Kukhalapo ndi zomwenso anthu. The nthanthi akamanena za munthuyo

Akamanena za munthu - ndi filosofe imene imaonetsa makhalidwe zachilengedwe ndi makhalidwe zofunika kuti ndi chibadidwe kwa anthu onse mwa njira ina, kusiyanitsa iwo mitundu ina ya moyo ndi kubadwa. Mungathe kukumana zosiyanasiyana maganizo pa nkhani imeneyi. Kwa ambiri, mfundo Zikuoneka zoonekeratu, ndi zambiri za izo, palibe amaganizira. Ena amakhulupirira kuti pali gulu iliyonse, kapena, pafupifupi, ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa. Ena amati ndi odziwika bwino, ndi kuika patsogolo zosiyanasiyana mfundo. Mfundo ina wamba view - kuti akamanena za anthu mwachindunji ndi munthu, amene zogwirizana ndi psyche, amene amatanthauza podziwa atsopano, n'zotheka kudziwa chikhalidwe ndi munthu.

mbali Ofunika

Waukulu predpossylkoy kuli munthu aliyense anthu ndi kugwira ntchito kwa thupi lake. Ndi - mbali ya dziko m'chilengedwe. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi, munthu ndi chinthu mwa zina ndi mbali imodzi ya ndondomeko zinachokera chikhalidwe. Koma tanthauzo limeneli uli ndi malire ndiponso akuona kuti udindo wa yogwira ndi ozindikira moyo wa munthu, osati kupitirira chabe-Kulingalira maso khalidwe la chuma 17-18 zaka.

Mu ulaliki masiku ano munthu - osati mbali ya chilengedwe, komanso mankhwala apamwamba a chitukuko, thandizo la mtundu wa chitukuko cha zamoyo za nkhaniyi. Ndipo osati "mankhwala" komanso mlengi. Ndi cholengedwa yogwira, kuvekedwa ndi mphamvu ya moyo mwa mawonekedwe a Mphamvu ndi zofunazo. Kudzera amazindikira, kanthu cholinga, izo mwachangu angasinthe malo njira ya kusintha zimasiyanasiyana yokha. Cholinga chenicheni, ntchito losandulizika, wobwezera anthu zenizeni, "khalidwe", "dziko la munthu." Motero, mbali iyi ya moyo umodzi wa chikhalidwe ndi nzeru zauzimu za Mlengi, amene ali, ndi khalidwe umoyo-mbiri. The ndondomeko ya kuwongolera luso ndi makampani ndi bukhu lotsegula la mphamvu zofunikira za anthu. Kuliwerenga, mungathe kumvetsa "uthunthu" akuti mu objectified, malonda mawonekedwe, osati ngati lingaliro chabe. Angapezeke mu chikhalidwe cha ntchito substantive, pamene pali mogwirizana dialectical zipangizo achilengedwe, kulenga mphamvu za munthu ndi zina dongosolo umoyo ndi zachuma.

Gulu la "kukhalapo"

Mawu amenewa amanena zokhazikitsidwa kukhala munthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Izo zinali ndiye anasonyezedwa akamanena za ntchito munthu, malumikizanidwe amphamvu a mitundu yonse ya khalidwe munthu, mphamvu zake, ndi kuli zamoyo chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuli chikhalidwe kwambiri waphindu ndi, monga mawonekedwe a Mawu ake, monga, kuwonjezera pa chiwonetsero cha mphamvu za anthu, monga zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe miyambo, chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso ndi m'maganizo. Only umodzi wa onse mfundo izi ndipamene chenicheni anthu.

Gulu la "uthunthu"

M'zaka zapitazi, umunthu anali kudziŵika ndi kufunika kwa mfundo osiyana wakhala Mufunsidwe. Koma chitukuko cha zamoyo, kuphunzira kwa gulu ubongo wa ubongo ndi amachititsa matupi kuyang'ana pa ubwenzi m'njira yatsopano. funso ndicho ngati pali nthawi zonse, kusasintha chikhalidwe cha munthu palokha wa zinthu, kapena ndi pulasitiki ndi kusintha chilengedwe.

