Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich: yonena ndi chithunzi

Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich - woyambitsa wa mafumu lonse asayansi amene simukanati mulingalire moyo wanga popanda zakuthambo. Mwana wake, zidzukulu, anali mdzukulu wa nyenyezi anadzipereka kutumikira sayansi. German ndipo Russian wasayansi, woyambitsa wa zakuthambo, membala wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, wotsogolera woyamba wa Pulkovo Observatory, woyambitsa wa Russian Society Geographical - amene sanali kokha Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Tate wa mafumu otchuka anabadwa mu 1793 mu Altona - yaing'ono German m'tawuni. bambo ake anali mkulu wa masewera olimbitsa thupi m'deralo. Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, amene chithunzi iliyonse buku ya zakuthambo, poyamba anali maphunziro chosiyana. chivomerezo chake choyamba chinali philology. Kuphunzitsa wasayansi tsogolo unachitikira University Tartu, lomwe limatchulidwa Tartu. Komabe, wake kuitana Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich - tate wa mafumu a zakuthambo - opezeka mu sayansi zachilengedwe.

Kugwira pansi pa philology wa atate wake, mnyamatayo ali kale mu m'badwo wa khumi anali wokonzeka yopemphera maphunziro apamwamba. Pa nthawi imeneyo, m'bale wake wamkulu kale anaphunzitsa mu zolimbitsa thupi la Dorpat. N'chifukwa chake, komanso chifukwa chofuna kupewa yolembedwa usilikali m'gulu lankhondo Napoleon, umene unayamba mu zochitika usilikali, Struve anasankha yunivesite izi.

Tsogolo zakuthambo khama kuphunzira philology. Komanso, iye analemba lonena voluminous. Komabe, posakhalitsa Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich kwambiri tisatengere nkhani ya Dr. Parrot pa phunziro la "sayansi". Ndipo, patapita malangizo a yamasika, iye kumizidwa mu kuphunzira kwa zakuthambo. Professor Guth - yunivesite - kuthandiza monsemo, mapazi ake oyamba mu sayansi Nyenyezi. Kale mu 1813 anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake Struve.

masitepe loyamba

Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, adayamba kuphunzitsa nthawi yomweyo anaikidwa zakuthambo amatsata pa yunivesite chomwecho. Ngakhale osauka kwambiri ndi wosaperewera zida, Struve akadali anakwanitsa ntchito mwakhama. Iye ngakhale anakwanitsa kuchita ntchito zofunika kwambiri kwa nthawi kuti alibe zipangizo zoyenera kuyan'ana declinations nyenyezi, anafuna kuchita izi ndi polumikizira chida kuwerengera kukwera lamanja la ena nyenyezi kumalo ozizira.

moyo

Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, amene mbiri ndi kwa nthawi ndi limodzi kuchokera zakuthambo, kukwatira 1815. chisankho chake chinali yokhazikika ya Altona Emilia Vall. Ndi iye anakhala mpaka 1834. Mu banja anabadwa ana khumi Koma anayi amene anafa ali ana.

Kuyambira 1828 Struve anatenga m'ndende a mphwake Theodore, amene mtetezi poyamba m'bale wake Ludwig - katswiri wa thunthu pa University of Dorpat.

Atamwalira Emilia, iye 1834. anakwatira Johanna Bartels, amene anali mwana wa masamu Bartels. Ndi Struve wake anabadwa ana asanu, amene anayi okha anapulumuka bambo ake.

Pa Tartu Observatory

Mu 1819 Struve anasankhidwa mkulu wake. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo anakhala pulofesa zonse ku yunivesite. Kwa zaka makumi awiri ntchito monga mkulu wa Dorpat Observatory, Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve okonzeka ake pamwamba-mphako komanso yosowa kwambiri nthawi imeneyo, zipangizo ndi zida. Pamene kumapeto kwa 1824 anakhoza kupeza chetyrnadtsatifutovym Fraunhofer refractor ndi Ushneydera ndi Naini inchi mandala, zabwino ndi yaikulu pa nthawi, anadzipereka mkasidi ntchito mwakhama yosatheka kuneneka. Pakuti anayamba nthawi ya ntchito mosatopa ndi yaphindu ya sayansi, yomwe inatenga zaka zoposa khumi. Ngati kale Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich - ndi zakuthambo kwa Mulungu - anali okhutira monga kupeza ndi kuyeza kale kuyambira Herschel machitidwe bayinare nyenyezi, ndiye ndi kupeza zipangizo chapamwamba kuonerera ndi phunziroli kale anapeza kuwala wina anatha kupita Khadili palokha. Iye akhayang'ana nyenyezi zonse ukulu chinayi pakati pa North Pole ndi madigiri makumi awiri kum'mwera declination. Komanso, mu kuphunzira Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, amene yonena umachitika monga wasayansi anayamba ndendende ndi Dorpat Observatory, imodzi wakutsegula zikwi zitatu maofesi atsopano, ambiri a iwo anatsimikiza malo, anaphunzira za njira yodutsamo za kayendedwe ndi katundu wapadera.

