Mbiri ya sayansi: limafotokozera, sayansi ndi apeza

Ngakhale mbiri ya sayansi monga sayansi palokha linayamba m'zaka za m'ma XVII, chiyambi chake ndi akale kwambiri, pamene anthu anayamba kukonza chidziwitso chake choyamba pafupi iwo. Mpaka masiku ano iwo anali nzeru zachilengedwe komanso nkhani zimango, zakuthambo ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Mbiri weniweni wa sayansi wayamba zikomo ku mayesero Galileo ndi ophunzira ake. Amagwiritsidwanso maziko a chilango linakhazikitsidwa ndi Newton.

Mu XVIII ndi XIX atumwi, panali mfundo izi: .. Energy, misa, maatomu, patsogolo, etc. Mu XX atumwi anali ndi zofooka bwino sayansi chakale (kupatula izo zinayambira kwadzidzidzi sayansi, chiphunzitso relativity, chiphunzitso cha microparticles, etc ...). chidziwitso koyera wodzilemekeza ndiponso lero, ngati pali mavuto ambiri osathetsedwa ndi mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha dziko athu ofufuza ndi chilengedwe chonse.

amakedzana

Zipembedzo zambiri zachikunja za dziko wakale zochokera nyenyezi ndi okhulupirira nyenyezi chidziwitso. Ndiyamika amakumana kwa nyenyezi anali kukhala Optics. Kudzikundikira chidziwitso zakuthambo sanathe koma bwanji chitukuko cha masamu. Komabe, theoretically kufotokoza zimene zimayambitsa zochitika zachilengedwe sakanakhoza wakale. Ansembe zimachitika mphezi ndi dzuwa imaonetsa mkwiyo wa Mulungu kuti analibe kanthu kochita ndi sayansi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, taphunzira kuti m'litali, kulemera ndi ngodya in Ancient Egypt. Kudziwa zimenezi kunali koyenera kuti mapulani pomanga mapiramidi yaikulu ndi akachisi. Akutukuka ntchito zimango. Amphamvu ake anali a ku Babulo. Iwo zimachokera pa nzeru zawo zakuthambo, anayamba ntchito tsiku ndi kuwerengera nthawi.

Ancient Chinese mbiri ya sayansi inayamba mu VII m'ma BC. e. Zinachitikira atasunga zamanja ndi ntchito yomanga chinaperekedwa kwa kusanthula sayansi, zotsatira za omwe anali kuperekedwa mu Zolembedwa aumunthu. Yotchuka kwambiri wolemba amati Mo-tzu, amene ankakhala mu BC IV atumwi. e. Iye anapanga ulendo woyamba zopanga lamulo chachikulu inertia. Ngakhale ndiye, Chinese woyamba anatulukira kampasi. Iwo anazindikira malamulo a Optics geometrical, ndipo anadziwa za kukhalako kwa mdima lojambulira. Mu China anaonekera zoyamba za chiphunzitso nyimbo ndi zowulutsira, limene kwa nthawi yaitali sankadziwa West.

amakedzana

m'mbiri yakale a sayansi bwino chifukwa cha Agiriki. Kuphunzira unayamba chifukwa chodziwa zojambula ndi algebraic. Mwachitsanzo, Pythagoreans woyamba kulengeza kuti chikhalidwe ndi nkhani malamulo chilengedwe masamu. Chitsanzo Agiriki anaona Optics, zakuthambo, nyimbo, ndipo okonza ndi khalidwe zina.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha sayansi ankadabwa kulingalira popanda ntchito za Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, chimeza, ndi Lucretius. Mabuku awo anapulumuka nthawi m'njira mokwanira kwathunthu. Agiriki wosiyana m'nthawi yake ochokera m'mayiko ena kuti pofotokozera malamulo a sayansi si nthano chabe zachikunja, koma mosamalitsa ku mfundo za sayansi view. Pa nthawi yomweyo Agiriki panali zinthu zazikulu. Zikuphatikizapo zimango za Aristotle. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha sayansi monga sayansi alitcha kwambiri kwa anthu anzeru a Greece, ngati chifukwa nzeru awo achibadwa anakhalabe maziko a sayansi lonse mpaka m'zaka XVII.

