Don Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin: yonena, mbiri, masiku kiyi ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Stepan Timofeevich Razin anabadwa mu 1630, chaka, monga ife tikudziwira, kuwerenga Streiss ntchito, munthu wapaulendo ku Netherlands. Iwo anali ndi misonkhano ingapo. Mu 1670, wolemba taonera ntchito yake mnzake anayamba kupita khumi wachisanu. zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa kuphunzira za chithunzi yakale imeneyi pansi pa nkhaniyi.

Chikaikiro zokhudza kubadwa kwake

Coast Don anali nyumba yoyamba imene Stepan Timofeevich Razin. zokhudza mbiri sayankha deta bwino. Pali Baibulo, lomwe ndi odalirika kwambiri, ndipo ananena kuti iye anabadwa m'mudzi Zimoveyskoy. Tsopano dziko ili anapatsidwa dzina Pugachovskoy.

Ena ofufuza anatsutsa Baibulo ili. A zambiri zongopeka ukadali kumeneko kuzungulira malo a kubadwa kwa Stepana Timofeevicha Razina. yonena wake akhoza zimasiyana ndi olemba osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ena amanena kuti iye anabadwa mu Cherkassk, imene tsopano mu dera Rostov. Kotero anali kwenikweni Razin Stepan Timofeevich mtundu wa sultans Circassian? Folk miyambo ndi osiyana ndi wina ndi mnzake.

adzabadwira umatchedwa ndipo ambiri m'madera ena, monga Esaulovsky kapena Kagalnitsky. Komabe, mbiri nyimbo Malo chake Cherkassk.

moyo

Stepan Timofeevich Razin kale chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Mozungulira umunthu wake unakhazikitsidwa folklore ndi zoyambira za mafilimu a kanema Russian. Mu West, iye anakhala munthu woyamba Russian Stenka amene ankateteza nkhani yolembedwa wake mu zaka zingapo pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Iye anafa asanafike ukalamba Razin Stepan Timofeevich. About 1630-1671 zaka. Iye anakhala ndi kuchita ntchito yake. Iye ndi banja lake akhala nkhani ya nyimbo wowerengeka, zomwe zimabweretsa zinthu zatsopano kupanga za izo khalidwe pafupifupi wosangalatsa.

Pasanakhale zipolowe

Ndithu chidwi ndi mbiri Razina Stepana Timofeevicha. masiku chifungulo cha moyo wake kuyambira 1652, chaka. Panthawiyo iye anali mtsogoleri, ndipo pamaziko a ulamuliro wake kuimira Don ankhondo. Razin Stepan Timofeevich - Cossack, amene amadziwa kale zambiri zokhudza usilikali, ndipo anasangalala ndi kulemekeza abale ake m'manja. Ngakhale zaka zake zoyambirira anali kale ndi makings ya utsogoleri.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin anamenyera mu kampani ya m'bale wake wamkulu Ivan monga mbali ya Don asilikali. 1661 Chaka The N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene zokambirana inkachitikira ndi Kalmyks. Companion wankhondo anali Fedor Budan ndi Cossacks ku Don ndi Zaporozhye. Nkhani kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtendere ndi masitepe wamba kuchotsa Chitata ku Crimea ndi Nogais.

chaka 1663rd olembedwa mbiri monga nthawi imene Razin Stepan Timofeevich anatsogolera Don ndi Cossacks, Kalmyks kuti ankhondo a Crimea, amene anali pansi pa Perekop.

Mu 1665 mamita, Dolgorukov anaphedwa mtsogoleri m'bale. Izo zinachitika, pamene nkhondo kutangoyamba, imene asilikali amene ndikufuna kupita Don, ngakhale potumikira mfumu. Stepan Timofeevich Razin anali ndi chikhumbo ndibwezera kalonga, komanso chilengedwe chonse cha mfumu. Iye ankafuna ufulu ndi mtendere moyokwa abale awo amene ankamutsatira. malingaliro Wamkulu anayamba kubala Razin Stepan Timofeevich. Zaporizhzhya Sich amayenera kukhala chitsanzo cha dongosolo asilikali ndi demokalase lonse la boma la Russia.