Kutsegula kwa Pulkovo Observatory

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, patsogolo St. Petersburg monga wa m'mudzi zinachititsa kuti kufunika kukhazikitsa Observatory zakuthambo, ili kunja kwa mzinda. Tinayamba kufunafuna malo abwino pafupi ndi likulu la kumpoto. Zinali zovuta. Pakuti Observatory anafunika malo okwera, koma kumadzulo kwa mzinda kuyambira pa Gulf wa Finland, ndi kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa, pa mtunda wa makilomita makumi awiri, anatambasula otsika. Mangani kumpoto wa St. Petersburg sichinali chomveka, kuyambira mu nkhani iyi lonse kum'mwera mbali ya thambo - anali dusted ili pafupi kuthetsa yaikulu - malo ofunika kwambiri kwa zakuthambo.

Mu 1830, Mfumu Nicholas ndinalandira lipoti amene analemba Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich. , Iye anafotokoza ntchito choikidwacho pamaso latsopano mwachilungamo lalikulu Observatory zakuthambo, omwe amayenera kumanga pafupi St. Petersburg. Posakhalitsa anaganiza kuyamba kumanga makilomita makumi awiri kummwera kwa mzinda - pa Pulkovo Heights. ntchito mapulani anaganiza kupatsa odziwika bwino Russian katswiri wa zomangamanga Briullov. Director ndi mutu wa ntchito gulu pa chilengedwe cha Observatory atsopano anaikidwa Struve, amene panthawiyo ankagwira ntchito University Tartu. Kuyambira 1833, anakhala ophunzira achangu mu ndondomekoyi. Pulkovo Observatory chinamasulidwa mu August 1839. Ndipo Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich anakhala wotsogolera chake choyamba.

Katswiri pa tsiku loyamba anali ndi kulinganiza kwambiri. Popeza kuika mwala woyamba pakumanga Observatory, amene zinachitika pa June 3, 1835, isanafike kutsegula ake mu 1839, Struve yekha kuyang'anira pafupifupi ntchito yonseyi.

Pali unakhazikitsidwa zabwino ndi yaikulu pa nthawi pyatnadtsatidyuymovy refractor zakutali. Kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la Pulkovo Observatory ya zida anaika pasanapite nthawi kuchokera kutsegula ake anali pa malo oyamba dziko. Ndipo malinga ndi kuzindikira wotsatira wa wotchuka American wasayansi Newcomb, anakhala likulu zakuthambo wa dziko.

The ntchito pa Pulkovo Observatory

Mu zaka zoyambirira linakhalapo ndi anapitiriza ntchito pa phunziro la nyenyezi bayinare, umene unayamba mu St. George, Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich. Atulukira zimene zinachitika mu nthawi ya ntchito yake pa Pulkovo Observatory, anali m'gulu zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya maphunziro m'munda wa zakuthambo. Kudziwa mtunda nyenyezi - nkhaniyi chidwi ndi nkhawa asayansi ambiri otchuka a nthawi. Struve kuyembekeza kutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha kusamutsidwa parallax, lotseguka ngakhale Copernicus anayamba mosamala kuyeza malo a Vega. Iye anagwira ntchito pa njira yodutsamo wa nyenyezi yowala mpaka 1840. Ndipo ngakhale mtunda wina kwa iwo Vega ndiye asayansi awawongolera pamaziko a miyezo yeniyeni zambiri, ntchito imeneyi Struve anali oyamba mu mbiri ya ntchito zakuthambo bwino ndi kudziwa mtunda nyenyezi makamaka. Ndi tsiku lino kuposa wina ntchito yaikulu analengedwa. Inatsimikizira kuti nyenyezi lakutali kwambiri dzuwa, kuwala kuwala kumene propagates pa liwiro la 300,000 km / m, kufika pa dziko kwa makumi ndi mazana a zaka.

likamalowa

Kuberekana ntchito V. Ya. Struve mpaka 1858. Koma pamene matenda aakulu, squinting wake, inachotsa ntchito, ndi Observatory wolamulira wa mwana wake - walunthayu wasayansi Otto Struve. Vasily Yakovlevich - tate wa mafumu a zakuthambo - anamwalira mu 1864. N'zochititsa chidwi, koma izo zinali mu chaka chomwecho, Pulkovo Observatory chikondwerero chikumbutso ake makumi awiri ndi lachisanu.

anapeza

M'munda wa zakuthambo, V. Ya. Struve watsimikizira ndende weniweni wa nyenyezi mu zigawo chapakati cha Way. Iye wolungama mapeto kuti pali kufunika mayamwidwe interstellar kuwala. Kwambiri kwa zakuthambo Nyenyezi ali ntchito yake yakuti "Studies ya zakuthambo Nyenyezi." Pamenepa ndi pamene Struve zochokera kopanda ake kuti pali mfundo za mayamwidwe kuwala malo interstellar ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha nyenyezi pa wagawo buku pamene ankayandikira kwa Milky Way.

