Kusintha ndalama mu 1961 mu USSR: mbali zabwino ndi zoipa

Mu 1960, boma la Soviet anatengera lamulo pa kusintha ndalama. Pakali pano, zikalata zonse zokhudza kukhazikitsa, anawagawira. Kukamba za zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti izo, inu mukhoza, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa lero ndi ofufuza zinachitikadi, koma ndi chithunzi chokwanira sitingathe kupereka. ndi ndalama kusintha kwa 1961 Soviet Union chiyani? Adani, chuma voluntarism NS Khrushchev kapena mokakamiza? Kumuyankha pa zinthu zimenezi mwapadera yomweyo sizigwira ntchito.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kusintha ndalama

Mpaka kusintha ndalama mu 1961 ku Soviet Union anali banknotes makope adalowa kufalitsidwa mu 1947. Kusintha anayamba 1 January, 1961, anapitiriza kotala 1, anavala mtundu wa chipembedzo ndi devaluation. Ngakhale boma akha- kutsindika kuti anali kusinthitsa yosavuta ndalama (chipembedzo).

Pogawana banknotes onse analandira popanda chiletso. Akale pepala ndalama anasintha atsopano, amene kakang'ono ndi 10: 1 chiŵerengero.

Komanso, monga Bungwe la nduna kusankha May 4, 1960 № 470, recalculation phunziro kwa momwenso, ritelo, kugula ndi kuthetsa mitengo mitundu yonse ya katundu, ntchito ndi misonkhano, komanso surcharges, kulipira, kuchotsera, amene anaikidwa mu zovuta kumayambitsa. Ndi mitundu yonse ya madipoziti unachitikira mu ndalama, maofesi, mabanki, mitundu yonse ya Malipilo, kuphatikizapo mitengo malipiro, malipilo, mitengo, chaulemu, mabonasi, mitundu yonse ya malipilo ndi zina zotero.

chipembedzo

Monga Baibulo boma imachitika ndi kusintha anakhazikitsa ndi unduna wa Finance wa USSR, kusintha kwa ndalama chifukwa kuti tisaletse woweruza ndalama ndi kuwapatsa phindu kwambiri. Zimayambitsa woona wa mwambo umenewu si ananena, kuti walola akatswiri kupanga awo mfundo mwini, koma chifukwa anthu ambiri kuwombola ndalama ndi anakhalabe mu chikumbukiro cha chipembedzo yosavuta.

devaluation

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, makope ndalama zakunja m'dziko analetsedwa anthu onse amene sanadziwe za mlingo kuwombola, ndi pa mtengo wa golidi, anthu ambiri mu dziko adzaweruzidwa pa mtengo zodzikongoletsera, kuti apite kusintha amaona wa ruble yolimbana ndi dola ndi golide mapulogalamu.

Mu mawu ena, zachuma kukangana devaluation wa ruble Soviet Union, lomwe kwachititsa zikuchepa yafupika wokhutira golide ndipo anasintha ndi dola. Ngati mpaka 1961 dollar anapereka 4 rubles, pambuyo kusintha kufunika kwake si zinasintha china chirichonse, nthawi 10, koma nthawi 4,44 yekha. Tsopano dola ndi ofunika 0,90 masenti. Mu nthawi zambiri ndi golide alamuka pa mtengo. Ngati isanafike kusintha kwa ruble uli 0,222 ga, pambuyo kusintha, chiwerengerochi 0,987g.

Chifukwa devaluation

Ndalama kusintha mu 1961 ku Soviet Union unali mutu wa maphunziro ambiri. Iwo zimatsutsana kwambiri. Makamaka, mmodzi mwa zifukwa kusintha akutchedwa kuwonjezeka mafuta kupanga ndi zogulitsa kunja ndi Soviet Union. Kodi wolungamitsidwa chifukwa ichi, n'kovuta kunena, koma kwenikweni mafuta kupanga kuchuluka chaka ndi chaka.

Amatchedwanso zifukwa zingapo: zachuma mavuto kugwirizana ndi kusintha kupitirirabe kasamalidwe ndi ulimi; mtundu mikono - ndi chinthu chinanso lenileni kuti akhoza kusokoneza chuma cha USSR, natsimikiza kuchepetsa wa asilikali; perekani chithandizo "wochezeka" mayiko.

Kodi kusintha

Potsatira buku la kusindikiza kusamvana nambala 470 mobwerezabwereza kuchuluka kugula katundu chopangidwa, kuchuluka malonda mu zodzikongoletsera ndi ubweya masitolo, madipoziti kwa anthu ananyamuka mabanki ndalama, ngati iwo adzakhala basi umasinthanitsidwa ndi recalculation.

Mu October 1960, anayamba mu mabanki chapakati Gawo. Pa Tags mtengo anali mitengo iwiri m'masitolo: watsopano ndi wakale. Ichi chidachitika kuti amalola anthu kuti azolowere mitengo yatsopano. Pa January 1, 1961 anayamba kuuzana banknotes akale ndi ndalama atsopano. kuzizira yeniyeni zinalengedwa, mungapezeko kusinthitsa chiwerengero cha ndalama yakale.

