Sofya Romanova: yonena, chidwi mfundo

Mwana wamkazi wa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Sofya Romanova anabadwa September 27, 1657. Iye anali mwana chimodzi mu banja lachifumu. mayi ake, Maria Miloslavskaya, anali mkazi woyamba wa Alexei ndi mayi a mafumu Fyodor III ndi Ivan V. Will Sofya Romanova zinthu, komanso abale, anakhala wolamulira - yoyamba kuchokera Mfumukazi Olga mu X atumwi.

umunthu

Wophunzitsa Sophia Alekseevna anali wazamulungu Simeon wa Polotsk - mmodzi wa ophunzira kwambiri anthu Russian a m'nthawi imeneyo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a m'nthawi ankaona wolemekezeka yowala ndi munthu wanzeru.

Mu Moscow State miyambo, chimene mafumu mwana anali moyo payekha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mwana wamkazi wa mfumu sanakwatire. Ukwati ndi muno (ngakhale ndi Boyar) ankaona zosayenera ndi ukwati ndi akuluakulu a achepetse European analinso zosatheka chifukwa cha kusiyana zipembedzo. Sophia Alekseevna komanso analibe mwamuna kapena mkazi. Koma, kukhala chithunzi ndale, iye anaswa alipo mwambo zoweta kupondereza akazi a magazi achifumu munda onse.

mavuto dynastic

Alexei Mikhailovich anali ndi ana ambiri, koma pafupifupi onse a iwo ankasiyana amadwaladwala. Mfumu amakumana ana awiri wamkulu. Kufa mu 1676, mfumu anapanga wolowa wake wamwamuna wachitatu, Fyodor, amene anakhala Fyodor III. Izi mnyamata analinso chopweteka. Iye anafa mu 1682 ali ndi zaka 20.

Care la moyo achinyamata mfumu wafunsira mavuto dynastic. Panali funso m'malo a. Ndiye chinachake pa zandale ndi anaonekera Sofya Romanova. Fedor, popanda alongo ochepa anali ndi abale awiri wamng'ono: Yohane ndi Petro. Choncho mfumu nafa wopanda mwana, mphamvu ayenera ankadutsa ena a iwo.

Ivan anali wamkulu, koma thanzi lake osalimba zikutipatsa mafunso ambiri. Jr., Peter, pa mwake, yodziwika ndi mphamvu, bwino osati maganizo ana. Komanso, akalonga ana akazi osiyana Alexis. Ivan anali mayi wa Maria Miloslavskaya, mayi a Peter - Natalia Naryshkin. Kuseri kwa misana wa oloŵa awo anachita achibale ku mabanja boyars.

regent

Oddly zokwanira, koma kukondera chithunzi kwa Moscow osankhika anali Sofia Romanov yonena zomwe zikusonyeza kuti iye ali ndi chifuniro champhamvu ndipo anali wokhoza ulamuliro. Mu 1682, pambuyo pa imfa ya Feodor III, mu likulu panali chipolowe musketeers - asilikali, anapanga maziko a nthawi zonse Russian asilikali pa nthawi imeneyo.

Army atayambitsa MILOSLAVSKAYA, anakanitsitsa candidacy la Peter. Sagittarians Naryshkins mlandu wa kupha a Ivan ndi anaukira nyumba yachifumu. Aphedwa boyars ambiri, amene adayima kumbali ya Peter, kuphatikizapo "mtetezi" Artamon Matveev. Chifukwa cha phukusi zida chikumenyana olemekezeka tinagwirizana chakuti abale adzalamulira limodzi.

Koma ngakhale kukondera izi sanathetse ubwana wawo. Ndiye olemekezeka anaganiza kuti zabwino adzakhala regent Sofya Romanova. Wambiri mwana Alexei Mikhailovich zigwirizane mamembala onse a Moscow osankhika, ndi mu June 1682 anakhala Mfumukazi pa mng'ono wake.

Dzanja lamanja la Sophia

Pamaso pa Russian cha m'ma XVII panali akuluakulu mkati ndi kunja mavuto angapo. Iwo limodzi ndi gulu lonse Sophia. Romanov anali ndi mphamvu ndithu, koma watenga zochita malinga ndi malangizo a ankakonda wake. Wapafupi mlangizi wolemekezeka anali mbuye ndi nthumwi Prince Vasily Golitsyn. Mwalamulo, iye anali mutu wa Akazembe a dongosolo (ndi analogue a Unduna Woona za okhonda).

