Mbiri ya gudumu, chilengedwe chake ndi chitukuko

Zingatanthauze kuti losavuta kupambana ngati - kuyambitsa kwa gudumu, ndipo komabe izo ali wamkulu. Choyamba wamkulu gudumu limapezeka kwambiri ku Mesopotamiya, Hungary, Central Asia ndi steppes ya Don ndi Dnieper.

History of gudumu: chiyambi

Ndi chidwi kwambiri kuti gudumu silinatulukiridwe adakali anthu akungoyendayenda. Pamene njira woyendayendawu a moyo, iwo anali zinthu zake zonse nokha. gudumu kupangidwa, pamene iwo anali atakhazikika mu malo ena. anthu amangokhala anayamba kuswana munda: kubzala minda, kuswana ziweto, kumanga yaing'ono kenako midzi yaikulu ndi mizinda.

Iwo anayamba malonda tirigu, mwala, matabwa ndi zina zotero. Ndipo ili ndi mtunda zikuluzikulu zimene ayenera kusintha kuti katundu zikuluzikulu ndiponso zolemera. Apa ndi apo linali lingaliro imeneyi.

Kodi kalelo lingaliro anadza kwa malingaliro? Mbiri ya gudumu ndi chidwi kwambiri.

Anthu amene amangokhalira kugwira ntchito podula ndi kugwetsa mitengo ndi anapeza kuti iwo akhoza adagulung'undisa, ndi kumuumiriza pang'ono.

Ganizo kulenga ndalezo

Ndipo pamene Cro-Magnons anatulukira koma ndi chokhethemulira. Kuyambira nthawi kuti mbiri anatulukira pa gudumu wayamba.

Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Chifukwa kukanikiza ndodo padded pansi chipika, izo kugudubuzika. Pambuyo kukanikiza izo adagulung'undisa kwambiri. Kenako anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu popezera mpata, imene kunali kotheka kwa kusuntha zipika angapo.

Ndiye anadza maganizo - kuvala anagubuduza zipika diagonally matabwa wina, ndipo wopindidwa nawo.

Choncho, anabwera ganizo lotsatira mitengo ali kusamutsidwa ali okha zingakhalire "mayendedwe" ngati wina kudutsa pamwamba kuika mitengo. Mu Egypt Choncho anasamukira ukulu Sindingachite mwala fano. Mbiri ya chiyambi cha gudumu akupitiriza kuwonjezera mfundo zosangalatsa.

Komanso kusintha kwa sayansi ya katundu kayendedwe

The njira ya levers sanali yabwino kwambiri: anansi kwa levers mitengoyi nthawi anamasulidwa ndi katundu, ndipo nthawi zonse anali ndi manja athu kunyamula patsogolo ndi kuika pafupi adakali pansi mitengo chapamwamba. Pakufunika kukonza iwo.

Zotsatira zake zinali chinachake chonga ngolo kufanana. Iye anali wamwano ndipo unsightly. Koma n'kuiika pamwamba pa katundu anagwidwa. Unakhalabe yekha kuti akanikizire zolimba levers lapansi. Pa oterewa bwino ophimba ankanyamula ndipo katundu zina, matumba ndi mbewu, miyala, etc.

Kapangidwe Izi zikhoza falitsani yekha pa lathyathyathya pamwamba. chopinga chilichonse mu mawonekedwe a mwala panjira mosavuta kuwononga nyumba imeneyi. Ndiyeno panali ganizo ku zipika kulimbikitsa pamodzi (zidutswa 10), angagwirizanitse pansi ali mitundu iwiri iwiri ya zipika yosalala-wosemedwa, ndi pakati pa ndi wachitatu - yosalala, awiri lalikulu ndi ufulu.

Choncho panali ngolo m'malo rink. Anasamukira bwino ndipo analibe kukankhira manja ake, zinali zokwanira m'manja khama. Ichi chinali zinachitika pa gudumu.

Mbiri ya chitukuko pa gudumu ndi yaitali ndithu. Isanafike kuyambitsa pano zochimwazo kumathetsa ambiri mwa mavuto wapakatikati gudumu.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro zoyendera kwa zoyendera katundu

Choyamba kuchotsedwa ngolo mitengo awiriawiri onse, kusiya odzigudubuza awiri okha. Iwo ndiye wotetezedwa ku ngolo zakudya zamtundu mkuwa, koma kotero kuti atembenuza. Zinali drawback: makulidwe osiyana pa m'mbali zosiyanasiyana zikuni zinachititsa kuti kusandutsa ngolo pambali.

Ndiyeno ananena kuti zimene ngolo umene ayezi rink anali n'kakang'ono pa malo kuposa pa m'mbali, kusuntha wogawana. ngolo Izi ndi amakankhira kwa ang'onoang'ono. Kenako, anayambitsa wodzigudubuza ndi wasiya odzigudubuza awiri okha pa mbali ya chipika lonse, ndi pakati pawo - mtengo wochepa thupi. Ndiye, kulekanitsa odzigudubuza ku mtengo, ine ndiri gudumu.

Mbiri ya yatsoka pa gudumu monga kale ndatsiriza maofesi luso kwa kayendedwe ka katundu ndi kuukoka anayamba pafupifupi mphindi.

