Mitundu nyanja mbiri ya Iguputo wakale

Mawu akuti "anthu nyanja" inatuluka mu chinenero ku Iguputo m'zaka za m'ma XIV. BC. e. Choncho anthu a ku Nile anaitana alendo amene ankakhala kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor ndi Balkans. Zinali Teucer, sherden, shekelesh Afilisti. Ena akatswiri a masiku ano amaoneka ndi Ahelene. Anthu a nyanja, ankatengedwa chifukwa chakuti pakati pawo ndi Aigupto kunali Nyanja Mediterranean. Mawu akuti wabwezeretsedwa ndi kuika mu masiku ano chinenero sayansi French wasayansi Gaston Maspero.

Tsoka kwa Mkuwa Age

M'zaka XII BC. e. panali otchedwa ngoziyo wa Mkuwa Age. yambiri wakale zafa. M'mbuyomu, anakhalabe chikhalidwe Mycenaean, likulu la munali Aegean. Utachepa kulemba, chinazilala zamalonda akale. Mu zinthu izi, anthu nyanja anasamuka kum'mwera ndipo anayamba loopsa kwambiri Egypt.

Gulu, amene anasiya kumpoto wachisoni, kuwononga chilichonse amene anabwera ku njira zawo. Mogometsa ndi chuma cha mzinda wakale anakopeka wolanda ndi akunjawo. dongosolo m'malo ndi chisokonezeko, paumphaŵi wadzaoneni ndi umphawi anafika kumalo zochuluka. Total nayonso mphamvu chifukwa cha mafunde kusamuka zinachititsa kuti odziwika Trojan nkhondo. zochitika zake amadziwika ndi polumifologicheskim ndi theka weniweni gwero. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a Nyanja Baltic ndi anthu ena a unali Europe, ndife pafupifupi wosadziwika, ndiye Aigupto ndi anansi awo mu Mediterranean, tingathe kuweruza ndi chuma chambiri mbiri.

mafikidwe a alendo

Dzitetezeni nkhonya anali ankachitira anthu nyanja ya Mhiti ufumu umene unalipo ku Anatolia. Chinthu choyamba chimene anapanga atsopano - kudula zamalonda kumpoto-kumadzulo. Anasamukira pansi kugombe Aegean kum'mwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. M'njiramo izo linasesedwa ufumu wina wakale, nthawi feuded ndi Ahiti - Arzawa. likulu lake analipo Efeso. Ndipo adagwa Kilikiya. Igupto anali pafupi. Khamu la alendo anafika kumalo kumene nyanja. anthu ochepa anapulumuka nkhondo ya Cyprus. Pambuyo anaima pachilumba m'zigawo miyala mkuwa. Tsoka kwa Mkuwa Age ambiri anali yodziwika ndi chiwonongeko cha zomangamanga aliyense. Chinthu chomwecho chinachitika ndi kumpoto Syria - izo mavuto.

Pambuyo kuti anali m'mphamvu ndi china chofunika mtsempha wamagazi chuma Ahiti. likulu lawo lakale la Hattusa, chokumana ndi kudzipatula, sanathe amawateteza kuukira angapo ubiquitous Nyanja Peoples. Posachedwa mzindawo unawotchedwa pansi. Mabwinja, ofukula okha pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kamodzi likulu wotukuka kwa zaka wakhala kuiwalika.

Ufumu wa Ahiti inali mphamvu waukulu ku Middle East kwa zaka 250. Analimbana mwakhama ndi Egypt. Mmodzi wa mapangano zamtendere pakati pa maiko awiri anakhala wamkulu anapeza chikalata cha mtundu uwu mu mbiri ya anthu. Komabe, ngakhale mphamvu kapena ulamuliro wa Ahiti sanathe kutsutsa ndi akunjawo osadziwika.

Panthawiyi ku Egypt

Zaka zingapo pambuyo Trojan nkhondo ndi kugwa kwa Mhiti mphamvu kumayambiriro kwa zaka XIII-XII. BC. e. Aiguputo woyamba kukumana ndi mdani wake watsopano, amene anali anthu a m'nyanja. iwo ali anthu a Nile Valley? Sankadziwa magulu. Aiguputo kudwala-pakati alendo.