Pa chiwembu ndi

Iye anawuka gulu lake. Chifukwa chimene izi angatchedwe kuti kukulitsa nkhaniyo mu dongosolo chikhalidwe, amene analamulira dziko la Cossacks. Pamene panayambira a pasukuluyi anali Don. Mu madera ozungulira anaonekera osawuka kwambiri amathawathawa. Izi akhoza zimachitika ndi kuchuluka kwa Council Code 1647-chaka. Anthu anali mu ukapolo wathunthu, inazingidwa manja ndi miyendo amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Chifukwa munthu uyu ali kutchulidwa "anthu Great Russian"? Razin Stepan Timofeevich anapatsa anthu mpata wopuma momasuka kukhala Cossacks, free ankhondo. Pamene aliyense mukufuna kusiya kudzimvera zojambula mphamvu. Ndipo kuthekera anapereka Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Wambiri ya Don Cossacks sanali kukumbukira malo kapena banja ubwenzi wake waukulu, umene unali ndi abwanamkubwa zina zambiri. iye anali padziko m'dera la dera la pa maziko ofanana ndi ena. Kuti icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mawu akuti "golutvenny" Cossack. Iye anayima pambali pa nthawi zakale anali kukonda anthu wamba, analibe chuma kwambiri, osati monyada maudindo.

Amene ali Stepan Timofeevich Razin? Umenewu ndi ngwazi ndi wolanda. Iye anali mpulumutsi kwa okondedwa awo, tsoka kwa anthu amene kuukira. Pa chisokonezo kuti apite kwa cholanda Volga. Iye pa nthawi imene inali yofunika kutchuka ndi chuma chuma. More olemera ndi otchuka Cossacks yokonzedwa maulendo izi pa chikhalidwe cholalikira abe. makamu onse - Yaik, Don ndi Terek - ankagwira ntchito izi.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich mtundu wa Sultans Iguputo anakhala pakati padziko omwe anasonkhana osauka, amene iwo akhoza kumva zofunika ndi anthu bwino, monga mbali ya asilikali Cossack.

Unyinji unakula mofulumira ndipo anayamba zambiri noticeable chifukwa serfs wothawa amene ankafuna kuti apandukire.

1667 chaka TH inali nthawi imene Cossacks lotsogoleredwa ndi Razin. M'chaka panali 700 asilikali pa Volga-Don Perevoloki. Adaonjezeredwa ndi opanduka latsopano, kuti iwo anakhala anthu zikwi ziwiri. Adutsa pafupi Volga ndi Yaik. Ulendowu unali kusonyeza kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma Moscow ndi anatseka misewu ya njira malonda, kudutsa mtsinje. akuluakulu Royal anayankha kuti vuto ndi kugunda zinachitika.

Kukula kwa mphamvu Cossack

Stepan Timofeevich Razin zaka za moyo wake wodzipereka kwa kuika makampeni, ndipo iyi inali mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri. Inayamba mu May 1667-TH. asilikali ake apita ku Volga. Pafupi Tsaritsyno ilibe Shorin, mlendo m'dzikoli, komanso atsogoleri ena a amalonda. Zingapo zombo zawo zili kuno ndi mbadwa Iosaf, akakula bondo. Stenka ndi achifwamba anaukira zombo, anagonjetsa iwo, napha clerks ndi mitu ya mabwalo amilandu.

Mokulira ndi Cossacks zambiri chinkhoswe mu looting. Komabe, patapita ndi kuba yosavuta kunkakhala kupanduka, iwo ankatsutsa boma anagonjetsa oponya mivi ndi anatenga m'tawuni Yaitsky. Zima zinachitikadi pa dera la Yaik. Kodi chaka 1668-TH, nkhondo watsopano wakhala madzi m'dera la Nyanja ya Caspian. Kunadetsa anakhala Don Cossacks, cherkastsev ndi anthu a m'maboma ena a Russia. Panali nkhondo yolimbana ndi mphamvu shah pafupi Rasht, mzinda wa Perisiya.

Zinali nkhondo zolimba, imene inatha zokambirana. Pa ndondomekoyi, Suleyman Shah anapita mtumiki wa mfumu ndi Russia inanena kuti mbala mayunitsi kunyalanyaza nyanja. Aperisiya otchedwa yopuma razintsev. Zinali ndiye kuti nkhani ndi linathyoka. The Cossacks anali amangiriridwe. Mmodzi wa iwo anafa kuzunzidwa kwa agalu. Opandukawo sakanachitira mwina koma kutenga Farabat ndi kukhala pamenepo kwa dzinja, asakhalenso asilikali mdani.

zochitika lodziwika bwino

Ndiye anadza chaka 1669, akhala nkhondo angapo m'gawo la "Dziko Trukhmen." Pali linasokonekera ena Razin, ndi Cossack dzina limaoneka lokongola. Pamene asilikali anafika chihema chilumba, iwo akhala akuchita kuukira anthu shah a, analamula Mamed Khan. Iwo anamenyera moyo ndi imfa.

