Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich, chiyerekezo Ivana Groznogo: MBIRI, malongosoledwe a mfundo zosangalatsa

Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich - odziwika bwino Russian wandale, msilikali, wolemba komanso womasulira, mnzake wapamtima wa Tsar Ivan IV kwambiri. Mu 1564, pa Livonia nkhondo, kuthawa manyazi zotheka Poland, kumene iye anali kulandiridwa mu utumiki wa Mfumu Sigismund II Augustus. Kenako iye anamenyana Muscovy.

mtengo banja

Prince Rostislav wa Smolensk anali chidzukulu cha Vladimir Monomakh, ndipo ndi amene anayambitsa mabanja awiri otchuka - ndi Smolensk ndi Vyazma. Woyamba anali ndi nthambi zingapo, umodzi umene unali mtundu wa Kurbsky, analamulira ku XIII atumwi Yaroslavl. Malinga ndi nthano, dzina uwu mkulu wa mudzi, wotchedwa Courbet. cholowa unapita kwa Yakobo Ivanovich. Munthu ameneyu anadziwika kokha kuti iye anamwalira mu 1455 pa munda Arsk, kumenyana molimba mtima ndi Kazan Chitata. Atamwalira cholowa wadutsa mu malo a m'bale wake Simeon, amene ankatumikira ku Grand Prince Vasily.

Kenako, anali ndi ana awiri - wotchedwa Dmitry ndipo Fedor, mu utumiki wa Prince Ivan III. Wotsirizayo anali mu Nizhny Novgorod kazembeyo. ana ake anali wolimba ankhondo, koma ana anali kokha Michael amene anasenza dzina Karamysh. Pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Roma, anaphedwa mu 1506 mu nkhondo ya Kazan. Umuna Fedorovich komanso kumenyana Kazan ndi Lithuanians. Iye anali pa Boyar Vasily III ndipo anapereka chiweruzo amphamvu a chisankho chofuna kutenga chophimba Prince mkazi udzu.

Mmodzi wa Karamyshev, Michael, ana kawirikawiri analamula kuti maudindo osiyanasiyana lamulo mmisonkhano lapansi. Yotsirizira anali nkhondo mu 1545 ndi Lithuania mu moyo wake. Anasiya m'mbuyo ana awiri - Andrew ndi Ivan, kenako bwinobwino anapitiriza banja mwambo asilikali. Ivan Mikhailovich pa adani a Kazan anali kwambiri wovulalayo, koma sanadzisiyira nkhondo ndipo anapitiriza kumenyana. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ambiri anavulala kwambiri wolumala thanzi lake, ndipo iye anafa patatha chaka.

Choona chidwi n'chakuti kaya mochuluka bwanji mbiri yakale angalembe za Ivan IV, ndipo iwo ali mukukumbukira motsimikiza za Andrei Mikhailovich - mwina wotchuka kwambiri woimira banja lake ndi mnzake wapamtima wa mfumu. Mpaka pano, ofufuza kukangana za amene ali Prince Kurbsky: mnzanu kapena mdani Ivana Groznogo?

yonena

Palibe mfundo zaka zake ubwana waliteteza, ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwa Andrei Mikhailovich palibe amene ndithudi sanathe kudziwa ngati uli mwa ntchito zake amangotchula anatchula izo. Ndipo iye anabadwa mu chaka cha 1528. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nthawi yoyamba kalonga Kurbsky, amene yonena anali kugwirizana ndi yokopa pafupipafupi nkhondo, ndi zikalata anatchulidwa ndawala lotsatira mu 1549. The Tsar Ivan IV asilikali unachitikira udindo wa kapitawo.