Ngakhale Farao Ramese III. Akatswiri amaona otsiriza wamkulu wolamulira wa Iguputo lachifumu nyengo isanafike asilikali Aleksandra Makedonskogo ndi Hellenization a dziko. Ramses a mafumu makumi awiri. Ilo chimodzimodzi ndi chimodzimodzi ngati chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anakumana apogee ake ndi pansi. Mzere XIII-XII zaka. BC. e. Ine kugunda pachimake. Ramese ulamuliro anayamba pafupifupi 1185 BC. e. Chochitika chachikulu cha ulamuliro wake anali nkhondo ya Nyanja Peoples.

Mu nthawi zonse wakale, Egypt ankaona wokondedwa cholinga anagonjetsedwa iliyonse. dziko lino anayesa kugonjetsa Persian Kambisesi, Asuri Ashabanipalu, dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky, Roma Pompeii. Kenako panali ankhondowo Ottoman Selim ndi France Napoleon. Linaphulika mu Egypt ndi anthu nyanja. The Mkuwa Age akubwera ku mathero, ndipo Musanayambe chitsulo, ndi Mediterranean ankayenera kudutsamo kwambiri ya chipwirikiti. Nkhondo ndi alendo kumpoto Aigupto, makonda wopambana makani, anali mmodzi wa iwo.

umboni wa nkhondo

History wakale wa Sea Peoples kudziwika kwa ife chiyamiko ndi mafanizo ambiri thanthwe wosemedwa ndi malemba mbiri anasunga m'zaka za m'ma XX mu makachisi m'manda Aigupto ndipo pamene iwo kuwerenga ofukula ano ndi akatswiri a zinenero. magwero awa amatiuza za nkhondo ndi chigonjetso chomaliza cha Ramses III. Koma umboni wa mwazi ku Middle East kapena Greece pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo. Only deta mozungulira, asayansi kuona kuti anthu a nyanja, osati anawononga chikhalidwe Mycenaean, komanso Mhiti ufumu, komanso zina zambiri maufumu yaing'ono.

Chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti kumeneko, komwe anakhala akungoyendayenda agonjetsi, moyo ngati onse mbisoweka. Mwachitsanzo, Greece ndi Krete, palibe deta nthawi ndi zaka 1200-750. BC. e. Atagwa Troy, mbiri ya dziko lino inachotsedwa umboni zonse kwa zaka zingapo. Azambiriyakale kuwatcha "mibadwo ya mdima." Nthawiyi linali lofunika kusintha yakale kwa masiku amakedzana chakale, pamene Hellas analowa pachimake chikhalidwe kapena ndale.

Chigonjetso cha Aigupto

Mu nkhondo northerners Egypt kunali kofunika, osati asilikali komanso anthu a zombo panyanja. The Army agonjetsi msasa ekala. Zombo anali kupita ku Nile Delta. Ramses komanso kukonzekera nkhondo. Iye analimbikitsa malire a kum'mawa, kumene anamanga angapo m'malinga latsopano. zombo Aigupto kutumizidwa ku North Harbor ndipo anadikira mdani. Pakamwa pa Nile anamanga "nsanja" - nyumba zachilendo zomangamanga, kumene sanayambe awonapo nyengo wakale.

mitundu nyanja wakukhomerwa zombo ziyembekezo zake. Poyamba adakonza kuti zombo udzachitike pa Pelusianskomu pakamwa. Komabe, pozindikira inaccessibility ake, ankhondowo anapita mbali yina. Cholinga chawo mtheradi iwo asankha pakamwa wina Mendusskoe. Court anaswa chotchinga Iguputo. Anafika asilikali zikwi zitatu analanda Nyumbayi, yomwe ili mu Nile Delta. Posakhalitsa anaonekera mu nthawi apakavalo Iguputo. Ine ndiri mu nkhondo otentha.

Nkhondo ya Nyanja Peoples ku Iguputo chimasonyeza reliefs angapo nyengo Ramses III. Adani a Aigupto nkhondo nyanja za pa iwo tiaras Coronaform ndi zisoti nyanga. Mmodzi wa reliefs imasonyeza mmene asilikali convoy Nyanja Peoples anali ngolo wodzazidwa ndi adzakazi. Akazi mwayi kwambiri kukhala mu pakatikati pa nkhondo. Mu chithunzi, iwo anakweza manja awo, pempherani chifundo, ndipo mmodzi wa atsikana ngakhale atayesa kuthawa, koma amagwa.