Ndalama latsopano lachitsanzo

Pa kukula kwa ngongole ndalama kusintha mu 1961 zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi iwo omwe anali mu ntchito. Iwo anali nusu la zolemba zakale. Komanso, iwo anali Mipikisano wachikuda - wofiira, wobiriwira, Lilac. Mfundo mu mawonekedwe a ndalama yabwino kwambiri kuwerengetsera lapansi.

The ngongole anamasulidwa mu zipembedzo wa 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles. Anali zinapangidwa ndalama zatsopano 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, masenti 15, 1 Ruble. Onse ndalama chitsanzo akale achoka kufalitsidwa. Kupatulapo anali amkuwa ndalama 1, 2, 3 makobidi. Popeza 1958, iwo anasiya kum'thamangitsa ndi kuyamba kupanga ndalama latsopano lalikulu zedi. Mwachitsanzo, masenti 15 khobidi linaperekedwa lalikulu zedi ndipo anapitiriza kuthamangitsa ndi sitampu pamene zaka 30, amene adapanga iwo kumasula moona chachikulu.

"Old" ndi "latsopano" ndalama osiyana mu malingaliro, monga yotsirizira anali ang'onoang'ono ndi zosavuta kusamalira. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu anabwera ndi dzina latsopano banknotes pambuyo kusintha kwa 1961 - wrappers. Kuchepetsa ndalama pepala pamene makina banknotes - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino. Kamangidwe ka ndalama, mfundo lili. Only m'malo chithunzi cha Lenin pa banknotes anaonekera mbiri yake.

Zotsatira za kusintha

Komabe kusintha ntchito kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga ndi normalization wa ndalama pa mitengo zofunika chakudya (mkate, mchere, shuga, mkaka) ndi machesi.

zotsatira zoipa monga pamwamba imfa mphamvu yonse ya anthu, kuwonjezeka chakudya ndi chofunika mitengo kugula. Mankhwala ndi otsika koyamba kuwonjezeka mtengo mtengo wa 10%. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wa makilogalamu 1 tomato pa msika anali masenti 15 kusintha, ndipo pambuyo kusintha iwo kumawonongetsa "latsopano" kopecks 15.

State golide muyezo wa ruble, monga tatchulazi, anachepetsedwa, zimene zinachititsa kuti devaluation ake. Ine anasintha ruble ndi dola. Ngati m'mbuyomo ndalama Soviet ali kukhala odzilamulira okha, pambuyo kusintha kuti zinasintha zinachititsa kuti mtengo wapamwamba wa imports.

Zotsatira za kusintha zinachitikadi, inatenga zaka zoposa 30, koma, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, zotsatira zoipa zagwira zaka izi pambuyo anabwera ndi Gorbachev a perestroika kuti kugwa kwa USSR. Adzapulumuka ndi zotsatira chosadziwika, popanda kuwonongeka kwa moyo wa anthu, nyengo ino anatha chifukwa chosowa msika ntchito ndi zinthu pansiyi onse: ntchito wotchipa chuma, mkulu katundu profitability. mfundozi asiya boma kukhala bwino mawu a zachuma.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa kotero mopupuluma kusintha ndalama?

prerequisites

Mwachidule, kusintha ndalama mu 1961 sanali ikuchitika palokha. Iye anali, malinga asayansi ena kukonza zovuta anakonza ndi kuyendetsedwa ndi N. S. Hruschovym. Pali wodziwanso kuposa maganizo kusintha ndalama chifukwa kusintha awa, ambiri a iwo tinganene kuti walephera ndipo kunapangitsa kuti dziko la mavuto a zachuma.

Monga kusintha kwambiri N. S. Hruschova, USSR ndalama kusintha mu 1961 anali wa chikhalidwe cha totupa mwadzidzidzi Kodi kuganizira zotsatira zake kuti atsogolere. Ambiri a iwo akhala likutchulanso pansi Stalin anapezazo anali ikuchitika, kulosera zotsatira zake. Koma pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kugwiritsa iwo sikunali kotheka.

Iye anatengerapo mwayi N. S. Hruschov, kusankha kuthetsa mavuto onse wina anagwa Sinthani, amene kenako anali kungasokoneze chuma cha dziko ndi dzina lake voluntarism zachuma.

kusintha zolimbana

Mmodzi mwa zifukwa kuuzana ntchito ndalama n'chinthu chofunikira kulephera kwa kusintha anapezerapo mu 1957, N. S. Hruschovym. Pa ake a gawo lonse la USSR lidagawikana m'zigawo utsogoleri. Zinalengedwa kusamalira misonkhano zachuma. Iwo, m'malo mwa utumiki zopitirizira kugwira ntchito za chuma anachita.

