Ŵakusanga ufumu mu Russia

"Ankawunikiridwa mfumu" mu Russia wotchedwa mfundo boma, lomwe kunachitidwa ndi Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, amene analamulira mu 1762-1796 gg. Kalembedwe wa utsogoleri wake wa dziko lolunjika pa miyezo Western. anali malamulo a Kodi absolutism ŵakusanga? Prussia, ndi Habsburg mafumu, France - onse m'mayiko amenewa, ngati Russia, ndiye Pamilunguyo maphunzirowa. Mpheroyi pochita kusintha, kukulitsa dongosolo boma ndi chiyembekezo chakuti ena survivals ang'onoang'ono.

Mphamvu anakhalabe kwathunthu mmanja mwa wolamulira autocratic a dziko. Mbali imeneyi ndi kutsutsana chachikulu chimene chimasiyanitsa malamulo a absolutism otsalira. Habsburg mafumu, Russia ndi zina mphamvu yaikulu European anayamba njira ya kusintha chifukwa cha kuwuka kwa bizinesi. Kusintha anali mwamphamvu ankalamulira kuchokera pamwamba, choncho sanakhale zonse kunachitika

imachokera

Russian ŵakusanga ufumu anabwera mchikakamizo cha chikhalidwe French, anapanga maganizo a Catherine II, gulu la nduna zake ndi mbali yaikulu ya anthu ophunzira a dziko. Pa dzanja limodzi, anali mmaonekedwe mu zodyera apamwamba, kavalidwe European, amakonzera tsitsi ndi zipewa. Komabe, zochita French anali zimaonekera lauzimu la amazikonda anthu otchuka.

amalonda olemera ndi anthu amalonda, komanso akuluakulu wamkulu anayamba timudziwe bwino kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi yothandiza chikhalidwe, mbiri, nzeru, luso ndi mabuku pansi Peter I. Mu nyengo Catherine ndondomeko anafika pachimake. Iwo aumbike mwa apamwamba - ndi m'munsi chikhalidwe wa ufumu ku nthawi absolutism otsalira. Books ndi alendo ena otchuka pa anaika maganizo pang'onopang'ono. Anthu olemera ali kuyenda pafupipafupi ku Ulaya, kudziŵa zinthu, kuyerekeza kuti Western ndi makhalidwe ndi Russian.

Catherine "Malangizo"

Catherine II anayamba kulamulira mu 1762. Iye anali German ndi kubadwa, iye anali ndi maphunziro a ku Ulaya ndi makhalidwe zinagwirizana ndi nzeru ena kwambiri French. Izi "katundu ozindikira" anakhudzidwa kalembedwe boma. Mfumukazi ankatsutsa boma likhale waphindu ndi amakono. Choncho panali mafumu ŵakusanga Catherine 2.

Kale mu yemweyo 1762 Nikita Panin Mfumukazi mlangizi anamuuza kusintha asilikali a Council ya mfumu. States amanena kuti dongosolo lakale la boma si ogwira chifukwa chakuti timatha zikamera atsogoleri otchuka. The kusintha kwa absolutism kuti ufumu ŵakusanga kugona chakuti Catherine ku otsutsana olamulira kale nyengo postpetrovskoy pamene ndale analamulira ogwira zosiyanasiyana.

Ambiri Panin akufuna chilengedwe cha thupi chenjezo. Catherine anakana ntchito, anatsimikiza yothandiza chikalatachi. Choncho anabadwa wathunthu dongosolo kukonzanso kwa malamulo akale. Chinthu chachikulu ndi zimene ndimafuna kukwaniritsa Mfumukazi - dongosolo mu lolamulira dziko. Chifukwa chaichi kunali koyenera kwathunthu rework malamulo akale ndi kuwonjezera atsopano.

Posachedwa Catherine anakhazikitsa Commission kwa chilengedwe cha munthu Code latsopano. Monga umboni kwa Mfumukazi iye analemba "lamulo". Panali oposa 500 nkhani, amene anakonza zoyamba za malamulo ku Russia. Catherine chikalata anatchula mabuku a anzeru zazikulu za nthawi: Montesquieu, Beccaria, Yusto, Bielefeld. Mu "Malangizo" anasonyeza zonse anali mafumu ŵakusanga mu Russia. Features, okhutira, tanthauzo la chikalata ichi anabwerera mfundo zapamwamba za choonadi.