Yolanda linga choyamba, ankhondowo sanathe kumanga pa kupambana kwawo. milandu pakati pa atsogoleri awo pa njira ya. Anango akhafuna kupita ku Memphis, pamene ena anadikira reinforcements. Nthawiyi Ramses sanataye nthawi ndi malire kum'mawa anasamukira ku kukakumana mdani. Iye mmwamba ndi adani ndipo ananyema iwo. Alendo mwa mwayi komanso m'njira yakuti iwo analanda linga pa magombe a Nile madzulo a chigumula. Chifukwa cha kulimbikira m'bungwe ndi matenda a mitundu zawo tithe anagonja nyanja. Zida ndi zida sikungakuthandizeni iwo. Ramses III anatsimikizira udindo wake monga mfumu yaikulu molimba analamulira dziko mpaka mapeto a moyo.

Inde, northerners mwachinsinsi kuti silinathe. Akulephera kuisamalira malire Aigupto, anakhazikika ku Palestine. Ena a iwo limodzi ndi Libyans, amene ankakhala kumadzulo kwa dziko la Iguputo. anansi awa ndi adventurers Nyanja Peoples ndi Egypt mukusautsika. Patapita zaka zingapo nkhondo mu ankadziwana, iwo anagwira Hacho Linga. Ramses ndipo nthawi imeneyi anatsogolera asilikali kusonyeza nkhondo lotsatira. Libyans ndi anzawo - anachokera mitundu ya nyanja - anagonjetsedwa ndipo anataya anapha anthu pafupi zikwi ziwiri.

Version la Ahelene

phunziro osauka mbiri ya anthu a nyanja akadali amakopeka ofufuza ndi mbiri yakale. Zinali chisokonezeko zovuta wa mafuko ndi zake zikuchokera yeniyeni ya mtsutso kupitiriza zokambirana. Aigupto anatsalira-ziboliboli, zomwe zimasonyeza alendo awa ali mu mortuary kachisi wa Ramses III. Iye anaitana Medinet Habu. Oukira pa zojambula lake limaoneka lofanana ndi Ahelene. Pali zifukwa zingapo mokomera alendo sanatiitane amene anali kuyesera kuti aswe ku Egypt, anali Ahelene. Mwachitsanzo, Ramses yekha anawaitana osati kwa anthu a nyanja, komanso anthu a zilumba. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ankhondowo kuzilumba Aegean, Krete kapena Cyprus.

Against Baibulo Greek mokomera chakuti anthu amene ali pakati pa nyanja ziwiri, Aigupto akuonetsedwa beardless. Izi zikusiyana ndi mbiri yakale kudziwa za Agiriki. amuna Greek kukula ndevu yaitali kuti IV lapansi. BC. e. Tikutero chifukwa kuphatikizapo zithunzi pa miphika Mycenaean a nthawi imeneyo.

Shekelesh

Chiphunzitso cha Agiriki m'khamu la anthu a nyanja maganizo. Koma pali mafuko zomwe olemba mbiri tonse timakhulupirira. Mmodzi wa iwo - shekelesh. mtundu Zimenezi zafotokozedwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira ku Egypt Ufumu Zatsopano. Kutchulidwa kwa icho chiri, mu malo ofunika ngati Kachisi wa Karnak ndi Athribis. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zojambulajambula adawoneka pa kuloŵedwa wa Ramses III, mwala wina wotchedwa Merneptah, amene analamulira 1213-1203 gg. BC. e.

Shekelesh anali anzawo a akalonga laku Libya. Pa Aigupto anatsalira-reliefs iwo amasonyeza zipolopolo ndi nthungo, malupanga, mikondo ndi zishango chonse. Shekelesh m'chombo ku Egypt Likanakhala kuti linayenda panyanja ndi zithunzi za mitu mbalame pa uta ndi kumbuyo. Mu XI mu. BC. e. iwo pamodzi ndi Afilisti anakakhala Palestine. Shekelesh otchulidwa "Ulendo Una-Amun" - hieratic amtunduwu XXI mafumu. Tsopano, chinthu chakale ichi wa Moscow Museum of Wabwino Tirhana dzina la Pushkin. Shekelesh ankasakidwa kuberana kwazaluso. Mu Palestine, iwo anatenga Karmalskoye gombe - yopapatiza m'mphepete mwa nyanja Mzere pakati pa Karimeli mapiri ndi Nyanja Mediterranean, komanso m'chigwa cha Sharon.

sherden

Sherden - mbali yofunika ya yense, amene anapanga nyanja Peoples. Iwowa ndi ndani? Monga shekelesh, oyendetsa izi zinali zoopsa achifwamba. Akatswiri ambiri amawaona kuti makolo a Sardinians ano. Mu buku lina la anthu nyanja anali mofananira Dardania - ndi Trojans ndi lonse kumpoto-kumadzulo Anatolia.