Iye anali simudafikire zaka 21 pamene anatenga gawo mu ntchito yochotsa Kazan. Mwina Kurbski anakwanitsa yomweyo anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa anamanganso wake wa manja pa nkhondo, chifukwa patapita chaka mfumu anamuika bwanamkubwa, anatumiza Pronsk kuteteza malire kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa dzikoli. Posakhalitsa, monga mphoto kaya phindu asilikali, kapena lonjezo kufika pa foni woyamba ndi kumuwombera lake la asilikali, Ivan Grozny mwapatsidwa Andrei Mikhailovich dziko ili pafupi Moscow.

oyamba kugonjetsedwa

Amadziwika kuti Kazan Chitata, kuyambira ndi ufumu wa Ivan III, nthawi zambiri anaukira Russian midzi. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti Kazan chinapatsidwa mphamvu yokhala malingana Moscow akalonga. Mu 1552 asilikali Russian anali adamuyitananso ku nkhondo pafupi ndi nzika wopanduka wa Kazan. Pa nthawi yomweyo kum'mwera kwa mphamvu anatuluka ndi asilikali Crimea Khan a. asilikali mdani anabwera pafupi Tula ndi kuzungulira mzindawo. Tsar Ivan Grozny n'kumaonera ndi mphamvu zazikulu pafupi Kolomna, ndi kuti apulumutse mzinda anazinga kutumiza 15000th asilikali analamula ana agalu ndi Andrei Kurbsky.

asilikali Russian maonekedwe awo zosayembekezereka Khan modzidzimutsa, chotero iye ankayenera kuti abwerere. Komabe, pafupi Tula adakali detachment ndithu Crimeans, mphalapala zikatichitikira pafupi mzinda, osadziwa kuti mphamvu yaikulu ya Khan anapita steppes lapansi. Andrei Mikhailovich yomweyo anaganiza kuukira adani, ngakhale anali theka ankhondo. Malinga ndi zikalata moyo, nkhondo chinatenga theka la ora, ndipo Prince Kurbsky anatuluka izo wopambana.

Zotsatira zake za nkhondo imeneyi inali imfa lalikulu la asilikali mdani: kuchokera 30,000th theka kumuwombera anaphedwa pa nkhondo, ndi zina mwina analanda kapena anamira powoloka Shivoron. Kurbsky yekha kumenyana pambali atumiki, chifukwa chimene analandira mabala angapo. Komabe, patangotha sabata imodzi kachiwiri iye anaima m'thupi ndipo ngakhale anakamanga msasa. nthawi iyi, njira yake anatsogolera m'dziko Ryazan. Pamaso pake panali ntchito - kuphimba mphamvu yaikulu mwadzidzidzi kuukira steppe.

Kuzinga Kazan

M'dzinja 1552, asilikali a Russia anafika ku Kazan. Ana agalu ndi Kurbsky anasankhidwa mkulu wa Regiment dzanja lamanja. mayunitsi zawo zili kuwoloka mtsinje Kazanka. dera limeneli poyera, kotero Regiment anataya katundu wolemera chifukwa cha moto anatsegula pa iwo mumzindawu. Komanso, asilikali Russian anali kumenya Cheremisses kuukira zambiri kuchokera kumbuyo.

Wachiwiri September anadzasokoneza Kazan, imene Prince Kurbsky ndi ankhondo ake anali kuima pa chipata Elbuginyh kwa anazinga sanathe abuluke mu nzinda. Ambiri akuyesetsa kuti kubooleza asilikali mdani akutetezedwa gawo makamaka zimaonekera. Only mbali yaing'ono ya asilikali mdani anathawa ku linga la. Andrei Mikhailovich ndi anthu ake anapereka kuwathamangitsa. Iye molimba mtima anamenyana, kokha modetsa anakakamizika iye potsiriza kusiya nkhondo.

mlangizi wa mfumu

Patapita zaka ziwiri Kurbski anapitanso ku dziko Kazan, nthawi imeneyi chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa opandukawo. Ine ndiyenera kunena, ntchitoyi inali yovuta kwambiri, monga asilikali anali kuyenda kuchokera msewu, nkhondo malo amenewa, koma ndi ntchito Duke anafunsira, kenako anabwerera ku likulu ndi chigonjetso. Ndi kwa mlingo umenewu wa Ivan Grozny, ndipo anapanga ku fuko lomveka lapansi.

Panthawi imeneyi Kurbsky Prince ndi chimodzi mwa pafupi kwambiri kwa anthu Tsar Ivan IV. Pang'onopang'ono, anakhala kucheza ndi Adasheva ndi Sylvester, oimira okonzanso chipani ndipo anakhala mmodzi wa alangizi a mfumu ankapita okondedwa Rada. Mu 1556 iye anachita nawo ntchito yatsopano asilikali ndi Cheremisses ndipo kachiwiri anabwerera ku wopambana kampeni. Poyamba anaikidwa mtsogoleri wamanzere Regiment, amene anali anakhazikika Kaluga, ndipo kenako pa lamulo la Regiment pa dzanja lamanja, anali mu Kashira.

