French Nkhondo Chipembedzo: zimayambitsa, masiteji, zotsatira

French nkhondo zachipembedzo anali zosokoneza pang'ono kuchokera 1562 mpaka zaka 1589. Magulu waukulu mkangano anali Akatolika ndi Huguenots (Achiprotestanti). The chifukwa cha nkhondo zambiri, chinali kusintha kwa ufumu wa kulamulira, komanso kuphatikiza la ufulu ufulu wa chipembedzo.

prerequisites

Wamagazi French Nkhondo Religion pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti inayamba mu 1562. Iye anali ndi zifukwa zingapo kungotengeka ndi chimayambitsa. M'zaka za m'ma XVI anthu French linagawanika m'magulu awiri wosadzayanjanika - Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti. Chiphunzitso chatsopano atagonjetsa mu dziko Germany. mbali ake adakangana kwa kusiyidwa ya malamulo ena a Mpingo wa Katolika (malonda machimo, malo ndi zina zotero. D.).

Kayendedwe wotchuka Chiprotestanti France anakhala Calvin. otsatira ake ankatchedwa Huguenots. Matumba a chiphunzitso anabalalika m'dziko lonselo, nchifukwa chake nkhondo achipembedzo France anali wa sikelo ngati kwambiri.

Korol Frantsisk Ine anali mfumu yoyamba kuyesera kufala kwa zisokonezo latsopano. Iye analamula katundu wa Huguenot zolemba imene anapita Akatolika mukubwadamuka. Mafumu kulowererana chikhulupiriro mwambo anali kuukira mphamvu zawo. Kuti anali maganizo a Valois, chifukwa cha zomwe anayambitsa nkhondo achipembedzo France.

Siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu wa Huguenots

Kutsogolera ndi Francis Henry II ngakhale mwachangu kwambiri anatenga kuthetsa Chiprotestanti mu dziko. Mu 1559 yosainidwa Kato Kambreziysky lonse zimene kutha kuleza Italy nkhondo. Kenako mfumu ndi manja ake ankhondo munamasulidwa. Tsopano mphamvu inafika chuma kwaulere akhoza kusiya polimbana ndi tchalitchi. Mu lamulo atsopano a Henry II anaopseza osamvera woyaka pamtengo. Koma ngakhale manja awa boma analibe mphamvu pa kufala kwa Calvin. Pofika chaka cha 1559 ku France panali magulu 5000 imene otsatira a chiphunzitso moyo.

Ndi inalowa mpando wachifumu wamng'ono mfumu Francis II kwa nyumba zamalamulo zonse zigawo anakhazikitsako moto chipinda. Otchedwa makhoti modabwitsa zomwe ankaiphwasula chifukwa Chiprotestanti. mabungwe awa kuyang'anira Giza - banja amphamvu a mfumu-mnyamata. Chiyambi cha nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France ndipo ambiri wokhetsa magazi awo lagona pa chikumbumtima chawo.

chiwembu Amuazsky

Giza (abale Francois ndi Charles) adzadanidwa ndi olemekezeka ambiri - imodzi chifukwa cha despotism ake, ena chifukwa cha malo achipembedzo. Olemekezeka, amakhumudwa achibale a mfumu, patangopita kukhazikitsidwa kwa zipinda moto bungwe chiwembu. njonda izi mukufuna kukalanda zazing'ono Francis ndi kumufunsa ndi ufulu wosankha chipembedzo (ie, ufulu wa chikumbumtima).

chiwembu anapeza madzulo kuphedwa. Francis ndi kuthamanga pafupifupi mu Amboise. Komabe, achiwembuwo sanasiye mapulani awo ndipo anayesa kulanda mphamvu ya mfumu bwino mu mzindawo. Ndondomeko analephera. olemekezeka ambiri wafa kunkhondo, pamene ena anaphedwa pambuyo. Zimenezi zinachitika March 1560 anakhala chifukwa, chifukwa chimene anathyola nkhondo achipembedzo France.

Inayamba nkhondo

Monga miyezi ingapo pambuyo chiwembu analephera Francis II anafa chifukwa cha thanzi labwino. wachifumu ankadutsa m'bale wake Charles IX, mu nthawi ya chiyambi cha amene anali nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France. Chaka 1562 zinali zodzaza ndi chokana yoyamba kumenyana ndi Huguenots mu Shampeni. Kalonga wa amati ndi asilikali ake anaukira zionetsero unarmed mwamtendere anachita kulambira. chochitika ichi chinali chizindikiro cha mliri wa nkhondo yaikulu.

Pa Huguenots, monga Akatolika, iwo anali atsogoleri awo. The oyamba anali Prince Lyudovik De Conde wa Bourbon. Zitachitika, mu Shampeni, anagwira midzi yambiri, kupanga Orleans achitetezo kukaniza Protestant kupolisi. Huguenots anapanga pangano ndi maukulu a German ndipo England - mayiko kumene anavutika ndi chikoka Katolika. Anabweza mu nkhondo zachiweniweni kunja mphamvu kwambiri kulimbikitsa nkhondo achipembedzo France. Panatenga zaka dziko ali wotopa zinthu zake zonse ndi yopanda magazi Pamapeto pake pangano mtendere pakati pa zipani.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa nkhondo chinali chakuti nkhondo anali angapo. Mwazi umene unayamba, ndiye anasiya, ndiye adapitiriza kachiwiri. Choncho, zosokoneza pang'ono, panali nkhondo kuyambira 1562 mpaka zaka 1598. Gawo loyamba inatha mu 1563, pamene Huguenots ndi Akatolika lalembedwa ndi Lamulo la Amboise. Mu mgwirizano umenewu, Achiprotestanti anapatsidwa ufulu chipembedzo chawo mu zigawo zina za dziko. maphwando anadza kwa mgwirizano ndi kuyimira yogwira Ekateriny Medichi - mayi wa mafumu atatu French (François II, Charles IX ndi Henry III). Pa nthawi chasandulika protagonist wa mkangano. Mfumukazi Amayi bwino kwa munthu wamakono pa msewu chifukwa cha tingachipeze powerenga buku mbiri Dyumy.