Capital sherdanov ankaona Ahvat mzinda Palestina, zomwe, mwa zinthu zina, otchulidwa "M'buku la Oweruza". Mfundo yoyamba za iwo a miyala zamtendere dongo zofunika wachokera kwa Egyptologists Tel El Amarna Archive. Anthu okhala pakati pa nyanja ziwiri, otchulidwa nthiti-Elmadama - mkulu wa mzinda wa Byblos.

Sherden kutsimikiziridwa okha osati monga achifwamba, komanso ngati mercenaries odalirika. Iwo anayamba kuoneka asilikali Aigupto pa XVIII mafumu. Ramses II anagonjetsa alendo awa, kenako anayamba kubwera zambiri mu utumiki wa Farao. Mercenaries kumenyana mogwirizana ndi Aiguputo mmisonkhano anayamba asilikali Palestine ndi Syria. Pamene Ramses III sherden anali "kugawanika". Pa nkhondo lofunika kwambiri la Aigupto ndi Nyanja Anthu a iwo anamenyana pa mbali ya Farao gawo - kutsutsana naye. Classic sherdansky lupanga - yaitali ndi molunjika. The okhala Nile Valley ntchito masamba zenga woboola pakati.

Teucer

Mu Troy wakale ankakhala osati Dardano ndi sherden. anansi awo anali Teucer - wina nyanja mtundu. Iwo sanali Agiriki, ngakhale kudziwa Chigiriki. Teucer, ngati anthu ena a nyanja mbiri ya Iguputo, sanali a gulu m'mayiko a European a mitundu, kenako zatenga malo lalikulu mu Mediterranean. Ngakhale amadziwika ndendende, mwatsatanetsatane ethnogenesis sichinayambe elucidated.

Malinga ndi Mabaibulo wina zosatsimikiza, Teucer mofananira kwa Etruscans mu Italy (ndi chidwi kuti olemba mabuku akale ankakhulupirira kuti kunali kumudzi kwa Etruscans Asia Minor). chiphunzitso china zikugwirizana ndi Teucer misiytsami. Likulu la fuko mumzinda wa Dori ili Palestine, pa gombe la Mediterranean komwe tsopano ndi Israel. Kwa zaka XII BC. e. Teucer anayamba malo amenewa kakang'ono lalikulu ndi lolemera doko. Mzindawu unawonongedwa ndi ku Foinike. Ife tikungodziwa dzina lina Teucer wolamulira. Zinali Beder. Information ali onse ofanana "Ulendo Una-Amon."

Afilisti

Magwero a Afilisiti chimodzimodzi osadziwika. Kumudzi kwa nyanja iyi ya anthu, anakakhala ku Palestina, mwina Greece kapena Western Malaya Aziya. Mu Baibulo imatchedwa Krete. Mu kachisi wa Ramses III Afilisti amasonyeza zovala Aegean ndi zisoti chokongoletsedwa ndi nthenga. Similar zojambula Chakumapeto Mkuwa Age opezeka Cyprus. Magaleta a Afilisti osati allocated chilichonse chidwi, koma zombo ankasiyana mawonekedwe zachilendo. Wapadera iwo anali ndi ziwiya zadothi, komanso anthropoid sarcophagi.

Chinenero chawo Afilisti osadziwika mbiri yakale. Ndi kufika ku Israel Nyanja Peoples anatenga chilankhulo la Kanani (mbali ya kumadzulo ya Fertile Crescent). Ngakhale Mfilistiyo mulungu anakhalabe mu mbiri pansi mayina Ayuda.

Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyanja mbiri ya Iguputo wakale akhalabe bwino anamvetsa chifukwa kupanda magwero. Kupatulapo kwa lamulo limeneli ndi Afilisiti. Choyamba, iwo ankasiyana multiplicity kotero kuti kalelo anaphatikizana mitundu ingapo yaing'ono. Kachiwiri, Afilisti zambiri za umboni (Baibulo akuyimila). Iwo analibe boma centralized. M'malomwake, Palestine kulibe 5 mizinda ndondomeko. Onse a iwo (Asidodi, Asikeloni, Gaza, Gati) kupatula Ekroni, anagonjetsa Afilisti. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zigawo zinthu zakale simuli chikhalidwe chawo. Ndondomeko zimatsatira akulu, ndi Soviet Union. M'Baibulo David kugonjetsa Afilisti kuthetsa dongosolo ili.