Gudumu woyamba anali wolemera kwambiri. Ngakhale ngolo ndi mawilo olimba chosema kuchokera lalikulu mtengo thunthu (wakale Indian mzinda wa Mohenjo-Daro).

Posachedwapa, kwa ngolo anayamba ntchito nyama oyang'anira. mphindi ino kunasintha ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko ndi kusintha zoyendera. Nazo masinthidwe zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa za gudumu la mbiri. The ngolo komanso zimasintha kwambiri.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ngolo kapangidwe

Kale panali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala: gudumu bwalo woumba mbiya ndi ngolo lapansi. Origin - pulleys, kholo magiya limagwirira maola, madzi mawilo, etc ..
The ngolo woyamba kwambiri zinali zophweka sled, kuvala mawilo. Yotsirizira Nayenso adam'yang'anitsa nkhwangwa. Wheel ndi chitsulo chogwira matayala yokha ankapereka gulu limodzi. Komabe, pamene ngolo anatembenuka ndi mawilo zimenezi, anakwera kunja yaitali kwambiri kuposa mkati. Pa nkhani imeneyi, gudumu nthawi unayamba kupita kapena skidded.

Kenako ziwembu zinali kusunthira momasuka, monga olamulira yomatidwa ophimba pa. Izi kupita mofulumira ndi kutembenukira mosavuta.

Oyambirira anali m'mphawi ngolo, hearses ngolo wachifumu wopatulika ndi magaleta milungu.

The ngolo woyamba anali thuu ndi zinayi gudumu. Komabe, yotsirizira akhala kosathandiza. Chifukwa chiyani? Kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo chitsulo chogwira matayala Ufumuyo nyumba ya. adalira sangathe kupanga ankasinthana lakuthwa.

zaka 2000 zapitazo mafoni kutsogolo chitsulo chogwira matayala kupangidwa kuti analola adalira kutembenukira kwina kulikonse.

Kale lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e. mu kum'mwera Asia anatulukira gudumu spoked.

Ancient mawilo chifaniziro

Woyamba zojambula thanthwe wakale (3000 BC. E.) Sled mawilo anapeza mu Phunziro m'chigawo Chisumeriya.

Chifanizo cha magudumu pa East ophatikizidwa ndi chithunzi cha dzuwa, ndi mphamvu. M'nthano zosiyanasiyana mitundu yambiri ya anthu anayamba kunena kuti mafano gudumu. Kugwirizana ndi dzuwa gudumu motere: Sun - chapamwamba ndi kuzungulirako gudumu - kuzungulira chomwecho, komanso amalola munthu kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. Zonsezi - m'njira ndi ulamuliro.

Pakhala mphekesera zoti woyamba gudumu wakale akadali anaonekera mu Mesopotamia, ndi ku Turkey kum'mawa, ndipo mwina kumpoto Iran. Kenako anaonekera mu kumpoto.

Mitundu ya magudumu wakale

Kale 3 Zakachikwi BC Wheel anali atavala padziko khungu ndi 2 Zakachikwi ankhomera gudumu zikhadabo yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda m'mphepete kunja. Ichi chidachitika kuti kuonjezera guluu wolimba awo pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala olimba, koma osati kwa thunthu limodzi, ndi kuika pamodzi ndi zigawo zitatu.

Ndi nthawi akavalo anali kuŵetedwa, ndipo panali ngolo, amene anali ogaŵikana magaleta (kudya) ndi oyeretsa mfumu. Panali ngolo mwachindunji chuma (ndi ng'ombe).

Mbiri ya gudumu, pa koyamba, chotero nkhani yophweka, limasonyeza kuti mtundu uliwonse kusintha zothandiza mapulani ake, kupanga bwino msanga.

Chinapululutsa ngolo ku East, ku China (Yin ufumu nyengo). Kale mu 2000 BC. e. gudumu ndi spoked ndi felemu.

Gudumu mu Europe

Mbiri wotsatira wa chiwongolero ndi chitukuko amagwirizana yekha ndi mafuko Acelt. Anayamba "nsapato" zitsulo gudumu nkombero (1500 BC. E.), Koma angapo zaka (mu nthawi ya Trojan nkhondo) magudumu pafupi kwathunthu amapangidwa ndi zitsulo.

Pa oterewa ndi kumenyana ngwazi Homeric. About magaleta ngati pochita nacho chidwi analemba mneneri m'Baibulo Nahumu. Iwo wosweka kwambiri njira, kotero 50 BC. e. Izo analengedwa ndi kutengedwa lamulo loyamba kwambiri kuti zimasokoneza katundu aliyense gudumu kuti makilogalamu 250.

Kwa zaka 3000 gudumu wakale chinasintha moyo wa pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya. Koma kwa Africa (gawo kumwera kwa Sahara), Asia (Kumwera) ndi Australia kuti sizinawakhudze.

Nkhani yeniyeni ya gudumu sichinayambe anaphunzira mpaka ku mapeto. Palinso ngati kungoganizira kulenga gudumu. Miphika anthu nzelu (ngakhale zokhota) ngakhale kale - 6000 zaka BC. e. Koma mkubwela kwa gudumu woumba mbiya ndi mtundu wa mbale zambiri bwino. A osiyanasiyana mbiya - ndipo pali gudumu, kungoika mbali imodzi. Choncho, amene anabwereka lingaliro? Mwina pambuyo dalaivala onse woumba mbiya?