"12 Nkhani"

Zotsatira za bambo Sophia ali ndi vuto Orthodox achipembedzo magawano. kusintha mpingo ikuchitika pansi pa Tsar Alexis ndi mabishopu, Nikon. Kusintha zina mbalume chikhalidwe ndi miyambo zachititsa kuti kukana kochuruka kwa anthu. Anthu amene sanafune kuvomereza luso, mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi.

Sophia Alekseevna Romanov, ulamuliro wayani anali tawerenga kupitiriza kwa ulamuliro wa bambo ake, anathandiza kale ndondomeko kuponderezedwa ndi otsutsa. Mu 1685, mwana wamkazi wa mfumu anatenga otchedwa "Nkhani 12". Mu lamulo ili akhala codified chilango mwachibale kwa Okhulupirira Old. Analola Kuphedwa, kuzunzidwa, kumangidwa mwa makoma mchitidwe, kulandidwa katundu.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Nkhani 12" zachititsa kuti eksodo ya otsutsa ku Moscow ndi zina m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya boma Russian. Wolemba mbiri Lev Gumilyov, ndipo ofufuza ena ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti lamulo anali mmodzi wa koipa mbiri ya mfundo boma Russian chilango. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'chaka cha Louis XIV nthawi yomweyo ndi Sophia zimafika ku France chikalata cha ku Nantes, akusiya kulolera zipembedzo kwa Achiprotestanti.

mtendere wosatha ndi Poland

Ngakhale pamene Alexis Russia anali pa nkhondo ndi Poland. Nkhondo inatha mu 1667, koma ambiri Kupititsa mikangano kuti siinamalizidwe. Akazembe njira yothetsera vutoli ndipo anatenga Sophia Alekseevna Romanov. Mu ulamuliro wa regent abwera pa nthawi mayiko onse anali kukonda chigamulocho wa kusagwirizana Kale. Against maziko awa, mu Moscow pambuyo Rzeczpospolita anafika.

Fupa la makani anakhalabe Hetman - dziko la Cossacks mu Ukraine. Padziko dera ndi inayambitsa mkangano. Mukamaliza zokambirana zazitali 1686 anali koma anamaliza Wamuyaya Mtendere. Malinga ndi izo, Poland anazindikira kuti Russia Kiev, lonse Kumanzere-Bank Ukraine, Zaporizhzhya, Chernigov, Starodub ndi Smolensk. Kuwombola, Moscow analipira ndalama 146 zikwi rubles, ndipo anapereka chilolezo awo nawo olowa European nkhondo Turkey, zomwe zikanatha Rzeczpospolita kuchokera kum'mwera. Warsaw anapitiriza Volhynia ndi wotchedwa Galicia, komanso zimatsimikizira ufulu wa nzika zake Orthodox.

Crimea yokopa

A chotsatira chenicheni cha Wamuyaya Mtendere ndi Poland anali gulu la Russian yokopa Crimea kuukira ufumu wa Ottoman ndi m'manja ake Crimea khan. Panali yokopa awiri. Aŵirinu Vasily Golitsyn. Kusankha Chief wa Sofia anathandiza Romanov. Mwachidule yonena za kazembe wa zinkaoneka wolemekezeka kwambiri abwino.

Mu 1687, a 100,000th Russian asilikali adenda pa ulendo. Crimea Chitata anatentha steppe ndi, kwambiri kusokoneza moyo wa asilikali. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, khamu lalikulu Golitsyn wogonjetsedwa. Komabe, kumvera ufulu wolamulira pambali detachment Gregory Kosagova Ochakov anagwira ndi wolapa Bugeac horde.

Chachiwiri Crimea kampeni inayamba mu 1689. Golitsyn anafika Perekop, koma sanatenge izo, ndi Kunyoza. Prince anafotokoza maganizo ake kuti mupewe wosaperewera madzi abwino. Chifukwa, Crimea kuyenda ulendo sizinathandize anthu iliyonse ubwino chogwirika Russia. Komabe, iwo awonjezera kutchuka Moscow mu maso a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kumene Turkey anali mdani waukulu kusokoneza mtendere ndi dongosolo la dziko lonse la chitukuko Mkhristu.