Wafilosofi F. Fukuyama United States akukhulupirira kuti pali umodzi, ndipo amaonetsetsa kupitiriza ndi kukhazikika pa moyo wathu monga mtundu, komanso ndi chipembedzo cha mfundo zathu zofunika ndi ofunika. wasayansi wina ku America S.Pinker, limatanthauzira uthunthu monga ya mtima, luso chidziwitso ndi zolinga zomwe zimachitikira anthu ndi zambiri lizigwira mantha dongosolo. Kuyambira matanthauzo izi ndizoonekeratu kuti anthu zinthu payekha anafotokoza katundu biologically tinatengera. Komabe, asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti ubongo amasankha yekha kuthekera mapangidwe luso, koma osati zimayambitsa awo.

"Mfundo yaikulu ya"

Osati aliyense amene amakhulupirira mfundo "akamanena za anthu" yovomerezeka. Malinga ndi malangizo monga existentialism, wina alibe makamaka mtundu wabwino, pamene iye ndi "mudzagwiritse palokha." Karl Jaspers, yaikulu ya nthumwi zake ankakhulupirira kuti sayansi monga Chaanthu, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, ndi ena amangosonyeza chidziwitso cha zinthu zina zochitika zenizeni za moyo wa munthu, koma sangalowerere mu zomwenso ake, amene ndi existential (kukhalako). Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mukhoza kufufuza munthu mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana - mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa monga thupi, mu Chaanthu - munthu chitukuko, mu kuwerenga maganizo - moyo, ndi zina zotero, koma zilibe kuyankha funso la chimene ali uthunthu chifukwa iye nthawizonse ndi pang'ono kuposa iye angathe kukhala gwero. Pafupi mfundo imeneyi, ndi Wachiwiri-positivists. Angakane kuti munthu angathe kupeza chinthu chimodzi.

View wa munthu

Mu Ulaya amakhulupirira kuti lofalitsidwa mu 1928 ndi ntchito akatswiri German Scheller ( "malo Munthu wa dziko lonse"), komanso Plessner "Mapazi Organic ndi Man" chinali chiyambi cha munthu Anthropology aumunthu. chiwerengero A akatswiri A.Gelen, N. Henstenberg (1904), E. Rothaker, O. Bollnov (1913) (1904-1976 gg.) (1888-1965 gg.) - lolunjika basi pa iye. Anzeru a nthawi ziphunzitso zambiri anzeru za munthu amene akadali sanataye zake KUFOTOKOZERA. Mwachitsanzo, Socrates otchedwa chi mukudziwa okha. Mfundo yaikulu ya nthanthi ya anthu azisangalala ndi tanthauzo la moyo tikusonkhana ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lalikulu la munthu. Kuitanidwa Socrates Anapitiriza kunena kuti: "Dziwani nokha - ndipo inu mudzakhala osangalala!" Protagoras ankanena kuti munthu - ndi muyeso wa zinthu zonse.

Mu Greece wakale, kwa nthawi yoyamba kunayambitsa funso lonena za chiyambi cha anthu, koma nthawi zambiri ankalimba mtima zongopeka. Surakusa nzeru zapamwamba Empedocles woyamba zosiyanasiyana zokhudza kusanduka, magwero a chirengedwe cha munthu. Iye anakhulupirira kuti chirichonse mu dziko ikuyenda udani ndi ubwenzi (chidani ndi chikondi). Malinga ndi ziphunzitso za Plato, moyo moyo mu empyrean dziko. Iye anayerekezera anthu moyo magaleta, amene ali woyang'anira za Will, ndi itagwiritsidwa kulakwa ndi maganizo ake. Wokhudzidwa kugwetsa - kuti coarse zinthu zosangalatsa ndi Kuganiza - mmwamba, kuzindikira postulates wauzimu. Ichi ndi chofunika m'moyo wa munthu.

Aristotle anaona anthu a moyo 3: wololera, nyama ndi masamba. moyo Vegetative ndi udindo kukula, kukhwima ndi okalamba a thupi la nyama - chifukwa omenyera ufulu ndi osiyanasiyana maganizo maganizo, wololera - chifukwa chololera kuzindikira, moyo wauzimu ndi maganizo. Aristotle choyamba kudziwa kuti akamanena waukulu wa munthu moyo wake m'dziko, liwulo ngati nyama zimene.

Asitoiki anazindikira makhalidwe abwino ndi zinthu zauzimu, maziko olimba a zoimira iye pokhala abwino. Tizikumbukira Diogenes, amene ankakhala mu mbiya, umene ndi nyali linawala masana amafuna kuti khamu anthu. Mu Middle Ages maganizo akale kudzudzulidwa ndi chisokonezeko. Kubadwa Kwatsopano oimira kusinthidwa ndi zosowa zakale taonani, timaika munthu mu dziko likulu, chinali chiyambi cha umunthu.