Mdani clasped zombo wake atazunguliridwa ndi unyolo ndi Don Cossacks, koma njira sanali kulipira ngongole. Sitima flagship mdani kumira. Ndiye razintsy anachita nawo mpumulo wa zombo za. Anatha kuona mwana mkaidi ndi mwana, mkulu wa Perisiya apanyanja.

Chifukwa, ndi Persian kalonga Razin chiwawa, kuzimitsa mtsikana mu mtsinje wa Volga, monga patapita analemba nyimbo. Cossacks anapambana, koma panali akadali angapo mavuto. asilikali Sefividskie akuyandikira, pachifukwa ichi, zotsatirazi wakhala malo razintsev Astrakhan. Unachitikira nkhani ndi atsogoleri. Chifukwa, Razin anali mosapita m'mbali anatengera Knyazhye kumeneko Prozorovsky warlord woyamba amene anaphonya Cossacks kwa Don. Pakuti anali kulipira yobereka mfuti kugawana ziwiya opangidwa ndi akaidi adani amene anagwidwa. Komabe, asilikali anakwanitsa pochitika popanda kukwaniritsidwa kwa zinthu izi.

Nkhondo ya Amaya

Panali khumi latsopano. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, ntchito asilikali anayamba m'chaka cha 1670. Kachiwiri, kupanga ulendo wa Volga. Tsopano sanali kuba, koma anagalukira lenileni, limene linali pansi chotero zokhudzana ndi udindo. Aliyense amene ankafuna kufuna ndi ufulu, munaitanidwa kuti utumiki wa Razin.

Kuti mtsogoleri sanali Kulandidwa kwa mfumu, koma iye ankafuna kuti akunde ndiye dongosolo amapangidwa alimi ng'ombe. Anakonza Kupha okhala apamwamba, amene ankaimira clerks, oweruza ndi atsogoleri amene mwamva anasintha mphamvu wachifumu. Iwo anali kusungunuka mu kumva za kupeza razintsev Tsarevich Alexei, amene anali akufa kuyambira January.

Iwo ankanena kuti iwo ali ndi mphamvu pa moyo wa mabishopu, Nikon. Ndipotu, iye anangopitirira kwa kugwirizana. Razintsy wotanganidwa linga ndi mzinda anayambitsa pali chipangizo anathanirana ndi olamulira m'dera kuwononga zikalata. Ngati iwo ankakomana pa Volga wamalonda Inandigwira ndi achifwamba.

"The kalata kuchokera Stepan Timofeyevich Razin pa" - kuti mutu wakuti pamene chikalata kuti amatumizidwa kwa khamulo. Kukatumikira Mulungu ndi boma, komanso kuthandiza asilikali ndi mtsogoleri wake, kupereka opanduka onse ndi anthu amene kumwa magazi a anthu. Kunali koyenera kuti abwere kwa gulu kwa Cossacks.

Massively anapandukira wamba ndi limodzi mtsogoleri wa Volga nthawi imene wake. Malo m'dera posachedwapa akapolo ndi anthu wamba sanagwirizane kupirira kulandidwa ufulu. Nkhondo inkachitikira pansi pa utsogoleri wa Cossack bwanamkubwa wa malo awa. chipolowecho chinayamba Maris, Chitata, Chuvash ndi Mordovians.

Tsarina anagwidwa, komanso Samara, anatenga Astrakhan, Saratov ndi kuponderezedwa linga ena. Mu kugwa kwa 1670, chaka inatha ndi kulephera kwa kuzinga opareshoni pansi Simbirsk. Mfumu malo awa asilikali anatumizidwa kuchuluka kwa 60 zikwi kupondereza uyenderere anthu. Razintsy agonjetsedwa pafupi Simbirsk.

Voivod anali ndiye Yuri Baryatinsky. Razin yekha inapha bala lalikulu, anatengedwera ku Don anadalira anthu. Kwa nthawi yaitali wakhala malo Kagalitsky m'tawuni. Apa pali anasamukira ku msonkhano chaka chapitacho. Ataman ankawakonda kwambiri kukonza zoti mndandanda wa asilikali watsopano. zinthu anali kukula, ndipo mkwiyo wa mfumu kale kutali kuopseza zabodza. Ataman Yakovlev Kornila ndi Cossacks ena anaperekedwa ndi mtsogoleri wawo, kudutsa iye mkaidi pa 13 April 1671, chaka pamene kuukira Kagalitskogo. Razin anapatsidwa ndi asilikali Russian.

