Tsarist ambiri Dukhonin: yonena, imfa, ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Pa Civil nkhondo wofiira zosiyanasiyana otchedwa extrajudicial chilango cha imfa, kusonyeza kuwombera. Official kuti aphedwe wakewu "Ponyani muviwo!". Koma panali ena mwamseri anatengera mawu monga akuti "Tumizani kwa tsiku lomaliza." Mu kugwa kwa 1917 panali mawu akuti "Tumizani ku likulu la General Dukhonin". Tiyeni tipeze yemwe anali kwambiri ambiri, likulu la amene Bolsheviks anatumiza akuvutika awo.

chithunzi mbiri

Mu chipwirikiti wa mzaka zana makumi awiri Russian ambiri Dukhonin kumathandiza zachilendo kwambiri. Mu November 1917, Dukhonin yoikidwiratu Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo Russian. Boma wogwirizira, amene anamupha positi, pa nthawi anali atapita. Chawo chatsopano zopezeka Bolshevik boma ankafuna kuti asanene pa chithunzithunzi cha kupanga mtendere ndi Germany pa ndithu sangathe, ndi zinthu zochititsa manyazi capitulation kwa Russia. Izi sitikanakhoza General Dukhonin, amene yonena limasonyeza kumenyana wake mtima.

Activities Dukhonin m'dzinja la 1917 mu Mogilev mlingo anazindikira ndi azambiriyakale odana ndi anthu ndi counterrevolutionary. General zikuchititsa kuti kusamvera zosankha za boma Bolshevik, kuti ambiri, komanso asilikali, osati analumbira.

chakuti ndi kuchita njira izi, General Dukhonin n'zotheka kuwononga kutsogolo, palibe amene anaganiza. General anapeza yekha pamaso pa "makamu adventurers ndale" amene amapondereza kugwa kwa boma, ankafunanso kuwononga mphamvu asilikali ndi agwera dziko mu chisokonezo Bolshevism. Mwayi ambiri anali osauka kwambiri koma anachita zonse zimene akanatha kuti zimene pamapeto pake aphedwe. ntchito wolimba ndi wosachiritsika imfa ya General Dukhonin ufulu kumutchula kuti patriot woona wa Russia.

Childhood ndi Education

Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin anabadwa mu chigawo Smolensk, pa December 13 (1 December, Old kalendala), 1876, m'banja la olemekezeka. Mu 1894 anamaliza maphunziro ake pa Vladimir sukulu asilikali mumzinda wa Kiev ndipo anapita Moscow kuphunzira koloko Aleksandrovskoe sukulu. Nditamaliza maphunziro a ukachenjede mu 1896, Dukhonin analembetsa lina lankhondo maphunziro bungwe - General Wogwila Academy. Mu 1902, anamaliza maphunziro pa Academy, analandira udindo wa mkulu Alonda ndipo pomwepo anawonjezera kuti General Wogwila.

Asilikali ntchito Dukhonin anayamba mofulumira kwambiri. Atathamangitsidwa mkulu Choyenereza gulu ndi battalion, mu November 1904 anakhala wachiŵiri mkulu wa Wogwila oyenda Division. Mu 1906, Nicholas analandira lachitatu digiri Order wa St. Stanislaus ndi St. Anne, ndipo anasankhidwa mkulu wachiŵiri wa Kiev chigawo asilikali onse. Titafika ku Kiev, Dukhonin anakwatira Natale Verner - zokongola ndi ophunzira mtsikana amene anali mwana wa ulemu kwa Kiev.

ntchito Early

Mu kugwa kwa 1908 Nicholas anayamba kuphunzitsa sayansi angapo mu Kiev usilikali School. Mu 1911 iye anali kupereka udindo wa wamkulu pasadakhale. Mu kugwa kwa 1912 Dukhonin anabwerera ku likulu, kumene anakhala wachiŵiri pakampanipo.

Nikolai Nikolayevich, kuchokera nthawi ya maphunziro ake ankhondo, muli pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi General Alexeyev - mkulu wa likulu m'chigawo. Cooperation ndi kuonana ndi Alekseev kumanzere pokumbukira Nikolai Nikolaevich kukoma chizindikiro. Alekseev, kuyankhula Dukhonin, anaona mkulu mlingo wa Luso wa ndodo yake ndi chikhalidwe.

