Permanent utasintha: tanthauzo, mfundo zoyambirira za olemba ndi anthu. Leon Trotsky

ndi Permanent utasintha ndi chiyani? Amene analemba za izo? Pa mafunso amenewa ndi ena ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino. Akukhulupirira kuti mawu amenewa umayamba Leo Trotsky. Koma chinenero cha Chirasha, mawu amenewa anabwera zikomo G. V. Plehanovu, amene analemba za "Kukwera okhazikika" mu Nsanja ya 12 ya "Datebook Social-Democrat" (June 1910). Munthu uyu anayambitsa gulu Social-Democratic mu Russia. Mu zolemba zake, iye anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Karla Marksa (zaka 1918-1883) - kufa utasintha mu Permanenz (mosadodometsedwa Kukwera) kuti anabwera ndi.

maonekedwe

Kodi mawu akuti "Kukwera mpaka kalekale"? Poyamba Trotsky mu 1905 analemba za "chosintha popitilira" ndi "mosalekeza zisinthe" ( "Chiyambi" nyuzipepala, November 8). Mawu akuti "Kukwera mpaka kalekale", anayamba ntchito pambuyo February 1917, pamene mu kabuku kakuti, "Kodi yotsatira?" Lofalitsidwa ndi chiphiphiritso cha "zokhumba okhazikika ndi kukaphedwa okhazikika!". Mu 1932 anafalitsa buku lake za zodabwitsazi, ndi latsopano akuti adayamba kulankhula yekha ndi dzina la Trotsky.

Monga monyoza, mawu akuti zikutanthauza ndondomeko yaitali kusintha, kusintha ndi zina zotero.

chiphunzitso

ndi chiphunzitso kusintha okhazikika chiyani? Izi chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe ndondomeko ya kupanduka m'mayiko underdeveloped ndi zotumphukira. Choyamba akufuna ndi Chichewa ndi Marx, kenako analongosola Lvom Trotskim, Vladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel ndi zina Marxist mfundo (kuphatikizapo olemba anthu Trotskyist ngati Dzhozef Hansen, Michael Levy, Livio Majtán).

chilankhulo

Monga zisinthe okhazikika anali kumasulidwa ndi amene anayambitsa Marxism? Fano lenileni la zodabwitsazi amanenedwa Fridrihom Engelsom ndi Karlom Marksom mwamsanga 1840 mu "Manifesto Communist" ndi "Uthenga wa Komiti chapakati cha League Communist." NdiAmene wa Marxism ankakhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsa voti-bourgeois zisinthe, antchito sanaime pa kukwaniritsa zolinga yosavuta kumva.

Amadziwika kuti bourgeoisie amafuna msanga kumaliza kupanduka. Ndipo proletariat ayenera kupanga ndondomeko yothandizira bola makalasi okhala sikudzakuchokera ndi bungwelo mpaka antchito sangapambane ndi mphamvu ya boma. Friedrich Chichewa ndi Karl Marx anaumirira chiyanjano cha kayendedwe chosintha osauka ndi ulimi proletarian.

malo Lenin a

Mawu akuti "Kukwera okhazikika" ndi chidwi ndi Lenin. Lenin ankanena kuti zimene zikuchitika ku Russia bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe angathe kulowa anagalukira zokomera. nuance Izi zingatheke bwanji zinthu zenizeni mu dziko la bizinesi - kupezeka kwa kusiyana wapawiri mtundu onse pakati mapangidwe osauka bizinesi ndi serfdom zatsalira, ndi mwa dongosolo yokha.

Mu zinthu izi, bourgeoisie ndi proletariat, kutsogozedwa ndi chipani chosintha, ndi mphamvu patsogolo kusintha. Wamba, amene akufuna kuthandiza kupanduka kuti akwanilitse zolinga zake, makamaka kuwononga landlordism, ndi amene angakuthandizeni antchito.

mfundo Lenin amazionera ndi zachilendo kwambiri. Iye anakhulupirira kuti akamanena za likukula mofulumira ndi bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe mu mphamvu zokomera ndi kusinthidwa kwa kapangidwe ka kalasi ntchito padziko mapeto a demokalase-bourgeois zisinthe. Iye anati ngati demokalase-bourgeois proletariat kupanduka chikuchitika mu mgwirizano ndi alimi onse, nthawi yomweyo kudali kuti ulimi zokomera antchito ayenera yekha ndi osauka ndipo ena osauka, zinthu kumidzi oponderezedwa. Democratic-chosintha ulamuliro wa antchito wamba womangidwa kutenga mawonekedwe a zokomera ulamuliro wa proletariat lapansi.