Anthu omwe ali pa nyanja, pang'onopang'ono mbisoweka. Ngakhale Aiguputo analowa pa imfa yaitali pambuyo Ramses III imfa. Afilisti M'malo mwake, anapitiriza kukhala bwino ndiponso wosangalala. Monga tanena pambuyo tsoka kwa anthu Mkuwa Age pang'onopang'ono katswiri chitsulo. Afilisti mwaisandutsa oyamba. Nacho njira zamakono wapadera ndi zinsinsi za ankayengera zitsulo daggers, malupanga, zikwakwa ndi kulima zinthu zopangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, invulnerable adani munakhala mu Mkuwa Age. wa asilikali anthu inkakhala mafupa atatu: lolemera oyenda, oponya mivi ndi magaleta.

Poyamba, chikhalidwe cha Afilisiti ankavala ochepa makhalidwe Mycenaean, monga anakhalabe ojambula khola ndi Greece. Bright, ubwenzi umenewu inachokera ku kalembedwe ceramic. Kuyandikana kumayamba kuzirala pambuyo pa 1150 BC. e. Ndi pamene Afilisti zoumbaumba amakhala woyamba sanali Mycenaean mbali mwambo. Afilisti kumwa mowa. Mu yomanga ofukula anapeza jugs ambiri khalidwe, zomwe zimaonetseratu ndi zosefera mankhusu balere. zaka 200 pambuyo resettlement ku Palestine Afilisti kwathunthu tisamadandaule kukhudza ndi Greek zapitazi. Pa chikhalidwe chawo chinakula mbali zambiri m'dera Igupto ndi Ayuda.

Kutha kwa Nyanja Peoples

Atagonjetsedwa ku nkhondo Ramses III Nyanja Peoples anakakhala Palestine ndi kwathunthu anagonjetsa chakumwera la Kanani. Mu zaka za m'ma XII. BC. e. Iwo anagonjetsa m'mizinda ikuluikulu Lakisi, Megido Gezeri, Beteli. M'manja mwa Afilisiti Yorodano Valley ndi wotsika Galileya. City poyamba anawononga ndi kukamanganso mu njira yake - kotero izo zinali zosavuta kukhazikitsa ulamuliro mu malo atsopano.

Mu XI m'ma BC. e. Afilisti anakhala malo ofunika a ku Asidodi. Iye nthawi zonse kukodzedwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa. Trade Iguputo ndi anansi ena amene phindu lalikulu. Afilisti anakwanitsa kupeza kufalikira m'dera pamalo abwino zofunika, kumene zosiyanasiyana ogulitsa. Ku Asidodi anaonekera Tel akuti mor - linga mozungulira amene doko chawonjezeka.

Mdani yaikulu ya Afilisti, koma Aigupto, anali Ayuda. nkhondo yawo kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1066 BC. e. nkhondo kunachitika pafupi Ebenezer, pa nthawi imene Afilisiti analanda likasa la chipangano (a chidina yaikulu ya Aisraeli). bokosilo anagwidwa ku kachisi wa Dagoni. mulungu wa nyanja ya anthu otchulidwa mawonekedwe a poluryba-polucheloveka (kuti ankalimbikitsa ulimi ndi nsomba). Zomwe zinachitika pankakhala Likasa mu Baibulo. Iwo anauzidwa kuti Afilisti ndi Mulungu chifukwa misdeed wake. M'dziko lawo anayamba matenda chachinsinsi - anthu munali zilonda. Potsatira malangizo a ansembe a anthu nyanja anamuchotsa Likasa. Pankhondo wina ndi Israeli mu 770 BC. e. Azariya mfumu ya Yuda layamba kumenyana ndi Afilisiti. Iye anatenga kuukira Asidodi, ndipo zidawawononga malinga ake.

Afilisti kenako dera koma anakhalabe chikhalidwe chawo ndi abwino. Nkhonyayo kowopsya kwa fuko lino unawonongedwa ndi Asuri anagwira Palestine mu VII. BC. e. Kenako anasowa masiku Aleksandra Makedonskogo. mtsogoleri wamkulu uyu anagonjetsa osati Palestine koma m'Aigupto. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu a Nile Valley ndi Nyanja Peoples akhala akukonza Hellenization wodalirika ndipo anataya makhalidwe yake yapadera mayiko, amene anali achilendo kwa iwo pankhondo dostopomyatnoy Ramses III ndi alendo kumpoto.