M'chaka cha 1913 msilikali Dukhonin anapereka ulendo wa Papayu wa asilikali Austria ndi Hungary monga woyang'anira. Pa nthawi imene Europe mofulumira analowa First World nkhondo, ndi Austria-Hungary anagwa kuchokera pamene mdani chachikulu cha Russia, ulendo uno anali oposa zofunika. Bwinobwino kumaliza cholinga chake, msilikali analandira Order wa St. Vladimir wa pamlingo wachinayi, kenako kuonjezera mu Kiev usilikali Circle - Mkulu wa Division Intelligence.

The First World nkhondo

Pamene First World nkhondo, Dukhonin anaika akuluakulu msilikali wothandiza mfumu uja Dipatimenti Quartermaster General Wogwila Ankhondo a chigawo Kiev asilikali Chachitatu. Army, kukhala membala wa South-East Front, anatenga gawo mu nkhondo ya wotchedwa Galicia, umene unachitikira ku August 5 September 8, 1914. Mu Dukhonin ntchito m'gulu ikuyang'anira nzeru. Ndi anatumizidwa msilikali maudindo iye analimbana kwakukuru. Pa reconnaissance mu 1914 pa linga la Przemysl zolankhula zathu anali ngwazi ya dongosolo la St. George mlingo chachinayi.

Wapolisiyo wamng'ono sakanakhoza kukhala likulu, ndipo mu 1915 iye anaumirira kutumiza mwanayu kutsogolo. Choncho Dukhonin anasankhidwa mkulu wa 165 TH oyenda Regiment wa Lutsk. Pamene lamulo lake, Regiment kuphimba mthunzi wa 42 oyenda Division mu nkhondo pafupi ndi mudzi Mokreє (dzina Chiyukireniya). Chitsogozo akatswiri ndi mtima Dukhonin kupereka dongosolo la St. George, tsopano ndi digiri lachitatu. mphoto uyu anali ndi mwayi waukulu, chifukwa Order ya mlingo wachiwiri kwa nthawi ya Dziko Lonse Yoyamba alandira anayi okha.

Mu May 1916 Dukhonin anakhala Quartermaster General ndodo ya Southwestern Front, ndi wachiŵiri pafupi General Brusilov - Chief wa makamu Front.

February zisinthe

Zochitika za February utasintha Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin anachita modekha. Iye, pokhala munthu woganiza bwino, anadziwa kuti kumvera boma latsopano ndi bungwe kupanduka pa armbands wofiira osathandiza, kosathandiza mawu a nkhondo. Sizibwereza zinachitikira wokhala akazembe ena (Miller ndi Keller) Dukhonin anavomera kuthandiza ndi Provisional boma kuika wokha ngati wotetezera wa dziko, osati woimira zofuna za munthu aliyense. Mawu a Kerensky, Dukhonin anali osapita m'mbali ndi woonamtima munthu amene ali kutali ndi machenjerero a ndale. Iye anali, malinga Kerensky, iye anali mmodzi wa akuluakulu a achinyamata aja amene anatenga kuchokera Petra Velikogo ndi Suvorov luso la chigonjetso, kuti mwa zinthu zina, zinali kulemekeza atumiki.

Mu May 1917, General Nikolai Dukhonin walunjika likulu la Southwestern Front. Kumayambiriro August chaka chomwecho anakhala msilikali wamkulu ndi mkulu wa ndodo ya Western Front. Pa 10 September, pambuyo General Alexeyev anatsanzika Dukhonin anatsogolera Supreme Likulu la Kerensky.

Apa pali chimene iye analemba mkulu General Denikin pa Dukhonin "Kerensky ndi nthumwi za demokalase chosintha anapeza abwino chomwecho, iwo anali kuyembekezera motalika kwambiri. Iye anali wolimba msilikali ndi msilikali akatswiri amene anakana tsankho ndyale. " Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin anavomera udindo, mwachionekere kuika mbiri yake, ndipo kenako moyo wake kupulumutsa dziko lakwawo, akuti Denikin.

The October kuukira boma

Kumayambiriro October, General Dukhonin mokhulupirika anasewera mbali ya "mlangizi luso", limene linavomereza kuti kutetezeredwa Provisional boma. Mwa dongosolo la Kerenskogo Nikolay Nikolaevich anamasulira amphamvu mayunitsi angapo a asilikali mu pazipita nkhawa malo. Kenako, Bolsheviks anakwanitsa razagitirovat mbali zonse izi.