Chopereka cha ku Alesandriya Ahelene

maatomu Demokrit anakonza chiphunzitso, malinga ndi zimene matupi onse wapangidwa particles tomwe indivisible. Empedocles akufuna chilamulo cha kusamala kanthu. Maziko Archimedes hydrostatics ndi zimango, kupereka chiphunzitso cha chokhethemulira, ndipo kuwerengetsa ukulu wa buoyancy a madzi. Iye anali mlembi akuti "malo yokoka".

Alexandria Greek chimeza ndi chimodzi mwa akatswiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Iye analenga chopangira mphamvu nthunzi mwachidule chidziwitso cha elasticity ndi compressibility mpweya mlengalenga. Mbiri ya sayansi Optics kuyamika anapitiriza Euclid, kufufuza chiphunzitso cha kalirole ndi malamulo a moyenera.

Ages Middle

Atagwa Ufumu wa Roma anabwera kusokonekera chitukuko wakale. maluso ambiri wawaiwala. Europe pafupifupi zaka zikwi, anaima chitukuko sayansi. Akachisi a chidziwitso anakhala mchitidwe umenewu Mkhristu, amene anatha kusungabe ntchito za m'mbuyomu. Komabe, patsogolo mochedwa mpingo pawokha. Iye anamvera nzeru za chiphunzitso zamulungu. Anzeru amene ayesa kupitirira izo ananena ampatuko ndipo koopsa ndi kusaka.

Against maziko awa, ndi ulamuliro wa sayansi zachilengedwe wadutsa kwa Asilamu. Mbiri ya zikamera wa sayansi Aluya kugwirizana ndi kumasulira ntchito chinenero chawo akatswiri wakale Greek. Pamaziko a anzeru zawo za East tapangitsa ena atulukira zofunika zawo. Mwachitsanzo, Al Jazeera anafotokoza zatsopano za crankshaft choyamba.

European stagnation zinatha mpaka Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Pa Ages Middle mu World Old amene anatulukira magalasi ndi kufotokoza chiyambi cha utawaleza. German nzeru zapamwamba XV m'ma Nikolay Kuzansky woyamba akufuna kuti chilengedwe chonse ali wopandamalire, ndipo apa patsogolo pa nthawi yake. Patapita zaka zochepa za Leonardo da Vinci anali anatulukira chodabwitsa capillarity ndi lamulo kukhululukirana. Iye anayesera kuti akonze lopitirira zoyenda makina, koma samachita ntchito, mudayamba chiphunzitso kutsimikizira impracticability polojekiti chotero.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Mu 1543 pa Polish zakuthambo Nikolay Kopernik lofalitsidwa ndi ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake "Pa kasinthasintha wa zakuthambo". Mu buku ili nthawi yoyamba mu Mkhristu Old World anali Pofuna kuteteza chitsanzo heliocentric wa dziko kuti dziko ndilo limazungulira dzuwa, osati mosemphanitsa, monga mpingo uyenera kutenga chitsanzo geocentric a Ptolemy. Asayansi ambiri a sayansi ndi zonena anapeza kukhala wamkulu, koma ndi maonekedwe a buku "Pa kasinthasintha wa zakuthambo" imatengedwa chiyambi cha ulimi wa sayansi, amene Pambuyo zikamera osati sayansi yamakono komanso sayansi yamakono ambiri.

Wina wotchuka wasayansi Chatsopano nthawi Galileo Galiley Telescope Kutulukira wotchuka (komanso wa Kutulukira thermometer). Komanso anakonza lamulo la inertia ndi mfundo za relativity. Chifukwa cha atulukira Galileo anabadwa zimango zatsopano. Popanda mbiri ya kafukufuku wa sayansi zikanakhoza ndayima kaye kwa nthawi yaitali. Galileo, ngati ambiri a m'nthawi yake, chimagwiritsidwa ndinaganiza, anayenera anzanga a mpingo, khama chotsiriza kuyesa kuteteza kuti akale.