Catherine mfundo ongolankhula anali kutali kwambiri mwaufulu Choncho musadzitame ntchito zimene ankagwira Russian zenizeni, monga mwamphamvu kuti zofuna za anthu otchuka mwayi - waukulu boma mphamvu thandizo. mwanjira ina, koma zambiri zonena za anthu mwayekha anakhalabe okha mafuno abwino. Komano, mu "Malangizo" Catherine ananena kuti Russia - mphamvu European. Kotero iye anatsimikizira Inde ndale, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Peter I.

The zigawo za anthu Russian

Catherine II ankakhulupirira kuti ŵakusanga ufumu mu Russia chifukwa cha kalasi gulu la anthu. Abwino boma anamutcha absolutist chitsanzo. Mfumukazi anafotokoza kudzipereka kwake kwa "mwachibadwa" ufulu wolamulira yekha, ena - kuti lizilamuliridwa. Catherine postulates wolungama ndi Buku pa mbiri ya Russia, kumene autocracy anali mizu amakezana.

Mfumu amaitanidwa osati gwero la mphamvu, komanso chithunzi kuti consolidates anthu onse. Iye analibe malamulo alionse, kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe. The mfumu, ndinaganiza Catherine, anafunika kusonyeza chilekerero ndi kuonetsetsa "Odala ndi wina aliyense." Ŵakusanga ufumu cholinga chake osati kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu, ndi malangizo a mphamvu ndi zochita zawo ndi kukwaniritsa chitukuko wamba.

Mfumukazi anagawa anthu Russian mu strata zazikulu zitatu: anthu otchuka, ndi bourgeoisie zazing'ono wamba. Ufulu anamutcha yoyenera kuchita malamulo. The chida chachikulu ananena malamulo boma. Iwo anamanga ndi kukonza malinga ndi "mzimu wa anthu", ndiye mtima. Zonsezi zinali kupereka ufumu ŵakusanga ya theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII. Catherine Wachiwiri anali woyamba olamulira Russian ananena za kufunika kwa umunthu ndi malamulo a boma. Iye anaganiza cholinga chachikulu cha boma si chilango zigawenga, ndi kupewa milandu awo.

chuma

zipilala Economic amene anapuma ndi mafumu ŵakusanga anali ndi ufulu katundu ndi ulimi. The chikhalidwe chachikulu chitukuko cha dziko Catherine otchedwa ntchito mwakhama magulu onse Russian. Kuitana ulimi maziko a chuma, Mfumukazi sanali dissemble. Russia mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII anali kwambiri agrarian dziko, kumene makampani ndi kwambiri kuseri kwa Ulaya.

m'midzi yambiri ya ulamuliro wa Catherine II anatsimikizidwa mzinda, koma kwenikweni anali midzi yonse chimodzimodzi ndi ntchito zomwezo ndi maonekedwe. Mu kutsutsana ife timayenera agrarian ndi za makolo akale Russia. Ngakhale ndi mizinda mapangidwe a m'tawuni ya dziko sanali kuposa 5%.

makampani Russian, monga ulimi, adakali ang'onoang'ono. Mafakitale ndi manufactories chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ntchito yaukapolo, chifukwa ntchito wamba ogwira ntchito ndalama makampani kuyitanitsa kwambiri. Pa nthawiyi n'kuti England, kale anayamba ndi Industrial utasintha. Russia zimagulitsidwa mankhwala makamaka theka-yomalizidwa ndi zipangizo zachilengedwe yaiwisi. Latha katundu chuma pafupifupi sanapange msika yachilendo.

Court ndi Chipembedzo

Mitu yotsiriza ya "Malangizo" Catherine zakhala zoyenera m'makhoti. Ŵakusanga ufumu mu Russia Mwachidule, sanathe kucheza ndi anthu popanda mkangano izi. Zokambirana zinali zofunika, omwe sakanakhoza kulephera kumvetsa Mfumukazi. Catherine wapereka ntchito ambiri la mabungwe a. Makamaka, khoti kuteteza mfundo za ufulu wa chipembedzo imakhudzanso anthu onse Russia. Nkhani chipembedzo Catherine anakhudzidwa ndi m'makalata ake. Iye anali mdani wa kutembenuka amakakamizidwa Chikhristu, si Russian anthu a dziko.

Ŵakusanga ufumu - amatanthauza chosasunthika mu kutsatira malangizo ndi malamulo. N'chifukwa chake Commission laletsa anaika Catherine atagwira mlandu mwadzidzidzi. Mfumukazi komanso anatsutsa kupondereza ufulu wa kulankhula. Komabe, sanaleke ake kugwetsa chokana pa anthu, maganizo ake, mabuku ake encroached pa kukhazikika.

funso m'mphawi

The vuto lalikulu anakumana ndi mafumu ŵakusanga mu Russia, zinali tsogolo la serfdom. Mu nyengo Catherine II wokakamiza malo osauka ndi sizinapezekebe zimafika. Koma chinaperekedwa ku serfdom kwambiri kutsutsa kuchokera kumabungwe pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu. choipa chikhalidwe wakhala chinthu Nikolaya Novikova satirical magazini kuukira ( "chikwama", "Drone", "zojambulajambula"). Ngati Radishchev, iye sanayembekezere kusintha kwakukulu anayambitsa kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo anamangidwa Schlisselburg linga.