Pamene Petrograd anayamba October kugalukira, Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin analengedwa Mogilev gulu lapadera kwa mugwirizano pa zochitika patsogolo m'banja. Koma kuteteza kugwa kwa asilikali, umene panthawi imeneyo pachimake, kunali kosatheka.

October 25, 1917 Dukhonin akatulukire kwa asilikali, kuyesera kumukumbutsa antchito kuti dziko lawo amafuna ake kumaliza kudziletsa ndi mtendere wamumtima, malo amphamvu pa udindo ndi kuthandiza boma. Iye anatumiza uthengawo kwa Petrograd aziwapatsa Bolsheviks yomweyo kusiya zochita zawo, kusiya kulanda zida za mphamvu ndi kumvera Provisional boma. Apo ayi, iye anati, asilikali adzakhala kufunika ili ndi mphamvu. Pa nthawi imene asilikali kwathunthu anakomoka ndi Germany mu West, muzigwiritsa ntchito izi, ine ndikanakhoza kuchita, General, - kutumiza matelegalamu pachiswe.

Usiku wa November 26-27, kuphunzira kuti Kerensky anatumiza "amphamvu oyenda kumuwombera" Dukhonin ambiri akufuna kukumanizana nawo "awiri odalirika oti muli nazo zida magalimoto." Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali Bolshevik mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta anagonjetsa Zima Palace. Pa mmawa wa 27 wa Nikolai Nikolaevich Ine anamutumizira iye telegramu kuwafunsa kuletsa ntchito zawo zachiwawa ndi kugonjera kwa Provisional boma. Patapita maola ochepa ndi mlingo makomiti asilikali anaganiza amayesetsa kuthandiza Moscow. Atalephera kukwaniritsa pangano ndi makomiti asilikali m'mawa Dukhonin anapempha mwa uthengawo pa 29 October kuti A. Kaledin, namfunsa za mwayi wopita ku likulu la kumuwombera Don Cossacks kuti adzaletse chiwembu mu Moscow ndipo anapitiriza ulendo pa Petrograd. General Dukhonin ayankhe sanayembekezere.

Udindo wa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu

Pamene ulendo pa Petrograd analephera, pa November 1, Kerensky usiku Dukhonin yoikidwiratu Mtsogoleri Wamkulu, chifukwa cha kuchoka mu Petrograd. General anauza asilikali pa udindo wake, kuwakakamiza kusunga malo awo. November 1 Dukhonin kalata kuchokera Kornilov, imene Laurel G. General anakumbukira zovuta kwa ntchitoyo umene unagwa pa mapewa ake, ndi pa kufunika kanthu osasunthika bungwe polimbana ndi chisokonezo akubwera.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin anamvetsa kuti ngozi yaikulu tingayembekezere kuchokera kumbuyo osati kutsogolo. Iye ankaona kuti udindo wake kuthandiza Provisional boma monga ulamuliro yovomerezeka. Oopa mbiri zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu wa Civil nkhondo, iye anali ochepa mu zochita zake. Mkulu Lamulo ali ikusonyezera maganizo ake pa Civil nkhondo, pamene chikalata cholamula kuti asiye magulu chokwawa padziko Petrograd. Uliwonse Dukhonin anatsutsa boma Bolshevik, koma kwenikweni yekha.

Nov. 7 wamkulu wa asilikali achifumu Dukhonin analandira kuti ku Bungwe la Commissars Anthu, mogwirizana ndi zimene iye pakunena kuti atsogoleri a magulu mdani ndi kupereka iwo kuletsa ndewu ndi pansi pa tebulo positi ofesi. Pankhaniyi, zinthu zonse kuyambira zokambirana iye tinawasamutsira kwa Smolny. Pamene Bolsheviks atalamula, iwo zinali zosiyana ndi maganizo ambiri. Kulephera kutsatira dongosolo zikutanthauza kuti iwo anali ndi chifukwa kuzindikira Dukhonin mdani wake, choncho mdani wa anthu.