XVII m'zaka

Anasonkhanitsa Inde kuwonjezeka chidwi mu sayansi, ndipo anapitiriza m'zaka XVII. German injiniya ndi masamu Iogann Kepler anali anatulukira ya malamulo a zoyenda mapulaneti mu dongosolo la zowalitsa (malamulo Kepler a). maganizo ake iye anafotokoza m'buku lake "New Astronomy", lofalitsidwa mu 1609. Kepler anatsutsa Ptolemy poganiza kuti mapulaneti kusamukira ellipses, osati mabwalo, monga m'nkhani kalekale. Izi wasayansi chomwecho wapanga chopereka kwambiri kuti pakhale Optics. Akatswiri patali zokha ndipo patali, kufufuza ntchito thupi la diso mandala. Kepler anayambitsa lingaliro kwa olamulira kuwala ndi cholinga, kuyesa chiphunzitso cha magalasi.

The France Mnazareti Dekart pakhale chilango sayansi - analytic Masamu. Iye adati lamulo la refraction kuwala. Descartes 'ntchito yaikulu inali buku lakuti "Mfundo za Philosophy", lofalitsidwa mu 1644.

asayansi angapo ndipo anapeza awo monga England Isaak Nyuton. Mu 1687 iye analemba buku chosintha "masamu Mfundo za Natural Philosophy". Mmenemo kafukufuku anafotokoza malamulo a mphamvu yokokera chilengedwe ndi malamulo atatu okonzera (ndipo anatchedwa malamulo Newton). sayansi iyi ntchito pa chiphunzitso cha mtundu, Optics, yofunika ndi masiyanidwe kakyulasi. Mbiri ya sayansi, mbiri ya malamulo okonzera - zonsezi ndi yogwirizana atulukira Newton.

malire atsopano

m'ma XVIII sayansi wapereka maina ambiri otchuka. Lotchuka kwambiri pakati pawo Leonhard Euler. Izi injiniya Swiss ndi masamu, analemba mabuku oposa 800 pa sayansi ndi zigawo monga kusanthula masamu, zakuthambo zimango, Optics, chiphunzitso music, ballistics, ndi zina zotero. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ali anamuzindikira monga maphunziro awo, chifukwa cha zimene Euler mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake mu Russia. Ndi ntchito yofufuza izi anayambitsa mawunikidwe zimango.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mbiri ya sayansi zachitika phunziro, monga ife tikudziwira, osati chifukwa cha asayansi akatswiri komanso ofufuza, okonda, kwambiri amadziwika khalidwe chosiyana. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa wololera anaphunzitsa anali wandale American Benjamin Franklin. Iye anatulukira mphezi ndodo, anapanga zopereka kwambiri pamaphunziro a magetsi ndipo anapanga kopanda cha ubale wake ndi chodabwitsa nyese.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII Italy Alessandro Volta analenga "voltaic mulu". Kutulukira wake anali magetsi batire loyamba mu mbiri ya anthu. M'zaka za zana lino anaonanso zikamera wa thermometer Mercury, mlengi wa amene anali Gabriel Fahrenheit. Chochitika china anatulukira anatsimikizira atayamba injini nthunzi, komwe kunachitika mu 1784. Iwo limene lachititsa njira yatsopano ya ulimi ndi kukonzanso malonda.

