Njira zazikulu zowonetsera maselo

Musanayeretsedwe, muyenera kuonana ndi dokotala yemwe angasinthe zomwe zingatheke ndikuthandizani kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri.

Njira nambala 1 . Amapereka zotsatira zabwino za arthrosis ndi nyamakazi, zomwe zimachitika ndi mapangidwe a edema, ziwonetsero zimayambanso matenda a mtima, matenda a chithokomiro ndi matenda opuma, osteochondrosis. Simungagwiritse ntchito njirayi kuti mukhale ndi chifuwa kwa zipatso za citrus, komanso ngati wodwala ali ndi shuga.

Ndikofunika kutenga 900 ml ya madzi a malalanje, madzi okwanira ofanana kuchokera ku zipatso zamphesa, komanso 200 ml wa madzi a mandimu. Zonsezi ziyenera kuchepetsedwa 2 malita a madzi otsekemera. M'mawa, musadye kadzutsa, pangani enema wa malita awiri a madzi, omwe ayenera kuyamba kuwonjezera supuni 2. L. Apple cider viniga. Pambuyo poika enema, imwani 100 ml madzi omwe mchere wa Glauber umasungunuka , mutenge madzi otentha mwamsanga, kenaka imwani 200 ml yokonzekera kusakaniza madzi a citrus ndi madzi otungunuka. M'tsogolomu, mumamwa madzi okwanira 4 malita (gawo limodzi, 100 ml theka la ola limodzi).

Kuyeretsa kwa mitsempha mwa njirayi kuyenera kuchitika masiku atatu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pambuyo pa izi simungathe kusinthana mwadzidzidzi pa zakudya zomwe nthawi zambiri amadya, chakudya chiyenera kufalikira pang'onopang'ono. Ndibwino kuti muzimwa timadziti, kudya zipatso, ndiwo zophika komanso zamasamba.

Njira nambala 2 . Zimathandiza kuthetsa mimba, kuchotsa slags ndi kudzaza thupi ndi mavitamini. M'mawa, maema a purification ayenera kupangidwa. Ndiye mumayenera kudya mandimu imodzi yowonjezera ndi peel wothira limodzi ndi uchi ndi shuga. Tsiku lililonse muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mandimu imodzi, kubweretsa ndalamazo mpaka 15. Kenaka ndalama zawo ziyenera kuchepetsedwa, kudya tsiku lililonse kwa 1 mandimu pang'ono.

Njira nambala 3 . Muyenera kutenga mandimu, beets, kaloti, makangaza (onse 2 kg), finyani madzi, sakanizani uchi ndipo mutenge masiku khumi mumimba yopanda kanthu mutatha 50ml, kenaka pangani masiku asanu. Maphunziro oterowo ayenera kubwerezedwa mpaka mapeto a okonzeka kusakaniza, omwe ayenera kusungidwa mu firiji ndi chivindikiro chotseka.

Njira nambala 4 . Ndikoyenera kuti madokotala a ku Tibetan azitsuka mliriwu motere. Ndikofunika kutenga 200 ml wa madzi atsopano a kaloti ndi beets mu chiŵerengero cha 4: 1 tsiku ndi tsiku musanadye chakudya. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, muyenera kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo celandine molingana ndi ndondomeko yoyenera: pamimba yopanda kanthu m'mawa - 1 dontho, musanadye chakudya - madontho awiri, madzulo kuti mudye chakudya - madontho atatu, ndi zina zotero, kubweretsa mlingowo m'madontho 15, ndikuchepetsa kuchepetsedwa kwa dosing yoyamba Kufikira 1 dontho).

Kuti akonze kulowetsedwa, zitsamba za celandine ziyenera kuthyoledwa ndi kupanikizidwa madzi, kenaka muzitsuka. Pambuyo pake, pa 450 mg ya madzi, onjezerani 70 ml ya mowa. The chifukwa kulowetsedwa ayenera kusungidwa mu firiji.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti njira yowonetsera mitsempha ya mitsempha imathandizanso pakupezeka ndi matenda oopsa, matenda opatsirana, psoriasis, ziwalo zam'mimba, ndi osteochondrosis odwala.

Kutsiliza

Ngati tilembera, tikhoza kunena kuti maselo amadzimadzi amadzizungulira ndi kusambitsa maselo onse a thupi la munthu. Cholinga chachikulu cha njuchi ndi kuyeretsa ziwalo ndi ziwalo zochokera ku zokolola. Kufalikira kwa maselo amphongo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kufalikira kwa magazi ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti thupi limakhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso mphamvu yake yaikulu.

Kodi mliri wapangidwa motani? Monga tanena kale, izi ndizovuta, zomwe zimatengera njira zingapo ndipo zimadalira zinthu zambiri. Kuyeretsa thupi kupyolera mu mitsempha yambiri kumatulutsa madzi ochulukirapo, komanso mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku malo osokoneza bongo, ndipo amawapititsa ku maselo am'mimba omwe ali "malo osungira mafasho". Kuwonjezera pa kuyeretsa thupi, mphutsi imateteza chitetezo, chifukwa imathandiza kuchotsa anthu akunja ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Lymph ndi yofunika kwambiri yowononga kagayidwe kathupi m'thupi, komanso chinthu chofunikira cha maselo. Ngati mulibe vuto la mitsempha ya mitsempha kapena kuchepa kwa kayendetsedwe kake, madzi amadzimadzi amayamba kukula, zomwe zimatsogolera ku mawonekedwe a edema. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti kuyendayenda kwa maselo amphongo kumayambitsa kutopa kwakukulu, komanso njira yofunikira kwambiri yomwe ingayambitse matenda osiyanasiyana komanso kukalamba kwasanafike.

Poganizira ntchito zoterezi, ndibwino kuti muziyeretsa kawiri pachaka pogwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenera. Kuyeretsa uku kumapangitsa kuti thupi lichotse zinthu zowonjezera ndi zovulaza ndikugwira ntchito pamtunda woyenera.