Pa akamanena za munthuyo

Dostoyevsky ananena kuti akamanena za munthu ndi chinsinsi chimene ayenera kumasulira, ndipo mlekeni amene anayenda ndi kuzipereka moyo wake wonse, sizikutanthauza kuti palibe anali ndi nthawi yayikulu. Chichewa ankakhulupirira kuti mavuto a moyo wathu adzathetsedwa kokha pamene lodziwika kwathunthu ndi anthu kupereka njira kukwaniritsa zimenezi.

Frolov amafotokoza kuti nkhani ya ndondomeko umoyo-mbiri, monga biosocial ndi kukhala osiyana kumayambitsa mitundu ina Komabe, anapambulwa chifukwa kuthekera kupanga zipangizo, ndi kulankhula ndi chikumbumtima. Chiyambi ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu agona bwino pa maziko a chikhalidwe ndi zinyama. Mosiyana otsiriza, anthu zioneke anthu amene zotsatirazi chachikulu: kutsitsimuka, kudzikonda, kuphunzira ntchito ndi cikhalidwe.

Linnaeus, mtundu nyama ufumu, kuphatikizapo anthu a mu ufumu nyama, koma anachita izo, pamodzi ndi anyani wamkulu, ndi gulu la hominids. Homo sapiens Ndi lili pamwamba pa utsogoleri wolowezana awo. Man - yekha cholengedwa n'chobadwa mu chikumbumtima cha. N'zotheka kuyamika athandize kulankhula. Mothandizidwa ndi mau ati pa kutsitsimuka munthu wa yekha, komanso zenizeni ozungulira. Iwo - choyambirira onyamula khungu la moyo wauzimu, kuwapangitsa anthu kugawana a moyo wawo mkati mothandizidwa ndi phokoso, zithunzi kapena chikhalidwe. Chibadidwe mu gulu la "chofunikira komanso moyo wa munthu" uli Labor. Ndinalemba za chuma ichi tingachipeze powerenga andale a Adam Smith, Karl Marx ndi predshestvenik wophunzira Hume. Iye kumatanthauza kuti munthu "ntchito nyama."

ntchito

Mu kudziŵa kulunjika kwa zomwenso anthu Marxism moyenerera amapereka ntchito yofunika zikuluzikulu. Chichewa ananena kuti inapita patsogolo pa zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Munthu ntchito zake ndiko kukhala mfulu kwathunthu, mosiyana ndi nyama, amene amagwira ntchito mwakhama yosiyanasiyana. Anthu akhoza kuchita ntchito chosiyana ndi aliyense. Timamasuka ku moti ntchito imene tikhoza ngakhale ... Ine sizikugwira ntchito. Akamanena za ufulu wa anthu lagona chakuti popanda maudindo analandira anthu, pali ufulu kuti adzapatsidwe kwa munthu ndipo ndi chida zodzitetezera pa umoyo wake. Khalidwe la anthu m'dziko chimayendera maganizo a anthu. Ife, komanso nyama, kumva ululu, ludzu, njala, chilakolako cha kugonana, bwino, etc., koma achibadwidwe athu onse akulamuliridwa anthu. Choncho, ntchito - ndi ntchito amazindikira, m'mimba mwa anthu. The zili chikumbumtima unakhazikitsidwa muulamuliro wake, ndipo anakonza ndondomeko mbali timakhala mafakitale.

anthu chikhalidwe chikhalidwe

Socialization ndi ndondomeko ya kupeza zinthu za moyo chikhalidwe. Only m'dziko chosakanikirana ndi khalidwe limene si mosaganizira, koma maganizo a anthu ambiri, kuletsa achibadwidwe nyama, chinenero anavomera, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Pano anthu kutengera zinachitikira ubale mafakitale mu mibadwo yapita. Kuyambira ndi Aristotle, izo ankaona waukulu chikhalidwe chikhalidwe mu kapangidwe ka umunthu. Marx zoona, anaona akamanena za munthu yekhayo mu chikhalidwe anthu.