Pozindikira zovuta za nkhaniyi, 8 November tsarist ambiri Dukhonin tsiku lonse kuganizira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anaganiza kusewera kwa nthawi, ntchito chakuti uthenga wailesi ndi malamulo wakhala inakhazikitsa ndi dongosolo. Dukhonin telegraphed nduna nkhondo polingalira wapadera tanthauzo radiogram sangathe kusankha pa wokhutira, popeza alibe tsiku ndi chiwerengero.

kuitana fateful

Bolshevik mutiny General Dukhonin sanabwere kulawa. Usiku 8 9 November, Bungwe la Commissars Anthu a mu umunthu wa Lenin, Stalin ndi Krylenko otchedwa Duhonininu kulongosolerana malo ake okhudza kuti wamkulu. Mkuluyu anayamba kuyankha kwake ponena kuti Commissars Anthu anafunsa ngati adani kugwirizana nkhani mtendere. Iye linasonyeza kopanda wake kuti Bolsheviks sangathe mwachindunji kukambirana ndi adani, choncho muyenera nthumwi ya boma. Commissars sanali ndemanga pa mawu a General ndi chabe namfunsa ngati anali kupereka yankho yotsimikizika malamulo ndi kudzapereka lamulo ndi wokonzeka.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin anakana kuti akapereke malangizo a Bolsheviks. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anachotsedwa ntchito. Popeza nthawi yoyamba m'malo Commander Supreme panalibe wina, iye anatsalira mu malo ake mpaka kusaka anali wophunzira abwino. Posakhalitsa, malo ake anali kubwera chizindikiro Krylenko.

Pambuyo foni kukambirana usiku ndi atsogoleri a Bolsheviks, General Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin anapeza kuti Commissars anthu, amene alibe kuzindikira anaganiza kuyesera kukambirana kudzera wamkulu, anapatsidwa mphamvu yovomerezeka asilikali.

Maonekedwe pa kugwirizana osayanjanitsika

Pa November 10 anauzidwa kuti Mogilev Bolsheviks analola asilikali kuchita osayanjanitsika awo ndi mdani, osati anasankha pa kukondweretsa limaitana. zokambirana The ankaloledwa matupi osankhidwa, kuyambira ndi makomiti regimental. Ndipo okha kusaina wa Armistice kuvomerezedwa pangano linali kutenga mbali boma. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi, pamene zimenezi ntchito osayanjanitsika. Atamva izi, Dukhonin anadabwa. Iye adapenya kupambana mfundo za chisokonezo ndi kugwa okwana statehood. Mkuluyu sanamvere chigamulo cha SNK, ngakhale kuti iwo azindikire asilikali akutiakuti.

November 13 watsopano Mtsogoleri Wamkulu Krylenko anafika ku Dvinsk, pamene asilikali anali ataima chachisanu cha kumpoto Front. Tsiku lotsatira, oimira ake adalowa zokambirana ndi lamulo la Germany, chophwanya maudindo monga angakuthandizeni la Russia. November 15 Dukhonin ananena momveka bwino kuti pamaso pa nkhondo yake yomaliza pa unit German adzachite zonse kwa Russia anakwaniritsa ntchito yake kwa adani.

Komabe, General Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin ankadziwa limaitana masiku liwerengedwa. Mu kukambirana ndi General Shcherbachov adafunsa yamasika adzamangidwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu, ngati yekha chinachake chikuchitika. Poyankha Shcherbachev amalangiza Dukhonin kusuntha GHQ kuti Kiev. Pa ndzidzi onowu mphamvu, chapakati Rada, amene sanazindikire boma Soviet. Chomwecho Nikolai Nikolaevich analangiza Lt. Gen. Lukomsky.

Pomaliza, 18 November limaitana antchito anayamba kuchoka yake, koma ambiri mwini adakhalabe. Atadziwa m'manda akhale oti muli nazo zida sitima ndi boma, iye anazindikira kuti tsogolo la limaitana kale anakonzeratu. Tsiku lotsatira, pamene atsogoleri a battalions patsogolo anabwera kuima uliwonse ndi, Dukhonin anawalamula kuti achoke mu mzindawo. Iye sanafune fratricide. Usiku wa November 20, mkulu anatumiza kwa Bykhov owayimilira kuti amasule General Kornilov ndi anzake. Zonse zinayenda bwino ndi usiku kuti iwo anathawa mumzindamo. Chimodzimodzi General Nikolai Dukhonin sanafune kuti athawe. Iye anavomereza kuti adzamangidwa kapena ngakhale mfuti, koma zimene zinachitika zinali zosatheka ngakhale odziŵa za koipa.