The fallacy wa serfdom sanali kokha wodyerana kapolo malo a wamba, koma kuti kumalepheretsa chitukuko chuma ufumuwo. Ufulu zigawo kunali koyenera kuti ntchito kupindula nako. Ntchito mwininyumba, kuti akachotse yokolola ndi ndalama, ndi zolemba sakanakhoza kukhala zothandiza. The patsogolo kwa anthu wamba anali kokha atamasulidwa mu 1861. Ŵakusanga mfumu Catherine 2 Mwachidule, sanayese n'komwe kuchita zimenezo pofuna kukhazikika mkati, ndi yonena za nkhondo ya pakati pa boma ndi nzika. Kutembenuka otsala Mfumukazi Village kukhalamo yekha zokongola. Inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wa ake - nthawi ya ukapolo wamkulu wa Amaya. Kale pa mwana Catherine Paulo Ine dalitso chazilala, kukhala masiku atatu.

The podzudzula autocracy ndi

French rationalism ndi Choonadi malingaliro anatchula za kuipa kwa mitundu ang'onoang'ono a boma. Choncho anabadwa kutsutsa loyamba autocracy lapansi. Ŵakusanga ufumu Komabe, kungokhala mawonekedwe mphamvu zopanda malire. States analandira kusintha, koma iwo ankayenera kuti abwere kuchokera pamwamba ndipo sikungawononge chinthu chachikulu - ndi autocracy. N'chifukwa chake nthawi ya Catherine II ndipo m'nthawi yake otchedwa nyengo absolutism otsalira.

Woyamba kudzudzula poyera autocracy wolemba Alexander Radishchev. ode wake "Liberty" anali ndakatulo woyamba chosintha Russia. Pambuyo buku la "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow» Radishchev anali ku ukapolo. Choncho, ŵakusanga ufumu Catherine 2, ngakhale pabwino kukhala mkhalidwe mwapang'onopang'ono, sikuloledwa kusintha dongosolo la ndale la freethinkers.

mapangidwe

Mu njira zambiri, kusintha kwa absolutism kuti ufumu ŵakusanga anadza kupyolera ntchito asayansi kwambiri. Chief nyale ya Russian sayansi XVIII atumwi anali Mikhail Lomonosov. Mu 1755 anayambitsanso Moscow University. Pa nthawi yomweyo utopianism maphunziro ankalimbikitsa mu manyumba ogona Masonic, amene akhala kwambiri wotchuka pakati amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII, zopezera latsopano sukulu pawekha, ana kuphunzira olemekezeka, amalonda, atsogoleri, asilikali, raznochinstva. Onse anali kutchulidwa khalidwe kalasi. Pano, monga kwina kulikonse, mwayi linali m'manja mwa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Pakuti iwo anatsegula mitundu yonse ya nyumba kumene kuphunzitsa kunachitidwa ndi mfundo European kumadzulo.

kugwa kusintha

Zokonza ntchito Catherine II ntchito yabwino umaonetsa ubale malingaliro "mafumu mtheradi" ndi "ŵakusanga absolutism." Mfumukazi anayesa kulenga boma kuti adzakhala ngati zitsanzo amene yatchedwa anzeru lalikulu Loona za m'ma XVIII. Komabe, kutsutsana kwagona kuti maphunziro ndi mafumu mtheradi sanathe yogwirizana. Kusunga mphamvu autocratic, Catherine yekha akulephera kukhazikitsa magulu boma. Komabe, kusintha kwakukulu ndiribe anatsimikiza mfumu iliyonse European wa choonadi.