Ambiri mwa Union ndi mautumiki Republican pochita zinthu ndi makampani ndi kumanga, inathetsedwa. mabizinezi Kumvetsela akhala kunditumiza ku mabungwe m'dera zachuma. Cholinga cha kusintha anali kufika kwa makampani kapena kasamalidwe yomanga kuchepetsa m'munsi ndi kuchepetsa ogwira utsogoleri ndi kayendetsedwe.

Mabungwe Economic - ndi matupi collegial, womwe poyamba unali ndi anthu angapo, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, kuthana ndi mavuto ofunika zigawo latsopano ndi madipatimenti adayamba kulengedwa. Ngati mu zaka zoyambilira za kuchepetsa zida ntchitoyi anali zikuluzikulu ndipo anabweretsa mukufuna, ndiye pa Panopo kuposa mmene ankaganizira kukwawira.

kusintha ulimi

Khrushchev kuyesera chinaperekedwa ku ulimi. Pofika kumapeto kwa 50s zaka mazana makumi awiri, mafakitale kutali litafika ku ulimi. Kupeza okhala m'midzi ndi m'midzi ing'onoing'ono ku malo enaake okhala, chifukwa cha kufunika kupewa njala, unayambitsidwa mu 30s ndi anatsalira nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mpaka kubwezeretsa kwa chigawo chapakati cha dziko, amene anapita azigwira. Kumizinda, kumidzi, kumidzi anasanduka bwinja lokhalokha. Mafakitale zinawonongedwa kapena anasamutsidwa kumtunda. Kusintha nthawi imeneyi kuti ndi zotsatira sizimadziwika, kotero nkhani anali kulephereka kwa kanthawi.

Boma Stalin anakwanitsa kubwezeretsa mafakitale, kukhazikitsa moyo m'midzi, koma ndalama zimene zinasonkhedwa sanali ntchito kwa alimi ntchito losonkhanitsidwa. M'mizinda yambiri, anthu amakhala bwino. Ndalama zambiri ndipo, ndithudi, amathera. disparities chonchi pakati pa anthu m'midzi ndi m'mizinda, kumene chifukwa kwambiri zotsutsa chilungamo.

Kusintha mafunso awa, ndithudi, anayenera kuthetsedwa. Koma pamodzi ndi iwo akutengedwa, kuziyika izo modekha, zochita pachithunzichi. Kwenikweni, zikukhudza kutsekedwa kwa MTS, zomwe zachititsa kuti kuchepetsa makina ndi mathirakitala, makina madokotala. Sitepe chinaperekedwa kuwonongeka mpaka kalekale ku Ulimi, kukakamiza boma kuti akagule tirigu kunja. mapulani wodzikweza pa yokonza nyama zinachititsa kuti kuchepa kwambiri manambala a ng'ombe.

Kufunika kwa kusintha anali Zinkafunikiradi, koma boma N. S. Hruschova zinali zoipa.

kuchepetsa asilikali

Iwo anali ikuchitika pansi Khrushchev kuchepetsa wa asilikali, yemwe anali anthu zosakwana 1.3 miliyoni ndiponso malinga ndi ofufuza ena, chimene chinapangitsa Union asilikali kuwonongeka ndithu. chakuti kuchepetsa asilikali anali wokonzeka ngakhale pansi Stalin. Izi zinali kukhala m'ndondomeko yake. Chirichonse chinali bwino kuwerengera nthawi ya kusintha anali kulenga 3-chaka, kuwonjezera, kuganizira zofuna mwamsanga onse anapuma (nyumba, penshoni).

Kugwizana kusintha kwa Khrushchev asilikali anali ena maganizo sizimadziwika ndi onyoza kwa anamenyela, anthu amene apatsidwa Army zaka zofunika kwambiri za moyo wake, nkhondo lapitali oyamba yomaliza. Popanda penshoni asilikali anatsala osati okhawo amene ankalimbikitsa nthawi yake zaka 1-2, koma miyezi 1-2.

kuchepetsa izi, ndithudi, amapulumutsa ndalama kwa dziko mu maonekedwe a penshoni nenachislennyh, kuchepetsa yokonza ndalama pa anthu miliyoni. Koma inatembenuka adaperekedwa kwa asilikali. Anaponyedwa mamiliyoni servicemen ndi mabanja awo, amene anali opanda ntchito, pogona ndi umoyo.

Pomaliza

Funso kusintha N. S. Hruschovym, kuphatikizapo kusintha ndalama, anali ndi kukhala ndi chidwi ndi pang'ono kudziwika. sadzatha zimenezo mosapita m'mbali. Amaona pano kukopa lankhanza la Kumadzulo si bwino ndithu, koma popanda iye, mwina sanathe ndachita.

Space kufufuza, chuma USSR kugwedezeka - chifukwa cha yaitali ankhondo (kuteteza ndi kulanda ambiri mwa makampani mu dziko) ndipo pambuyo nkhondo woona mfundo zachuma ndi mtundu wonse, osati ntchito za Khrushchev monga "wamkulu" wokonzanso. Koma kukana zikayenda ake olimbikitsa sikuthandiza.