Lingaliro la kusintha kwa kupanduka bourgeois-demokalase ku zokomera analengedwa mu 1905 ndi Lenin ntchito "chosintha demokalase ulamuliro wa antchito wamba", "Awiri mchitidwe wa demokalase chikhalidwe ndi Satana demokalase" ndipo ena. Lenin wosasamala zokomera ndi bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe monga magawo awiri a unyolo wina. Komanso, kupanduka awiri ankawaona Inde limodzi.

Chiyembekezo cha kupanduka dziko

Chiphunzitso kusintha okhazikika - chiphunzitso chidwi kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti mapangidwe Lenin atasinkhasinkha kayendedwe kupanduka pa nkhani ya mtundu chosintha moyenera. Iye anawona yomanga wathunthu wa sosholizimu ndi kudutsa padziko lonse odana imperialist Inde.

Mu aliyense ntchito yake Vladimir Ulyanov kulowa October kuukira boma mu chosintha nkhani lonse. Ngakhale, monga Trotsky analemba angapo ntchito za Republic Soviet ngati dziko zosokonezeka achitetezo.

Democrats Social kuyang'ana

Ganizo kusintha wachikhalire, Mensheviks analinso chidwi democrat Russian ndi Western chikhalidwe. Mu lingaliro lawo linasonyeza lingaliro kuti kalasi ntchito mu ntchito ya kupanduka zokomera lotereli makalasi sanali proletarian onse, kuphatikizapo otsutsa wamba lapansi.

Pachifukwa ichi kwa chigonjetso cha kupanduka zokomera, makamaka Russia, pambuyo pokwaniritsa ulimi bourgeois-demokalase ayenera kutenga nthawi yaitali mpaka anthu ambiri alibe kuwasandutsa proletarians ndi antchito musakhale ambiri ku boma. Ngati ogwira ntchito sikokwanira, kupanduka aliyense okhazikika silingayende bwino.

maganizo Trotsky a

Mu kukhota kwa view yake chiyembekezo kupanduka okhazikika, Trotsky anafotokoza, anakonza mu 1905, kumasulira latsopano la izo. Imodzi mwa mbali zofunika kwambiri ndi maganizo zisinthe ndimaganizo chitukuko pamodzi. Marxists chaka cha 1905 chisanafike anali kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kupanduka zokomera m'mayiko patsogolo capitalist.

Malinga ndi Trotskii, m'mayiko kwambiri kapena zochepa patsogolo monga Russia, yomwe posachedwapa anatuluka kwathunthu proletariat citukuko ndi mafakitale, zikanakhala zotheka kuti kusintha chifukwa mbiri Socialist mpheto bourgeoisie Kukhazikitsa demokalase-Bourgeois zofunika.

Mu zolemba zake, Leon Trotsky analemba kuti kulephera andale a bourgeoisie ndi mwachindunji anatsimikiza ndi njira ubwenzi wake ndi anthu wamba ndi proletariat. Anaonetsa kuti mochedwa Russian kupanduka sanali kokha vuto la nthaŵi, komanso vuto la zinthu zokhudza fuko.

Kotero, ife kale anapeza kuti Trotsky - wochirikiza ndi chiphunzitso cha zisinthe mpaka kalekale. mwamsanga anayamba kukhala atatha October 1917 kugalukira. Trotsky anakana ndatsiriza khalidwe zokomera anapanduka, kufotokoza yekha monga gawo loyamba panjira kupanduka zokomera mu West ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Iye ananena kuti sosholisimu akhoza kupambana Soviet Russia kokha pamene kupanduka zokomera kwamuyaya, amene atagonjetsa mu mayiko waukulu ku Ulaya, kumene proletariat ndi kuwina kwa West adzathandiza Russian ntchito kuthetsa polimbana otsutsana makalasi wake, ndiyeno kudzakhala kotheka kumanga chikominisi ndi sosholisimu pamlingo dziko. Iye anawona izi kupanduka zotsatira chifukwa ochepa proletariat Russian ndi za kukhalapo mu Russia mulu waukulu wa bourgeois zazing'ono ndi alimi chikhalidwe tirigu.

Udindo wa anthu a kumidzi

Kawirikawiri chiphunzitso kusintha mpaka kalekale Trotsky amawanena kuti chakuti wolemba ankati akuona kuti udindo wamba lapansi. Ndipotu iye anali kwambiri m'mabuku ake akunena kuti ogwira ntchito sangathe kugwira kupanduka zokomera, osati mothandizidwa ndi wamba lapansi. Trotsky ananenetsa kuti, kukhala mbali yokhayo aang'ono a mtundu Russian, kalasi ntchito kungachititse anagalukira kwa Kumasuka a wamba ndi potero kupeza chiyanjo cha alimi monga mbali ya zisinthe kuthandiza umene kudalira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo proletariat chifukwa cha zofuna ndi kutukula awo angafune kugwiritsa kusintha kumeneku chosintha, amene osati kukwaniritsa ntchito ya bourgeois zisinthe, komanso kuyambitsa mapangidwe mphamvu ntchito.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Trotsky ananenetsa kuti proletariat Adzakakamizika kuti kalasi atasemphana m'mudzi, kotero izo zikanakhala kuphwanya kuti dera chidwi, zomwe zilipo kwa alimi onse, koma osiyanasiyana ndi yopapatiza. ogwira ntchito ndi mu nthawi yoyamba ya ulamuliro wake, kupempha thandizo mu kukumana kwa anthu osauka a kumidzi kumidzi wolemera, proletariat ulimi - hlebopasheskoy bourgeoisie.