Ntchito kutsegula

Ngati zochitika za chiyambi cha sayansi anayamba zochokera chakuti sayansi anali kufotokoza chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe, m'zaka za m'ma XIX zinthu zasintha kwambiri. Tsopano iye ali ndi ntchito yatsopano. Kuyambira sayansi anayamba kukakamiza kulamulira mphamvu zachilengedwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu mofulumira osauka osati woyendetsa, komanso ntchito sayansi. "Newton magetsi" Andre-Marie Ampere anayambitsa yachilendo ya magetsi. Mu dera limodzi ntchito Maykl Faradey. Iye anapeza chodabwitsa kupatsidwa ulemu atomu, malamulo a electrolysis, diamagnetism, ndipo anali mlembi wa mawu amenewa, monga anode chinthu, cathode, ndi insulator, ndi electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ndi zina zotero. D.

Yopangidwa nthambi yatsopano ya sayansi. Yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, elasticity chiphunzitso, zowerengera zimango, sayansi zowerengera, wailesi sayansi, chiphunzitso elasticity, seismology, meteorology - iwo onse alili umodzi wa dziko ano.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX panali zitsanzo latsopano la sayansi ndi mfundo. Thomas Jung m'Malemba chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell akufuna mu atomu chiphunzitso chake. Russian sayansi Dmitri Mendeleev anali mlembi wa kukhudzanso lonse la sayansi nthawi tebulo la zinthu. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma panali magetsi ndi injini mafuta. Iwo anakhala zipatso za Ntchito Physics ofuna kuthetsa ena mavuto sayansi.

rethinking sayansi

M'zaka XX mbiri ya sayansi Mwachidule, kwapita kuti nthawiyi, pamene mavuto ndi kale okhazikika bwino chakale zitsanzo ongolankhula. Achikulire chilinganizo sayansi anayamba losemphana ndi deta latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ena anapeza kuti kuwala kumayendera sikudalira chimango mwakuwoneka chosagwedera Buku. Pa kwa zaka za m'ma anatsegula zofuna kufotokoza zochitika zambiri: ma elekitironi, mpweya wa poizoni, X-ray.

Chifukwa backlog a zinsinsi zinachitika Baibulo la sayansi akale zachikhalidwe. Chochitika chofunika kwambiri pa ulimi lotsatira sayansi anali chowaloleza kwa chiphunzitso cha relativity. Mlembi wake anali Albert Einstein woyamba povedyvavshy dziko kugwirizana kwambiri za malo ndi nthawi. , A nthambi yatsopano ya ongolankhula sayansi - kwadzidzidzi sayansi. mapangidwe ake anali nawo dziko otchuka asayansi angapo: Maks thabwa Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paulo Ehrenfest, ndi ena.

mavuto chi

Mu theka lachiwiri la mbiri XX m'zaka za chitukuko cha sayansi, amene limafotokozera akupitiriza lero, wasamuka ku gawo latsopano. nthawi Ichi chinali heyday osiyanasiyana danga. Iye anapanga n'kale lonse adzatumpha astrophysics. Panali malo telesikopu, probes interplanetary wa zoyesera cheza zakuthambo. Iwo anayamba kuphunzira zambiri za deta thupi la matupi osiyanasiyana mapulaneti dzuwa. Mothandizidwa zamakono, asayansi anatulukira exoplanets ndi zounikira, kuphatikizapo nyenyezi wailesi, quasars ndi pulsars.

Space apitiriza kukhala zinadzala ndi mikuluwiko ambiri sanathetsedwe. Phunziro mafunde yokoka, mphamvu mdima, nkhani mdima, mofulumira kukula kwa chilengedwe ndi matabwa ake. Wodzilemekeza ndi chiphunzitso Big Bang. Deta kuti akhoza kuwapeza m'mikhalidwe lapadziko, yakusatetezeka n'zochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya asayansi chilengedwe cha.

mavuto Ofunika akukumana sayansi lero monga mavuto angapo yakuti chitukuko cha Baibulo kwadzidzidzi ya chiphunzitso yokoka, generalization wa kwadzidzidzi zimango, kaphatikizidwe mu chiphunzitso limodzi la magulu onse odziwika mogwirizana Kufunafuna "kuchunidwa bwino kwa chilengedwe", komanso tanthauzo lenileni la mphamvu za mdima ndi chodabwitsa mdima kanthu.