Mwina Catherine, ndipo ine apita pa kusintha zina, ngati osati owerengeka zochitika kochititsa kaso kwa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII. The zinachitika koyamba mu Russia yokha. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Pugachev chiwembu kuti kusesa Urals ndi dera Volga mu 1773-1775 gg. Chipolowe anayamba chilengedwe Cossack. Kenako anaphimba zigawo dziko ndi m'mphawi. Serfs olemekezeka Manor ukali, anapha opondereza dzulo. Kutalika kwa kugalukira lolamulidwa Emelyana Pugacheva inalipo zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo Orenburg ndi Ufa. Catherine anali kwambiri mantha yaikulu kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma lotsiriza la kupanduka. Asilikali anagonjetsa Pugachev, anadza zimene boma ndi kusintha kwa asiya. M'tsogolo, nyengo Catherine anakhala "golide zaka" wa otchuka, pamene iwo afika mmene pazipita mwayi.

zochitika zina motani maganizo a Mfumukazi, awiri a zisinthe: nkhondo kwa ufulu wa ankawalamulira American ndi French kuukira boma. Last nagubuduza ufumu wa Bourbons lapansi. Catherine anali Mlengi wa mgwirizano wotsutsa-French, womwenso mphamvu zonse zazikulu European ndi chimodzimodzi absolutist wa moyo.

Cities ndi nzika

Mu 1785 inasindikizidwa Letters mizinda setifiketi kumene Catherine okhudza udindo wa anthu a m'tauni. Iwo anali m'magulu angapo pa chuma chawo ndi chuma. Kalasi yoyamba ya "maganizo enieni a m'tawuni anthu 'olemekezeka amene anali malo, komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso akuluakulu a boma. Pambuyo amalonda munalidi gulu, amisiri luso alendo nonresident, anthu a posadas. Payokha allocated nzika lopambana. Awa anali anthu ndi madigiri yunivesite, eni mitu ikuluikulu, osunga ndalama, eni ngalawa.

Mayendedwe a mwayi amadalira munthu. Mwachitsanzo, nzika lopambana anapatsidwa ufulu ndi wapadera munda, dziko pabwalo ndi mphunzitsi. Monga akufotokozera hayala anthu ndi ufulu kukavota. Burgesses ndi amalonda analandira zoyamba za boma. Diploma Kwalamulidwa nthawi kupangitsa misonkhano mfulu olemera ndi otchuka mu zaka 3. Maziko kusankidwa milandu mabungwe - akuluakulu. Malo amene apangidwa mwa kulemba, chinakhalapo mpaka 1870, mpaka kusintha kwa Alexander II.

udindo wolemekezeka

Imodzi ndi hayala m'mizinda linasindikizidwa chofunika kwambiri hayala kwa anthu otchuka. chikalata ichi chakhala chizindikiro cha lothandiza lonse la Catherine II ndi ozindikira ufumu wonse. Iye ndi maganizo opezeka Manifesto za ufulu wa otchuka ndi anavomera mu 1762 pansi Peter III. Hayala kuti Catherine limanena kuti nzika - chokha osankhika a anthu Russian.

Knighthood anapangidwa cholowa, kwachikhalire ndi ntchito banja lonse mfulu. Amataya achifumu wake akanatha okha nkhani ya kukhumudwa chigawenga. Choncho Catherine chili kumapeto anu mfundo yakuti khalidwe la zonse, popanda yekha, anthu otchuka anali polinganiza malo awo okwezeka.

Pamaziko a "wolemekezeka kubadwa" nzika amamasulidwa ku chilango logwirika. umwini lawo linayambira ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kuti serfs lapansi. Olemekezeka akhoza pa chifuniro kukhala amalonda, mwachitsanzo, kuchita malonda apanyanja. Anthu a m'banja lachifumu anatilola kukhala ndi mafakitare. Pa olemekezeka sanali kuwonjezera misonkho munthu.

Olemekezeka anakhoza kulenga anthu awo - Assembly wolemekezeka, ndi ufulu ndale ndi ndalama zawo. mabungwe amenewa saloledwa kutumiza ntchito mfumu ya kusintha ndi kusinthika. Assembly inaimika maziko Kupititsa ndi womangidwa kwa m'chigawocho. maboma amenewa anali atsogoleri a otchuka, cholinga cha amene anaupereka Kazembe.

Hayala kuthetsa ndondomeko yaitali a kukwezedwa landlords malo. Chikalata cholembedwa kuti anali akuluakulu ankaona waukulu galimoto mphamvu anthu ku Russia. Ndi zochokera pa mfundo iyi, onse m'banja ŵakusanga mafumu. Mphamvu ya otchuka pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutha kale pansi wolowa wa Catherine Paulo I. Mfumu imeneyi, monga mwana ankamenyana ndi mayi ake, anayesa kuletsa onse a zaluso ake. Paulo amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu otchuka chilango logwirika, anawaletsa funsani iyeyo. njira ambiri sinyamuka Paulo pansi pa mwana wake Alexander I. Koma watsopano XIX atumwi, Russia tsopano analowa chinthu chatsopano mu chitukuko. Ŵakusanga absolutism anali chizindikiro cha nthawi imeneyo - ulamuliro wa Catherine II.