Pogonjetsa chiphunzitso mu USSR

Kotero, inu mukudziwa kuti woyambitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha ulimi okhazikika Russia - Trotsky. Mu Soviet Union, chiphunzitso chake anaweruzidwa pa magawo plenary wa Commission chapakati Control wa RCP Committee (B) Central ndi chigamulocho wa kulankhula Trotsky, amene anavomerezedwa mu 1925, pa January 17 komanso mu "mfundozo pa ntchito ya Russian Party Communist (Bolsheviks) ndi Comintern" anavomera 14 TH gawo la RCP (b) "pa fronderskom bloc mu CPSU (b)." njira zofanana anatengedwa mu theka-boma zipani zonse Communist, kukhala membala wa Comintern.

Policy a m'gulu ku China anali ndi chifukwa mwachindunji kwa mawu wachinsinsi wa chiphunzitso Trotsky ndi kusintha okhazikika ndi Kutsutsa kutanthauzira Stalinist za "magawo a kayendedwe chosintha." Ndi mu dziko lino, Chinese Communist Party mkulu wa Moscow anayesa kulenga mgwirizano ndi bourgeoisie Anthu - woyamba ndi utsogoleri wa Kuomintang (mutu wa Chan Kayshi), koma pambuyo Shanghai kuphedwa kwa 1927, zomwe zinachitika chifukwa cha vuto lake, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Kumanzere KMT").

ziyembekezo za USSR

Monga zisinthe okhazikika zingakhudzire chitukuko wa USSR? Tanthawuzo la ndondomeko imeneyi kwachititsa anthu ambiri amaganiza. Othandiza kupanduka okhazikika ankaona ntchito yomanga sosholisimu mmodzi Russian "anthu amaganiza", kuchoka ku malingaliro zikuluzikulu umodzi proletarian.

Trotskyists anati kuti ngati posachedwapa pambuyo wopanduka October mu West kufunga zisinthe m'kalasimo ntchito mu USSR kuyamba 'kukhazikitsanso bizinesi. "

Trotsky amanena kuti Soviet Union anatuluka ulimi October mphamvu ntchito. Re-wamba a njira ya ulimi ndi chikhalidwe koyenera kuti chitukuko zokomera. Iwo anatsegula n'zotheka kukula mofulumira mphamvu zipatso. chipangizo ntchito pakadali pano dziko chasanduka mu chida chiwawa malamulo ndi kalasi ntchito, ndi zina - mu chida upandu chuma. Okazonivanie lakutali ndipo m'mbuyo dziko ntchito ndi kusintha kwa bureaucracy mu wamphamvu yonse Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira mwayi ndi ovuta kwambiri zomveka zothandiza zokomera onse mu dziko limodzi.

Trotsky ananena kuti Soviet Union Choncho, nkhondo zoopsa. Koma Zatsala dziko antchito yankhanza. Izi ndi maganizo chikhalidwe. Nkhani zandale ali ndi khalidwe multivariate: mwina bureaucracy ndi agwera dziko ku bizinesi, akugogoda pa mitundu yatsopano ya chuma, kapena proletariat wawononga bureaucracy ndipo adzatsegula njira zokomera onse.

Evolution chiphunzitso

Kodi chitukuko cha chiphunzitso pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse? Chiphunzitso chimenechi anapitiriza kukhala ambiri anasiya theorists Marxist m'mayiko a kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, Ulaya, South ndi North America, kumene kunali Trotskyist mapangidwe. Mu pakati pa XX atumwi panali kuwuka kwa odana ndi atsamunda. Apa wa bungwe la International Chachinayi kufufuza zamoyo kayendedwe kunachitika m'mayiko osauka, makamaka kusintha Cuba ndi Algeria.

