English zakuthupi nzeru zapamwamba Thomas Hobbes: MBIRI (Photos)

Thomas Hobbes, chithunzi chimene anapereka m'nkhani anabadwa mu Malmesbury mu 1588, pa 5 April. Iye ndi English woganiza-zakuthupi. Zikhulupiriro wake ochuluka m'minda asayansi ngati mbiri, sayansi ndi masamu, zamulungu, ndi makhalidwe. Taonani kusiyana Thomas Hobbes anadziwika. Mwachidule mbiri chithunzi adzamva anafotokoza m'nkhani.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Thomas Hobbes, amene yonena ladzala ndi makamaka ntchito pa ntchito yake ndi chiphunzitso cha zachikunja, anabadwa. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha mantha a mayi wake akuyandikira Spanish sitima ku England. Komabe, iye anali ndi moyo kwa zaka 91, Ndalamazi zaka momveka maganizo awo onse. Education chithunzi ichi chinali pa Oxford. Iye anali ndi chidwi mapu, panyanja kuyenda. malingaliro Thomas Hobbes anali mukopedwe anzeru zofunika nthawi yake. Makamaka, iye ankadziwa bwino Descartes, Gassendi, Mersenne. Pa nthawi ina iye anali mlembi mu Bacon. Kukambirana naye anali chikoka osachepera pa malingaliro a Thomas Hobbes. Iye anali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito za Kepler ndi Galileo. Ndi yamasika anakumana Italy mu 1637-m.

Thomas Hobbes: A MBIRI

Malinga zidzakhalira, iye anali monarchist. Kuyambira mu 1640, Angelezi mpaka 1651-TH. Thomas Hobbes anali mu ukapolo ku France. Zikhulupiriro amafotokoza inakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha ku bourgeois kusintha England. Pamene iye anabwerera ku dziko lino pambuyo Civil nkhondo, adaunyema ndi Cavaliers. Mu London, Hobbes anayesa osamva kulungamitsa zochita andale a Cromwell amene kupondereza unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo zisinthe.

nkhani anthu

Thomas Hobbes anali pafupi kwambiri ndi zochitika za nthawi yake. lingaliro lake lenileni linali mtendere ndi chitetezo kwa nzika zonse. nkhani anthu akhala chinthu chapakati pa ntchito imene anayamba Thomas Hobbes. Mfundo yaikulu ya woganiza pankhani anthu. Pa chiyambi cha ntchito yake iye anakonzera kufalitsa trilogy. Gawo loyamba anali kufotokoza thupi, wachiwiri - munthu, wachitatu - nzika. Gawo loyamba Komabe, anali womaliza wa anaima. The lonena "Pa nzika" linasindikizidwa mu 1642. Ntchito "Thupi" mu 1655-m, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu adatuluka "O munthu." Mu 1651 inasindikizidwa "ng'ona" - kwambiri voluminous ndi chidwi ntchito amene analenga Tomás Gobbs. Philosophy (mwachidule ndi mawu general) limafotokonzera zigawo koyamba ntchito. Ena mwa mafunso anachitira ndi dongosolo chitukuko ndi boma.

Thomas Hobbes: mwachidule za chiphunzitso cha

Woganiza anadandaula za kupanda patsogolo akapolo anzawo akale. ntchito yake inali kukonza zinthu mtima. Iye wakhazikitsa ntchito kuzindikira zinthu zimene lidzakhala kuswana pansi chitukuko cha "woona" ndiponso "choyera" sayansi, anapereka ntchito njira akufuna. Choncho, anandiuza kuti kuteteza zosayembekezereka mfundo zolakwika. Thomas Hobbes anatsindika kufunika njira m'munda wa sayansi. Mfundo ingathandize nzeru za Bacon, amene ankatsutsa scholasticism. Kuyenera ananena kuti chidwi mu njira anali yodziwika ndi atsogoleri ambiri a m'nthawi ya 17.

kulunjika maganizo

Zovuta kuitana wina makamaka nthambi ya sayansi, womwe wakhala wochirikiza wa Thomas Hobbes. The nzeru za woganiza, pa dzanja limodzi, zochokera kafukufuku wazotsatira. Komano, iye anali kutsatira za ntchito njira masamu. Iye ntchito osati mwachindunji ndi sayansi yeniyeni, komanso m'madera ena kudziwa. Woyamba masamu njira imene iye amagwiritsira ntchito mu sayansi ndale. chilangochi ankachitira thupi zokhudza boma chikhalidwe, amene amalola boma kuyambitsa sukulu ndi kusamalila mtendere. Kulunjika ndinali kuganiza mu malo oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zichokera kwa sayansi Galileo a. Last ntchito okonza ndi masamu pa kusanthula ndi ulosi wa zochitika ndi zochitika mu dziko thupi. Zonsezi Thomas Hobbes anavutika kuphunzira zochita za anthu. Iye anakhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zina zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu, amene tingaone makhalidwe a anthu mu zochitika zenizeni. Anthu, maganizo ake, ayenera kuphunzira kukhala mmodzi wa mbali ya dziko zakuthupi. Pankhani zofuna anthu ndi zikhumbo, iwo akhoza kuphunzira pa maziko a magulu thupi ndi zimene. Chiphunzitso cha Thomas Hobbes inachokera Choncho, pa mfundo yakuti Galileo yotengedwa. Iye anati zonse alipo - nkhani mu filimu.