Asayansi kuphunzira nyenyezi bayinare, kodi yankho monga mmene Catalogs awiri a zinthu mkaka ndi lofalitsidwa iwo, motero, mu 1827 ndi 1852 ankalemekeza. Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich, amene ntchito amaonedwa kukhala ofunika munda wa zakuthambo, nthawi yoyamba mu dziko anatha kuyeza mtunda Vega mu kuwundana Lyra. Izi nyenyezi - yowala wachitatu kumwamba usiku pambuyo Sirius ndi Arcturus, zomwe zingaoneke mu Russia ndi pafupi kunja. Ndipo mu kuwundana ndi Ophiuchus Struve anapeza mapulaneti Nebula. Motsogoleredwa Vasily Yakovlevich ndi kuyeza K. Tenner zinachitika digiri muyeso wa Arc meridian ku gombe la nyanja ya Arctic pakamwa pa mtsinje wa Danube. m'malo zipangizo wapatali zimapezeka molondola kwambiri kudziwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa dziko lapansi.

otsatira

Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich, omwe ankalamulira si zakuthambo okha, komanso kwa kanjedza boma ndi ndale, ndi woyambitsa wa wonse makampani Nyenyezi sayansi. ntchito yake anapitiriza mwana wake Otto, adzukulu awiri - ndi Hermann Ludwig, komanso anali mdzukulu - ndi Katswiri. The Struve akale palinso odziwika sayansi, nthumwi, orientalist ndi academician wa Academy of Sciences ya Soviet Union.

chikumbukiro

Dzina wasayansi wotchuka sakhala kuiwalika. Mu 1913 dziko laling'ono pa nambala 768, anatulukira ndi Russian zakuthambo Neuimin, Struveanoy dzina lake polemekeza ufumu wa banja la zakuthambo Struve.

Pokumbukira wasayansi wamkulu mu 1954 ndipo linatulutsidwa ndi kulipilira sitampu. Inapatulidwa kwa Pulkovo Observatory. Izo zikusonyeza chithunzi cha V. Ya Struve ndi awiri otchuka Russian zakuthambo.. Pa centenary imfa ya Vasily Yakovlevich, mu 1964, izo linatulutsidwa wina zambiri sitampu wa USSR. chithunzi wake ndi alipo analogues odzipereka Arc, dzina lake pambuyo zakuthambo kwambiri. masitampu Iwowa wosindikiza Lithuania (2009), Latvia, Estonia ndi Sweden (2011). Komanso, mu 1964 bungwe la International zakuthambo Union Chigwa ili pa mbali yapadziko lapansi ya Mwezi, dzina lake V. Ya. Struve.

Catalogs

Struve, zapamwamba tate wa nthambi lonse ya zakuthambo, mu 1827 chifukwa choona oposa zana zikwi makumi awiri Zamlengalenga lofalitsidwa m'ndandanda, zimene zinaphatikizapo zoposa zikwi zitatu a nyenyezi awiri ndi angapo. Ambiri a iwo - mu 2343 dziko - akhala anapeza asayansi. The 1837th linasindikizidwa ntchito wotchuka kwambiri. Mu "miyezo micrometric nyenyezi awiri" tinapatsidwa zotsatira za kuwerengetsera oposa khumi zikwi anapanga Vasiliem Struve kwa zaka khumi ndi thandizo la Dorpat refractor. Onse m'ndandanda, lofalitsidwa ndi asayansi, anapatsidwa ndi Zikho wa Royal zakuthambo Society of London.

Mu 1852 inasindikizidwa ntchito lakuti "pakati udindo", amene anali zotsatira za kuzipenya yaitali nyenyezi pafupifupi zaka zikwi zitatu. ntchito, chimene anawatengera Struve ndi omuthandizira ake pa Tartu Observatory kwa pafupifupi zaka makumi pasanafike kamodzi ntchito zakuthambo Nyenyezi.

zikayenda

Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, yonena mwachidule lomwe limasonyeza udindo wake yaikulu zakuthambo, anapanga chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi monga geodesy. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1822 mpaka 1827 motsogozedwa wake, muyeso wa meridian Arc kutalika anatengedwera Hogland Island, ili mu Gulf wa Finland, kumzinda Yakobshtadta. Mu 1828 izo sopryagli ndi analogue, masamu pa kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa dziko. Ndiye, miyezo awa anapitiriza kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mwera. Chifukwa cha kutalika lonse la Arc anayeza anali kusintha kwa mtengo wa 25 ° 20 '. Iwo ankatchedwa Chirasha Denmark. Komabe, akatswiri tikudziwa iye kwambiri pamene Struve Geodetic Arc.

mutu

Vasily Yakovlevich anali membala aulemu pafupifupi mayunivesite onse mu dziko lathu, komanso ambiri achilendo magulu sayansi ndi maphunziro a sayansi. Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Struve nawo chilengedwe cha Lisbon Observatory. Iwo panopa wokwatibwa ndi University City, koma inaona pa palibe yaitali. Izo analengedwa monga Observatory m'chifanizo cha Russia - Pulkovo - amene ankaona pa nthawi likulu zakuthambo wa dziko. mkulu mu nkhani chida kusankha anali munthu wotchuka Russian zakuthambo Struve.