Nkhondo ndi Livonia

chochitika ichi amakakamizidwa Andrey Mikhailovich kachiwiri kubwerera dongosolo nkhondo. Poyamba anaikidwa kuti atsogolele Storozhev, ndipo kenako patsogolo ndi Regiment amene anatenga nawo mbali pa adani a St. George ndi Neuhaus. M'chaka cha 1559 anabwerera ku Moscow, kumene posachedwapa chisankho kuti amutume kwa utumiki kwa kum'mwera kwa dziko la boma.

A nkhondo wopambana ndi Livonia sizinakhalitse. Pamene zolephera anayamba kutha mmodzi ndi mmodzi, mfumu anaitana Kurbsky ndipo anapanga iye kazembe wa asilikali lonse, kumenyana ku Livonia. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mkulu watsopano nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuchita chamuna. Popanda kuyembekezera mphamvu zazikulu, choyamba anaukira kumuwombera mdani ali pafupi Weissenstein, ndipo anapambana Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga chigonjetso.

Popanda kuganiza, Kurbsky Prince amatenga chisankho china - kulimbana ndi asilikali mdani, umene panokha anatsogolera wotchuka mbuye wa Order Livonia. asilikali Russian molambalala mdani kumbuyo, ndipo ngakhale usiku, anaukira iye. Posachedwa shootout Livonians inasanduka melee a. Ndipo chigonjetso kunali Kurbski pano. Pambuyo khumi tsiku wotopa, asilikali Russian n'kupita.

Popeza anafika Fellini, kalonga analamula kuti kuwotcha mabusa ake, ndi kuyamba kuzinga mzinda. Mu nkhondo imeneyi, mkaidi analandidwa landmarshal Order F. Schall Von Bell, mofulumira thandizo la anazinga. Nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kwa Moscow ponamizira kalata kuchokera Kurbsky. Iwo Andrei Mikhailovich anandifunsa kuti aphe landmarshal, chifukwa ine ndimaganiza kuti wanzeru, wolimba ndi wolimba mtima. uthenga uwu anati kalonga Russian anali munthu wolemekezeka wankhondo yemwe osati amadziwa nkhondo bwino, koma ndi ulemu waukulu kwa adani woyenera. Komabe, ngakhale, Ivan Grozny akadali anaphedwa Livonians. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, kuyambira pa nthawi yomweyo Adasheva ndi Sylvester boma linamasuka, ndi alangizi okha, anzawo ndi abwenzi - anaphedwa.

kugonjetsedwa

Andrei Mikhailovich anatenga Fellin kulinga kwa masabata atatu, anapita kwa Vitebsk, ndiyeno Nevel. Apa mwayi anamuukira ndipo anagonjetsedwa. Komabe, makalata achifumu ndi Prince Kurbsky zikusonyeza kuti Ivan IV sanali kumuneneza woukira boma. Ine sitimakwiya pa iye ndi mfumu Pofuna zinalephereka analanda mzinda Gelmet. mfundo ndi yakuti ngati chochitika Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri, ndiye adzakhala ananena mu kalata yake.

Komabe, ndiye kuti Prince choyamba kuganizira za zimene zidzachitika kwa iye pamene mfumu wapeza za ndifotokoze mavuto ake amagwera. Podziwa mtima wolamulirayo, iye ankadziwa kuti ngati adani adzakwanilitse, sanawopseze, koma mu nkhani ya kugonjetsedwa, zikhoza akhumudwa kusangalala ndi kukhala pa chipika chopping. Ngakhale zoona, koma chifundo manyazi, analibe kanthu mlandu.