Akamanena za chiphunzitso cha

Dziko lonse, chilengedwe, Hobbes ankamuona ngati ya matupi imakula. Zinthu kusintha iwo, mu maganizo ake, zimachitika chifukwa kusuntha zinthu zakuthupi. zodabwitsazi anawatchula kuti ndi kayendedwe makina. Movement imafalikira kudzera Kankhani. Iwo amakwiya mphamvu thupi. Izo, nawonso, zipita apaulendo. Chimodzimodzinso Hobbes akutanthauzira moyo wauzimu wa anthu ndi nyama, wopangidwa mwa zotengeka. Zinthu zimenezi ndipo anafotokoza makina mfundo Thomas Hobbes.

cognition

Hobbes ankakhulupirira kuti ikuchitika mwa "maganizo." gwero awo ndi maganizo chibadwidwe kwambiri a dziko. No maganizo, ine ndinaganiza Hobbes sangakhale titadziwa. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu zakunja, mwa zina, anali cognition ambiri. The zili maganizo sangadalire chikumbumtima anthu. maganizo yogwira ndipo ndinaganiza njira amayerekezera, kupatukana, kugwirizana. Mfundo imeneyi Anakhalanso maziko chidziwitso cha ziphunzitso. Mofananamo, Bacon, Hobbes lolunjika pa kumasulira wazotsatira, makamaka kujowina udindo sensualistic. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti munthu akuganiza si lingaliro limodzi, amene poyamba anaonekera kwa pang'ono kapena kwathunthu mu ziwalo mphamvu. Hobbes ankakhulupirira kuti kupeza nzeru ndi zinachitikira. Wa zotengeka, mu maganizo ake, zochokera onse a sayansi. chidziwitso zomveka iye ankaganiza kuti mphamvu, onyenga zoona, m'mawu ndi chinenero. Zilango anapanga ndi osakaniza zinthu zinenero zikusonyeza maganizo, kupitirira zomwe palibe.

choonadi masamu

Hobbes ankakhulupirira kuti kuganizira zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku, kudzakhala kosavuta kudziwa zoona. Komabe, izi ndi zochepa sayansi. Pakuti kuchuluka zinkafuna kufunikira ndi lonse. Nawonso umadalira kokha masamu. Kuti Hobbes kuzindikiridwa naye sayansi. Koma rationalist udindo zawo ofanana Descartes, iye pamodzi ndi lingaliro wazotsatira. Malinga ndi iye, kupambana choonadi masamu amachita nawo mawu, koma sadziwa mwachindunji mwa ziwalo.

Kufunika kwa chilankhulo

Hobbes anali mwachangu osauka lingaliro ili. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti chinenero amachita chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa anthu. Kutengera pa udindo wa nominalism, mawu amene maina, ndilo khalidwe la msonkhano. Iwo anayankhula kwa iye mu mawonekedwe a chizindikiro umasinthasintha ndi kulemekeza zinthu zina. Pamene kugula zinthu izi zofunika ambiri kuti olimba njira imodzi kapena digiri ina ya gulu la anthu, apita zizindikiro m'gulu dzina. The "ng'ona" Hobbes anati kwa munthu kufunafuna choonadi chenicheni, tiyenera kukumbukira zoti wina dzina amagwiritsa ntchito. Apo ayi, zidzaunikidwa muya- mawu. The zambiri munthu tikatha mphamvu kutuluka izo, ambiri amasokonezeka. Kulondola mawu a Hobbes matanthauzo tiyenera kuyesetsa imene kuchotsa ambiguity zikachitika, koma osati yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ngati Descartes anakhulupirira. Malinga ndi nominalist pakati zinthu kapena maganizo kungakhale payekha. Mawu, nayenso akhoza kukhala ndi generic. Komabe, "ambiri" a nominalism palibe lingaliro.

gwero magalimoto

zikhulupiriro Ontological, amene akufotokoza dziko, kuthamangira ku mavuto ena. Makamaka, anayamba kukangana pa nkhani ya gwero magalimoto. Kuti "ng'ona" ndi ndemanga "Pa nzika" Mulungu analengeza. Anasintha kayendedwe ka zinthu, monga Hobbes, zimachitika kaya izo. Views woganiza Choncho diverged ofala pa zikhulupiriro nthawi achipembedzo.