Ukapolo ndi imfa

m'mwezi wa April 1671, chaka udakumbukika chifukwa chakuti Ataman Frolka ndi m'bale, amene anali wamng'ono kuposa iye, anali mu manja a anthu amene ankatumikira mfumu. Iwo anagwidwa ukapolo. Iwo anatenga awo Kosogov Gregory - kapitawo ndi Bogdanov Andrey - kalaliki.

opandukawo anabweretsedwa ku Moscow pakati pa June, iwo kwadzaoneni kuzunzidwa. M'mwezi womwewo Stepan zinachititsa kuti scaffold, ndipo panayi. Malo onsewo anali mboni. Chiganizo unali wautali. Woukira kumvetsera bata. kutsanzikana wake anali kugwedeza kwa mpingo. The wakupha anali woyamba kudula mkono mpaka m'zigongono. Ndiyeno kudula mwendo lamanzere pa bondo, ndipo potsiriza mutu. Pamaso Stepan mutu m'bale wake Frol anafuna kukana chikhululukiro cha Ine, koma anangopeza akuchedwa ka imfa. Iye anaphedwa mu malo omwewo ndi chimodzimodzi.

Mu kanthu asilikali pa Volga sanali mapeto. Cossack atsogoleri anakhala Vasiliy Ife ndi Fyodor Sheludyak. Astrakhan anatengedwa kuchokera asilikali razintsev boma November 1671 TH. Papita nkhondo makamaka aukali, amene anathetsa atasemphana.

Chidwi ochokera m'mayiko

andale European adalikumzonda zimene Razin. Njirazo malonda yofunika kwambiri anali pangozi nkhondoyi. Iwo anaimbira foni Europe Persia ndi Russia. Ngakhale kupanduka unachitikira kufanana nkhondo mu Germany, England ndi Netherlands. M'mayikowa, nkhani ndi mabuku za Zopatsa a mtsogoleri. Zina zinali wosangalatsa pamodzi ndi deta zofunika.

Alendo anaona Cossack anabweretsa ku likulu la monga mkaidi ndi kuphedwa. Pakuti mfumu limeneli makamaka mphamvu kuti ndi kwathunthu mmanja ake, ndipo palibe kuyigwedeza. Makamaka ena wawachifwamba amene amachokera osauka.

Ngakhale chigonjetso sinali komaliza, akadali mtsogoleri wa imfa Cossacks anayang'ana chidwi kwambiri. Imodzi mwa ntchito mabuku pa nkhani imeneyi "maulendo atatu" omwe unalembedwa ndi Yan Streys. Iye anachitira umboni kugalukira, anapita m'dera lomwe umalamulidwa ndi Razin. Kwa chilengedwe cha nkhani imeneyi ntchito kuzipenya ake ndi zipangizo kuti wolemba anaphunzira zambiri imene olemba ena.

ntchito Scientific ndi zolembalemba

Mu 1674 makoma a mbiri Wittenberg Institute kumbuyo ntchito, chimene chimanena za zochita za mtsogoleri. Ntchito nthawi zambiri tinalisindikizanso m'zaka 17-18, Pushkin anasonyeza chidwi chachikulu.

Zotsatira za ngwazi za zigawenga anayamba kulemba kwambiri nthano. Mwachitsanzo, ponena za iye tiyenera kuwerenga ntchito "Kodi Stepan Timofeevich Razin kumanzere ndende."

Pa Ataman analemba wowerengeka nyimbo Russian. Mu ena a idealized ndi ngwazi, triumphing nkhondo ndi yadzaoneni. Nthawi zina kuzindikiridwa ndi Ermak Timofeevich, wina Cossack wotchuka, amene anagonjetsa Siberia. Pali ntchito molondola kwambiri, atakhala pansi dryly kolembedwa mfundo, yonena ndi zochitika m'mbiri.

Dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin anakhala atatu Razin ntchito zawo. Komanso Malemba amanenera za iye DM Wamaluwa. Mu 1908 pali woyamba filimu opangidwa ku Russia. Iwo ankatchedwa "Ponizova libertines." Giljarovsky VA Ndinalemba ndakatulo wotchedwa "Stenka Razin".

kayendedwe aliyense chosintha muyenera mtsogoleri wamphamvu amene angathe wataya mantha ndi kutsogolera misa kwambiri. Against ukapolo anthu ambiri ndinkafuna wina amene kusonkhanitsa ndi bungwe iwo kuti tikwaniritse ufulu wotheratu. Stepan Razin anachita Cossacks za banja, mphamvu logwirizana kuti anamenyera ufulu wawo. Iko kunali munthu wolimba ndi mtima, iye amabwera kwa ife kuchokera masamba a mbiriyakale. Ngakhale atatsala pang'ono kufa, iye analibe chizindikiro cha mantha, ndi mpweya ankadalira maganizo ake. Ndi izi makhalidwe ndi zochita mwaisandutsa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi ngwazi ya m'nthano.