Tikayang'ana chakuti atagonjetsedwa ku Nevel Ivan IV yoikidwiratu mkulu Andrei ku St. George, mfumu sinditi amulanga. Komabe, kalonga Kurbsky ku mkwiyo wa mfumu anathawira ku Poland chifukwa ndinkaona kuti pakapita nthawi, mkwiyo wa mwayekha adzagwa pa mutu wake. Mfumu Sigismund II Augustus anaona kufunika kwa anamanganso ya manja a kalonga, choncho anamuitanira kamodzi kwa utumiki wake, anamulonjeza phwando labwino komanso moyo wapamwamba.

ndege

Kurbski kunadetsa anayamba kuganiza pa kupereka mfumu Polish, mpaka mapeto a April 1564 anaganiza kuti kuthawa Wolmar. Naye anapita otsatira ake ndipo ngakhale atumiki. Sigismund II anawalandira bwino, ndipo kalonga anali kupereka ndi lamanja la cholowa zigawo katundu.

Akaphunzira kalonga Kurbsky kuthawa mkwiyo wa mfumu, Ivan Grozny mkwiyo wake onse udzafika pa achibale otsala pano Budker. Onse a iwo anavutika tsoka kwambiri. Kulungamitsa nkhanza Kurbsky awo mlandu woukira boma, kuswa nampsopsonetsa mtanda, komanso kuba mkazi wake, Anastasia, ndi chilakolako kulamulira Yaroslavl. Ivan IV akanakhoza kokha kutsimikizira woyamba mfundo ziwiri, ena iye mwachionekere anatulukira kuti zifukwa zodzikhululukira pamaso pa Polish ndi olemekezeka Chilituyaniya.

Moyo mu ukapolo

Anayamba utumiki wa Mfumu Sigismund II, Kurbski pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo anayamba kugwira apamwamba asilikali. Pasanathe miyezi sikisi, iye anamenyana Muscovy. Ndi asilikali Chilituyaniya anachita nawo ntchito yapaderayi ku Wamkulu Luka ndi kuteteza Volhynia motsutsa Tartars. Mu 1576, Andrew M. analamula detachment ambiri, kumene kunali mbali ya asilikali a Grand Prince Stefan Batory, amene kumenyana Russian Ratiu wa Polotsk.

Mu Kurbski Poland pafupifupi nthawi zonse ankakhala mu Milyanovich kuti pa Kovel. Sinthani m'mayiko awo, iye anauza matrasti. Mu tinkasangalalira pa nkhondo anali nawo kafukufuku wa sayansi, kupereka mmalo ntchito pa masamu, sayansi, nzeru ndi zamulungu, komanso kuphunzira Greek ndi Latin zinenero.

Choona chodziwika kuti amathawathawa Prince Kurbsky ndi Ivan Grozny anali makalata. Kalata yoyamba anatumizidwa mfumu mu 1564. Ndinabwera naye kwa Moscow, mtumiki wokhulupirika wa Andrei Mikhailovich Vasiliy Shibanov, amene pambuyo pake anazunzidwa ndi kunyongedwa. M'makalata ake, kalonga wokwiya kwambiri ndi chizunzo wosalungama, komanso chiwerengero cha Kuphedwa ngati anthu kanthu osalakwa amene anatumikira Mfumu mokhulupirika. Nayenso Ivan IV kumbuyo ufulu mtheradi, nzeru zake yekha kukhululukira kapena kuphedwa kwa aliyense wa anthu ake.

Makalata ndi adani awiri kwa zaka 15 ndipo inatha mu 1579. Sami makalata, odziwika kabukuko, yakuti "History wa Grand Prince wa Moscow" ndi zina ntchito Kurbsky olembedwa kulemba chinenero mabuku. Komanso, muli mfundo zothandiza kwambiri za nthawi ya ulamuliro wa wina wa olamulira mwankhanza koposa mu mbiri Russian.

Kale kukhala mu Poland, kalonga anakwatira kachiwiri. Mu 1571 adatenga olemera wamasiye Kosinski mkazi. Komabe, ukwati sizinakhalitse ndi linatha. Kachitatu kale Kurbski anakwatira mkazi wakutcherenga dzina Semashko. Kuyambira mgwirizano uwu kalonga anali ndi mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi.

Asanamwalire, kalonga anatenga gawo mu msonkhano wina ndi Moscow kutsogoleredwa ndi Stefan Batory. Koma nthawi iyi iye samayenera kulimbana - kufika pafupi ndi malire a Russia, iye anadwala anakakamizika kubwerera. Andrei Mikhailovich anafa 1583. Iye anaikidwa mu obisika, umene uli pafupi Kovel.