Mavuto a chuma mawotchi

Monga mmodzi wa iwo kulimbikitsa munthu kumvetsa. Hobbes anaziwona izo akuthamanga monga ndondomeko mwangwiro makina. Iwo anali ngati kasupe mtima, mitsempha - ulusi m'mfundo - monga mawilo. Zinthu zimene zinalembedwa kayendedwe ka makina lonse. The psyche anthu chafotokozedwa kwathunthu mechanistically. Zachinthu china chinali ufulu wa chifuniro. Hobbes m'mabuku ake kuikidwa pa n'zoonekeratu kwambiri ndipo molunjika, zofanana ndi mfundo zawo. Iye anati zonse ndi chifukwa chakuti kuli kofunikira. Part a dongosolo causal anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ufulu anthu sangathe kumvetsedwa monga palokha mogwirizana. Iye anati kusuntha kwa munthu anakhumba simungathe ndi zopinga. Zikatero, mmene imatengedwa kuti akhale afulu. Ngati pali vuto lililonse chisonyezo yochepa. Kulankhula mu nkhani iyi ikuchitika pa mavuto kunja. Ngati inu kukwaniritsa kufunika chindiletsa chinachake mkati mwa munthu, si ankamuona ngati kuletsa ufulu, ndipo kuperekedwa monga kusowa achilengedwe a munthu.

zodzitetezera pa umoyo

Pamafunika zambiri danga nzeru Hobbes a. Zoyenera mbali zokhudza "ng'ona" ndi ndemanga "Pa nzika za." Chotsatira humanists, iye adatsimikizira mbali anthu onse m'dziko. Chapter 13, "ng'ona" akufotokoza "boma chachibadwidwe" wa anthu. Mu izo, kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe zake, anthu amasiyana pang'ono malinga ndi luso lake kwa wina ndi mzake. Pankhaniyi, Hobbes ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ndi chirengedwe kapena choipa kapena chabwino. Boma zachilengedwe anthu onse kusonyeza ufulu zachilengedwe kuti apulumutse moyo ndi kupewa imfa. "Chimwemwe cha kukhalapo" ndi bwino nthawi zonse cholakalaka kukwaniritsidwa. Komabe, sangakhale nthawi bata kukondweretsedwa, chifukwa, monga Hobbes, moyo kulibe popanda maganizo ndi zofuna. Mkhalidwe wachibadwa mwa anthu ndi kuti chimatsatira ankafunila munthu aliyense nawo munthu wina. Kufuna mtendere ndi chitetezo, anthu mowirikiza pa nkhondo. Uliri zachilengedwe, anthu ayenera malamulo achilengedwe a zitetezeke. Aliyense pano ali ndi ufulu onse amene amatha kupeza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Zimenezi Hobbes amachitira monga nkhondo zonse kuti "munthu yabwino bwenzi nkhandwe."

boma mapangidwe

Ndiko kuti, malinga Hobbes, angathandize kusintha zinthu. Kuti apulumuke aliyense ndidzadutsa onse ufulu koyamba za nkhaniyi. Iye pobwezera dziko adzapereka mphamvu zopanda malire. Anthu amakana gawo la ufulu mokomera mfumu. Nayenso, patokha kuonetsetsa cohesion anzawo. Chifukwa ndi boma ng'ona. Wamphamvu ameneyu, odzikuza, koma chivundi, lomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri mdziko ndi umamumvera malamulo la Mulungu.

mphamvu

Iwo analenga pogwiritsa mgwirizano chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu nawo. Centralized mphamvu bata pakati pa anthu ndi zipangitsa kupulumuka kwa anthu. Pangano amapereka kuli mtendere njira imodzi yokha. Iwo chimaonetsera ndende mphamvu zonse ndi ulamuliro kukumana ndi anthu ena kapena munthu yemweyo, amene angakubwezereninso izo zonse mu chifuniro limodzi wene. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali malamulo a chilengedwe amene chepetsani zotsatira za mwayekha lapansi. Onse a iwo, monga Hobbes, 12. Komabe, iwo onse ogwirizana ndi lingaliro limodzi kuti munthu sayenera kuchita ena zimene inu simukanati mukufuna anthu kuti akhala akuyendera poyerekezera ndi iye. wakudziko khalidwe akuti ndi yofunika kudziletsa Kuchepetsa limagwirira cha kudzikonda okhazikika anthu, anakakamizika kuwerenga ndi kukhalapo kwa wina ndi mzake.

Pomaliza

Lingaliro Social Hobbes anadzudzula m'nthawi mu madera osiyana. Kwenikweni anatsutsa kuganizira za anthu monga gawo kanthu mothamanga. Anthuwo kuvutika anachititsa fanizo lake lomvetsa a umunthu ndiponso kuli anthu zili kwawo ku tchire. Iwo kudzudzulidwa ndi malo ake wachibale kwa mphamvu zonse, kukana mphamvu ya umulungu wa mwayekha, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, tanthauzo la m'mbiri mfundo Hobbes ndipo zimakhudza awo pa miyoyo ya ana a moona kwambiri.