Umunthu sasankha zikhalidwe za dziko kunja, ndi chabe nthawi zonse. Socialization ndi chifukwa mayamwidwe ntchito chikhalidwe, maudindo, kupeza chuma chawo anatengera malamulo chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo zochitika za cikhalidwe ndi zotheka chifukwa aliyense payekha kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, luso, pamene ojambula zithunzi, Opanga filimuyi, olemba ndakatulo ndi Osema kulenga ntchito yake. Society zikupereka tathauzo chikhalidwe cha magawo munthu, malinga ndi pulogalamu ya cholowa chikhalidwe, amakhala bwino mu dongosolo lamavutoli.

Munthu mu dziko la chipembedzo

Achipembedzo dziko - ndi nzeru, zomwe zachokera kukhulupirira kukhalapo kwa chinachake chauzimu (mizimu ndi milungu komanso zozizwitsa). Choncho, vuto la munthu imatengedwa mu kuwala kwa la Mulungu. Malinga ndi zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa, maziko a Chikhristu, Mulungu analenga munthu mu chifanizo Chake ndi chikhalidwe. Tiyeni akukhala pa chiphunzitso ichi.

Mulungu analenga munthu kuchokera mu matope a dziko lapansi. Modern azamulungu Akatolika amanena kuti chilengedwe Mulungu anali zochita ziwiri: woyamba - chilengedwe cha dziko (chilengedwe) ndipo chachiwiri - chilengedwe cha moyo. M'malemba wakale m'Baibulo ya Ayuda ankanena kuti moyo - mpweya wa munthu, zimene amapuma. Choncho, moyo wa Mulungu iwombela pa mphuno ndi. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi cha chinyama. Atamwalira kupuma ikutha, thupi kwasanduka fumbi, ndipo kusungunuka mu shawa mpweya. Patapita nthawi, Ayuda anayamba kuzindikira moyo ndi magazi a munthu kapena nyama.

Baibulo ndi udindo waukulu mu akamanena wauzimu wa munthu amachotsa mtima wake. Malinga ndi olemba a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chipangano Chatsopano, maganizo si mutu koma mu mtima. Ndi nzeru zopatsidwa ndi Mulungu kwa munthu. Ndipo pali mutu tsitsi lake kukula. Baibulo silinena ngakhale Zokuthandizani pa mfundo yakuti anthu amatha kuganiza mutu. Mfundo imeneyi ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chikhalidwe European. Katswiri chachikulu cha m'ma XVIII, wofufuza za mantha dongosolo Buffon ankakhulupirira kuti munthu amawonekera mtima wake. Ubongo, mu maganizo ake - thupi la mphamvu ya ubongo. Olemba Chipangano Chatsopano kuvomereza kukhalako kwa moyo ngati chinthu popanda thupi. Koma amakhala njakata. Modern Mboni za Yehova kutanthauzira malemba a Chipangano Chatsopano mu mzimu wa Old ndi sakuzindikira kusafa kwa moyo wa munthu, kukhulupirira kuti kuli ikutha atamwalira.

Chikhalidwe chauzimu cha munthu. Lingaliro la umunthu

Munthu kotero anapanga zinthu zinalili pa moyo amatha kusanduliza mwa munthu wauzimu, mwa munthu. Mu mabuku mungapeze matanthauzo ambiri a umunthu, makhalidwe ake ndiponso makhalidwe. Izi koposa zonse, pokhala zochita amazindikira ndi kukhala ndi udindo onse a khalidwe ndi zochita zawo.

Chikhalidwe chauzimu cha munthu - okhutira wa munthu. Chapakati pano ndi zidzakhalira. Iwo kwaiye mu ndondomeko za maganizo, amene amasiyanitsa zigawo zitatu: zidzachitika, mphamvu ndi malingaliro. Mu dziko lauzimu palibe china kuposa nzeru zake, maganizo ndi volitional zolinga ntchito. ubwenzi wawo ndi osokoneza, iwo ali pa ubwenzi dialectical. Pakati pa malingaliro, chifuniro ndi malingaliro, pali n'kulephera. Kugwirizanitsa pakati pa mbali imeneyi ya psyche ndi moyo wauzimu wa munthu.