Imfa ya General Dukhonin

November 20 General Krylenko anafika ku Mogilev kutenga malo Mtsogoleri Wamkulu Dukhonin. Nikolai Krylenko anaganiza kudikira mu nyumba kanthu limaitana, pamene iye anali pa mphindi iliyonse kukhala kapolo wa lynching msilikaliyo. Atavala zovala wamba, iye anapita kusiteshoni ya m'manja ndi dzanja kusamutsa choncho wake "wolowa", koma chomalizachi adenda kumzinda. Ndiye Nicholas anapita commandant sitima ya kudikira Krilenko iye. Theka la ora kenako, uthenga kuti Dukhonin atakhala sitima mwamsanga nagulitsa zonse pa siteshoni. za galimoto posakhalitsa gulu la amuna ankhondo, amene anatha kuziziritsa Changu okha maonekedwe a Krylenko. Koma posakhalitsa.

General Dukhonin, amene chithunzi chake sichili chabwino, adadziwonetsa yekha ndikuyesera kulankhula ndi woloŵa m'malo mwake, koma sanamvere. Chisamaliro chonse Krylenko anali kuyang'ana pa gulu losagonjetsedwa, lomwe linkafuna kubwezera ku Dukhonin. Ombo ena amalowa mpaka pagalimoto ndipo mosakayikira anakankhira Krylenko, kuyesera kuwaletsa, kumbali. Pamene vutoli silinathe, Dukhonin anapita kwa gululo ndi mawu akuti: "Kodi mukufuna kuona General Dukhonin? Ndili patsogolo panu. Ndinapita ku ... ". Woweruza sanapereke chilankhulo. Anagwidwa ndi bayonet kumbuyo ndikuponyedwa pagalimoto. Pogwedeza mwachidwi thupi la akuluakulu, oyendetsa sitima anapita kumzinda kuti akaphe mkazi wake. Pamene gululo linalowa m'nyumba, mkazi wake sanali kunyumba. Natalia Vladimirovna anali mu tchalitchi kumene bwenzi lake adampeza. Atafotokoza mmene General Dukhonin anaphedwa, Natalia anabisa bwenzi lake kunyumba.

Pambuyo pake, AI Denikin, yemwe sanali wotsutsana ndi zolemba za Dukhonin, koma anali ndi ngongole yamoyo wake, anati Nikolai Nikolayevich anali munthu woona mtima amene ankadziŵa kuti ntchito ya msilikali ndi yotani pambali pa mdaniyo. "Koma pakati pa zotsutsana zonsezi, Nikolai sanasokonezeke," - anafotokoza mwachidule Denikin.

Pofika pa 21 Novemba, zochitika ku Mogilev zinali zofanana. Krylenko anatha kuletsa lynching ndikukhazikitsa chitetezo cha malo ofunika kwambiri. Mwa malamulo ake, mtembowo wa Dukhonin anaikidwa mu bokosi ndipo anasamukira kumalo osungirako sitima. M'mawa Natalia Vladimirovna anapita kumalo osamala. Mtsogoleri wa Mtsogoleri Watsopano wa asilikali uja anam'tsogolera ku bokosi ndipo adatonthoza Krylenko. Woweruza mwiniwake sanawonekere kwa mkazi wamasiyeyo. Palinso njira ina, malinga ndi momwe thupi la Dukhonin linagulidwa ndi mkazi wake kwa oyendetsa sitimayo, adapititsa ku Kiev ndi kukaikidwa m'manda amodzi. Ndi momwe nkhani yake inamalizidwira ndi General Dukhonin. Manda a Nikolai Nikolaevich kuyambira 1934 ali pamanda a Lukyanovka mumzinda wa Kiev.

Zingotsimikiziranso kuti pa 21 Novemba, mumzinda wa Brest-Litovsk, zokambirana zinayamba kwa a Bolshevik kuti akwaniritse Brest Peace, yomwe sitinganene kuti ndi yonyansa. Chotchulidwa chotsiriza, koma chopinga chovuta kwambiri kwa munthu wa General Dukhonin chinachotsedwa.

Kutsiliza

General Dukhonin, yemwe mbiri yake inayamba kuyankhulana, ndi chimodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri za Mavuto a ku Russia a m'ma 1900. Amasonyeza momwe zimakhalira zovuta kuti akhale wotetezera weniweni wa dziko lakwawo - woona mtima komanso wosagwedezeka. Mawu akuti "Kutumizidwa ku likulu la General Dukhonin" ankaphatikizidwa ndi imfa yochititsa manyazi yomwe inachititsa kuti gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito mofulumirira likhale lopweteka kwambiri. Koma kodi Dukhonin mwiniwakeyo anamva manyazi chifukwa cha ulendo wake wotsiriza?