Pa limodzi la congresses wa bungwe la International Chachinayi mu 1963 izo anatengera kusamvana "Mphamvu za dziko zisinthe lero." olemba ake anali Ernest Mandel (mtsogoleri wa unit Belgium) ndi Dzhozef Hansen (membala wa kasamalidwe US Socialist Antchito 'Party).

chisankho ananena kuti atatu mphamvu yaikulu ya ulimi dziko - anagalukira ndale mphamvu antchito opunduka, kupanduka atsamunda ndi kugalukira proletarian m'mayiko capitalist - kupanga mgwirizano dialectical. Aliyense wa asilikali awa zimakhudza ena, ndi kubwerera amalandira kutsogolera zamphamvu chitukuko mtsogolo kapena braking. Kuchedwa kwa wopanduka proletarian mu mphamvu bourgeois, ndithudi, chinalepheretsa zisinthe atsamunda ayambe njira zokomera kotero bwino ndipo mwamsanga pansi mavuto antchito m'chigonjetso mwa maiko otukuka kapena wopambana chosintha kupanduka. Kuchedwa ichinso kumalepheretsa chitukuko cha kugalukira ndale Soviet Union, kuphatikizapo chifukwa chakuti antchito Soviet sanaone pamaso pake chitsanzo cha multivariate kwa chilengedwe lamadyerero.

Bukharin

Mawu akuti "okhazikika zisinthe" Bukharin komanso chidwi. Mu kabuku zoyenera ulimi October, kumayambiriro 1918, iye analemba kuti kugwa kwa ulamuliro imperialist bungwe zonse mbiri yapita chosintha. Iye adati izi kuchepa ndi kupambana kwa kalasi ntchito, mothandizidwa ndi osauka a kumidzi, chigonjetso wotsegulira pa M'maso kamodzi malire a dziko lapansi, osati chiyambi cha nyengo ndi organic. The proletariat Russian anafunsa ngati zikuchepa monga kale, ntchito kusintha lonse. Lonse zovuta ubale, zinachokera ku Ulaya, wopita ku mapeto mosalephera. Choncho, zisinthe okhazikika Russia lidzasinthidwa zisinthe Loona za proletariat lapansi.

Iye anakhulupirira kuti ufa keg wa Europe anaponyedwa wamagazi akale muuni Russian Socialist kupanduka. Iye sali wakufa. Iye ndi katswiri. Ndi zambiri. Ndipo zivute zitani, kuphatikiza ndi wamkulu wopambana kupanduka wa proletariat dziko.

Ndipotu, Bukharin anali kutali ndi dongosolo zokomera m'dziko mwayekha. Aliyense akudziwa kuti izo zinali theorist yaikulu ya ntchito yochotsa Trotskyism, zakambidwa mwachidule mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi mfundo zingapo mpaka kalekale. Koma kale, pamene chiphalaphala chosintha kupanduka sanagone kuti mtima ukhale zambiri, Bukharin, likukhalira osati adafuna amayang'anitsitsa kulanda boma osiyana mawu kuposa zimene ziri mu zaka zingapo anayenera mwaukali nkhondo.

kabuku Bukharin anali wopangidwa ndi Party chapakati Committee, "Kukasambira." Palibe ananena kuti mpatuko. M'malo mwake, onse adamuwona mmenemo yamphamvu ndi boma akuti maganizo a Council ku Central wa chipanichi. Kabuku fomu iyi tinalisindikizanso kambirimbiri kudza, ndipo pamodzi ndi kabuku wina anadzipereka kwa February kupanduka, pansi pa mutu ambiri "Kuyambira kugwa autocracy kuti kugwa kwa bourgeoisie", latembenuzidwira French, German, English ndi zina m'zinenero.

Mu zaka 1923-1924, ambiri anayamba mtsutso ndi Trotskyism. mikangano imeneyi aononga kwambiri zimene yamangidwa ndi October kuukira boma, zinawukhira kuti zipinda kuwerenga, malaibulale, manyuzipepala ndi m'manda ambiri nambala ya zikalata zokhudza lothandiza kwambiri mu chitukuko cha ulimi ndipo chipanichi. Lero, zikalata izi ndi kumanganso chigawo ndi chigawo, kukumbukira masiku akale.

mchitidwe

Kotero, inu mukudziwa, kuti chiyembekezo kusintha dziko ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Zochita chiphunzitso cha zokhumba okhazikika kakulidwe tione. Kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha Trotsky, Radek (Soviet wandale) akulowa ake ndi "njira, chomwe chimatsatira kwa iwo." Izi ndi Kuwonjezera zofunika kwambiri. zokambirana Open wa 'Trotskyism' pa funso mwanzeru okha chiphunzitso ichi. Koma Radek sikokwanira. Iye akumenyana Bolshevik zamtendere mzere mu China. Amayamba Amaipitsanso Maphunzirowa chiphunzitso cha kupanduka kalekale, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi umboni kuti chiphunzitso ichi m'mbuyomu unaturuka yolakwika mwatsatanetsatane mzere.

Radek owerenga awo ndi abodza. Mwina iye sadziwa mbiri ya zinthu zisinthe, omwe anali asanamvepo nawo panokha. Koma zikuoneka sindinadandaule kukayendera funso pa zolembedwa.

History sali kupita mu mzere wolunjika. Nthawi zina iye afika ku malekezero zosiyanasiyana akufa.