Pa moyo wake anali kutsatira odzipereka a ziphunzitso. Onyada, wamphamvu ndi wotsimikizika khalidwe Kurbsky kwakukulukulu anathandiza chakuti iye ali kwambiri adani pakati pa Chilituyaniya ndi Polish otchuka. Iye nthawi zonse kukangana ndi anansi ake ndi zambiri anagwira m'mayiko awo ndi amithenga achifumu yokutidwa nkhanza Russian.

Pambuyopo mwalira Andreya Kurbskogo anafa ndi loya wake Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, boma Polish wakhala pang'onopang'ono chuma ku wamasiye ndi mwana wakeyo, mpaka, potsiriza, usakhale ndi Kovel. Court mlandu pa nkhani chinatenga zaka zingapo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mwana wake Dmitri anali wokhoza kuti achire ena a dziko anataya, kenako kutembenukira ku Chikatolika.

Prince Kurbsky Mbali

Opinion iye ndi chithunzi ndale ndi munthu zambiri umasemphana kotheratu. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti iye wouma ndiwofatsa ndi yopapatiza ndi zochepa zinthu, amene anakhalabe mu boyars ndi anakaniza autocracy tsarist. Komanso, ndege ake Poland ankamuona ngati mtundu wina wa mawerengedwe, chikugwirizana ndi phindu lalikulu la moyo uno, amene anamulonjeza Korol Sigizmund August. Andrei Kurbsky ngakhale amaganiziridwa kusaona mtima wa chiweruzo, kuziika mu ntchito ambiri amene kwathunthu lolunjika pa ntchito yokonza ziphunzitso.

Akatswiri ambiri amaganiza kalonga anali munthu wanzeru kwambiri ndi ophunzira, komanso oona mtima ndi woonamtima, nthawi zonse pa mbali ya zabwino ndi chilungamo. Chifukwa makhalidwe amenewa kuti anatchedwa "woyamba Russian dissident." Chifukwa zimayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa iye ndi Ivanom Groznym, komanso nthano okha Prince Kurbsky ndi asanamvetsetse, mkangano pankhani ya chithunzi ichi wotchuka ndale za nthawi lidzakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali.

maganizo ake pa nkhani imeneyi lofotokozeredwa ndipo odziwika Polish heraldry ndi Szymon Okolski mbiri, amene anakhalapo zaka za m'ma XVII. mapangidwe ake a Prince Kurbsky anali motere: izo analidi munthu wamkulu, osati chifukwa chakuti anali okhudzana ndi nyumba yachifumu, namgwira asilikali ndi boma maudindo akuluakulu, komanso chifukwa ndi olimba mtima, monga iye anapambana chigonjetso angapo kwambiri . Komanso wolemba mbiri, analemba za kalonga ngati munthu wosangalala. Weruzani nokha: ukapolo wake ndi wa fuko lomveka amathawathawa, ulemu zapadera anatenga wake Polish Mfumu Sigismund II Augustus.

Kufikira tsopano, chifukwa kupanduka ndi kuperekedwa kalonga Kurbsky ofufuza kwachititsa chidwi ndithu, monga chizindikiro cha munthu uyu ali osokoneza ndiponso m'zigawozigawo. More umboni chakuti Andrei Mikhailovich anali ndi malingaliro zodabwitsa, ndipo angathe kutumikira monga kuzindikira kuti, kukhala salinso wamng'ono, iye anatha kuphunzira Latin, zomwe mpaka ndiye sankadziwa zonse.

Mu Buku loyamba la buku lotchedwa Orbis Poloni, lomwe linasindikizidwa mu 1641 mu Kraków, yemweyo Szymon Okolski anaika odula manja Prince Kurbsky (mu Polish Baibulo - Krupskaya) nampatsa malongosoledwe. Iye anakhulupirira kuti chizindikiro heraldic la Russia ku chiyambi. Dziwani kuti Ages Middle, fano la mkango akhoza zambiri pa manja a anthu otchuka mu maiko osiyanasiyana. Mu Russian Heraldry wakale monga nyama zimenezi ankaona chizindikiro cha otchuka, kulimba mtima, khalidwe labwino ndi nyonga ya usilikali. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti mkango anaoneka pa chovala manja kalonga Kurbsky.