Khalidwe - nthawizonse mankhwala ndi nkhani ya moyo munthu. Iwo aumbike osati kokha pamaziko linakhalapo tokha, koma chifukwa chikoka cha anthu ena, umene umabwera mu kukhudzana. akamanena za vuto la munthu akhoza kukhala mmodzi ndiye amaganiza. Aphunzitsi ndi zamaganizo amakhulupirira kuti nkhani za individualization munthu n'chotheka kwa nthawi imene munthu amasonyezera amaonera ankadzionetsera, adzadziwire munthu aumbike, pamene wayamba otdelayat nokha kwa anthu ena. Umunthu 'chimamanga "mzere wake wa moyo ndi chikhalidwe chikhalidwe. M'chilankhulo nzeru zaumunthu, ndondomeko Ichi chikudziwika ngati individualization.

Cholinga cha moyo ndi tanthauzo

Lingaliro la tanthauzo la moyo - payekha, chifukwa vutoli ndi kuthetsedwa osati makalasi, osati collectives ntchito, osati sayansi, ndi anthu, anthu. Kuti athetse vutoli - zikutanthauza kuti apeze malo awo mu dziko, munthu kukhalanso wake. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu anzeru ndi nzeru ena asankha kuti ayankhe funso la chifukwa munthu amakhala, akamanena za maganizo "tanthauzo la moyo", chifukwa iye anadza ku dziko ndi zomwe zimachitika tikamwalira. Kuitana kwa kudzilungamitsa kudziwa ameja lofunika unsembe chikhalidwe cha Agiriki.

"Mukudziwa wekha" - otchedwa Socrates. Tanthauzo ili woganiza moyo wa munthu lagona philosophizing, atapeza kuthana ndi mayesero ndi umbuli (sakani zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zabwino ndi zoipa, choonadi ndi cholakwika, okongola ndi yonyansa). Plato ankanena kuti munthu atha kukhala wosangalala pokhapokha imfa, anapita kumoyo, moyo - akamanena za munthu abwino - amasulidwa ku ukapolo wa thupi.

Malinga Plato, kuti munthu watsimikiza ndi moyo wake, kapena nditi moyo ndi thupi, koma ndi wapamwamba koposa Mulungu, wosafa chiyambi cha logwirika, wachivundi. Moyo wa munthu, malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba ano, zigawo zitatu: choyamba - ndi mwangwiro wololera, ndipo chachiwiri - vozhdelyayusche kanthu, wachitatu - zachibadwa-affective. Pa omwe iwo ndiwo akupambana, tsoka munthu zimadalira tanthauzo la moyo, ntchito.

Christianity mu Russia watenga lingaliro osiyana. The muyeso waukulu wa zinthu zonse amakhala wauzimu mfundo apamwamba choyamba. Ndi kudziŵa zinthu zimene uchimo, smallness, chopanda ngakhale pamaso ganizoli, kufunafuna ichi chawululidwa munthu chiyembekezo cha kukula mwauzimu, chikumbumtima amakhala walangizidwa bwino zonse abwino. Chikhumbo abwino kukhala maziko a umunthu, ndi guarantor wa chitukuko chikhalidwe.

Pa Choonadi, ndi materialists French anakana maganizo a umunthu monga kuchotsedwa chuma, corporeal chinthu ndi moyo wosafa. Voltaire adakana sumafa, ndi funso la ngati pali chilungamo cha Mulungu pambuyo pa imfa, ankakonda kusunga "duu molemekeza." Iye sanagwirizane ndi Pascal kuti munthu - ". Kuganiza bango" cholengedwa chofooka ndi zonyozeka mu chikhalidwe, Wafilosofi kuti anthu sali choncho chisoni ndipo anakwiya, monga Pascal ndinaganiza. Voltaire imalongosola munthu monga munthu chikhalidwe, amamuchititsa mapangidwe "Madera chikhalidwe".

Choncho, nzeru amachitira akamanena za anthu pa nkhani ya zinthu ambiri amakhala. Izi chikhalidwe ndi munthu, mbiri yakale komanso zachilengedwe, chuma ndi ndale, chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe abwino, wauzimu ndi othandiza zifukwa. Akamanena za munthu nzeru ankaona comprehensively, monga wathunthu dongosolo, Integrated. Ngati inu kuphonya pa mbali iliyonse ya moyo, kugwa chithunzi chonse. Cholinga cha sayansi ndi kudzikonda chidziwitso cha munthu, nthawi yatsopano ndi wosatha kumvetsa iwo analandira chikhalidwe, tsogolo lake ndi tanthauzo la kukhalapo. Akamanena za munthu nzeru, kotero - mfundo imene mukufuna kunena kufika, ndi asayansi amakono, kutsegula nkhope yake yatsopano.