Relations ndi China

Zokambirana Sophia wokhudza osati mitu European, komanso malire mpaka kum'mawa kwa dzikoli. Onse XVII m'ma Russian atsamunda (makamaka Cossacks) anatsatira kum'mawa, mpaka potsiriza iwo anafika kumalire a Chinese. Kwa nthawi yaitali ubwenzi ndi Mafumu Qing si malamulo ndi chikalata chilichonse.

Vuto yaikulu inali mayiko awiri yokhala anavomera m'malire awo, chifukwa kuti zonse anali kulimbana m'madera pafupi. Russian, anafunafuna ulimi malo oyenera, anakakhala ku dera Amur, amenenso kuchita ubweya. Komabe, dera uwu mu zone ya mphamvu ya Qing Ufumu. The apogee wa mikangano ndi atsamunda anayamba kuzinga Chinese Russian kumudzi Albazin mu 1685.

Pakuti normalization ubale ndi anansi ake lakum'maŵa Trans-Baikal kutumiza ndi akazembe, lomwe limayendetsa Sophia Alekseevna Romanov. Zotsatira za kalonga wa Board ambiri anali abwino, koma nkhani imeneyi ndi China wasanduka sitiroko zosasangalatsa m'mbiri ya regency lapansi. Qing Mafumu anapanga imakhala ya mgwirizano ndi disadvantageous kwambiri Moscow. Russia anali mosatsata ake zigawo Far East, dera Amur, komanso mpanda wolimba Albazin. Kumalire ndi China unachitikira pa magombe a Argun Mtsinje. Chikalatachi yosainidwa mu Nerchinsk anadziwika monga Nerchensky mgwirizano. Zimenezi ndi anasiya okha cha m'ma XIX.

achepe mphamvu

The kuti anakhazikitsa wa regency cha Sophia sanathe wamuyaya. Peter anakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo posapita nthawi mlongo wake kum'patsa mphamvu. M'bale chachiwiri - Ivan ofooka - ngakhale udindo wake mkulu ntchito iliyonse palokha ankaimba. Malinga ndi mwambo wa nthawi, Peter potsiriza anakhala wamkulu pambuyo anakwatira mwana wa fuko lomveka Evdokia Lopukhina. Komabe, Sophia Alekseevna Romanova, yonena mwachidule zomwe zikusonyeza kuti anali mkazi kulamulira si mofulumira kupereka njira malo lalikulu kwa mng'ono wake.

Mu zaka zambiri regency kalonga yekha atazunguliridwa ndi anthu abwino. atsogoleri a asilikali, kuphatikizapo chiwerengero cha anthu oponya mivi ali maudindo awo chifukwa cha Sophia ndipo anathandiza yekha ndi zonena zake. Peter anapitiriza kukhala m'mudzi wakunja kwatawuni la Chiwalitsiro, ndiponso unansi wake ndi boma la Russia anayamba ankhanza.

Mphamvu yekhayo amene akanatha kudalira mfumu tsogolo lake zoseketsa asilikali. regiments zimenezi anali atangotha zaka zingapo. Poyamba, kalonga chabe zosangalatsa zisangalalo asilikali, koma pang'onopang'ono asilikali ake anakhala zedi mphamvu. Mu August 1689 kumbali anauza Petulo kuti anali kukonzekera nkhondo. Mnyamata anabisala mu Utatu-Sergio obisika. Pang'onopang'ono izo kupyolera malamulo ndi masatifiketi, lingasinthe musketeers, ndipo Sophia anakhalabe mu Moscow kwayekha.

Moyo obisika wa

Mu September 1689 mlongo wa mfumu unachotsedwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku Novodevichy Akatolika. Mwa mpanda wa cloister iye anakhalapo wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali. Mu 1698 mu Moscow, pakalibe mfumu anathyola strelets kupanduka. kupanduka anali kuletsedwa. Kufufuza anaona kuti achiwembuwo tinali kupita pampando wachifumu Sophia. ubwenzi wake ndi m'bale wake ndipo anali kale kusiyana ndi wachikondi, ndipo tsopano Peter ndi onse analamula kutchetcha mlongo avirigo. Sofya Romanova, chithunzi zithunzi zomwe amasonyeza chikhalidwe chake aakulu m'ndende, anafa July 14, 1704 mu Novodevichy Akatolika.