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu nkhondo

Giza anali wosasangalala ndi zokambirana kwa Huguenots. Iwo anayamba kuyang'ana kwa Catholic ogwirizana kunja. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu 1567 Achiprotestanti, komanso zaka pang'ono, anayesa kulanda mfumu ukapolo. Chochitika, amadziwika kuti anadabwa kuti Mo, anabwera kanthu. Akuluakulu anaitana atsogoleri a Huguenots - Kalonga wa Conde ndi Werengerani Gaspard Coligny. Iwo adakhonda kudza kuna Paris, amene anali chizindikiro kwa resumption la nkhondo.

Zimayambitsa nkhondo za chipembedzo mu France kugona chakuti mapangano wogwirizira mtendere zokhudza zokambirana yaing'ono kwa Achiprotestanti, sunawakhutitse aliyense wa zipani. Chifukwa cha nkhondo imeneyi insoluble kutsutsana dzikoli mobwerezabwereza. Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha mu November 1567 chifukwa cha imfa ya m'modzi mwa atsogoleri a Akatolika - Kalonga wa Montmorency.

Koma chabe miyezi ingapo, mu March, 1568-TH, pa minda ya France kachiwiri Belo chowomberedwa ndi mfuti ndipo kufuula kwa asilikali kufa. Nkhondo Chachitatu makamaka chinachitika m'chigawo cha Languedoc. Aprotestanti pafupifupi anatenga Poitiers. Anatha kupita Ron ndi kukakamiza boma kuti asintha kachiwiri. maudindo Huguenot anali anawonjezera malinga Pangano la Saint-Germain-en-Laye, yolembedwa pa 15 August 1570. Ufulu wa chipembedzo unakhazikitsidwa mu gawo la dziko lonse la France kupatula Paris.

Ukwati wa Henry ndi Margot

Mu 1572, pachimake anafika nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France. m'ma 16 anaona zochitika zambiri wamagazi ndi zomvetsa chisoni. Koma mwina palibe a iwo chingafanane usiku St. Bartholomew a. Popeza kuphedwa kwa Huguenots, bungwe Akatolika dzina lake historiography. Tsoka zinachitika pa August 24, 1572 madzulo a tsiku la Mtumwi Bartholomew. Asayansi kupereka Ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana nthawi yochuluka bwanji anali ataphedwa Achiprotestanti. Ziwerengero kupereka chithunzi cha anthu 30. zikwi - kuchuluka n'kale lonse nthawi yake.

Chiwawa anali yoyamba zochitika zingapo zofunika. Kuyambira 1570 mwachidule anaimitsa nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France. Tsiku kusaina Saint-Germain Mtendere anali mwambo kwa dziko wotopa. Koma kwambiri kwakukulu Akatolika, kuphatikizapo mphamvu Giza, sanafune kuvomereza chikalatachi. Mwa zina, iwo ankatsutsa kuoneka pa yachifumu Gaspard Coligny - mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Huguenots. Asilikali luso m'gulu thandizo la Charles IX. Mfumu ankafuna kuthandiza mkulu Ufumuyo dziko lawo la Netherlands. Choncho, zolinga zandale anaposa achipembedzo.

Ekaterina Medichi komanso nthawi zichepetse Changu awo. Chuma sanali ndalama zokwanira kusunga asamenyane momasuka ndi Achiprotestanti. Choncho, mfumukazi-mayi kugwiritsa ntchito njira za mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi dynastic. Bwalo Paris anavomera ukwati pakati Margaritoy Valua (mwana wamkazi wa Catherine), ndi Henry wa Navarre - mtsogoleri wina wa Huguenots.

Kuphedwa kwa St. Bartholomew

ukwati anali yokondwerera Paris. Chifukwa cha ichi, mu mzinda lachikatolika wabwera nambala yaikulu ya Huguenots - olimbikitsa Genriha Navarrskogo. The maganizo likulu panali zachiwawa kwambiri. Wamba anamuda Achiprotestanti kuwadzudzula chifukwa cha mavuto awo onse. Pamwamba pa mphamvu panalibe umodzi mwachibale kwa ukwati m'tsogolo.

Ukwatiwo unachitika pa August 18, 1572. Patapita masiku 4 wa asilikali Coligny galimoto ku Louvre zipolopolo ku nyumba, amene anali Gizam. Iyo inali kuphedwa anakonza. Mtsogoleri wa Huguenots anavulala, koma anapulumuka. Komabe, zikuoneka anali kachitsotso lomaliza. Patapita masiku awiri, pa usiku wa pa August 24, Ekaterina Medichi analamula kuyamba kuphedwa kwa Huguenots, amene anali kumanzere Paris. Chiyambi cha nkhondo ya chipembedzo mu France anagwidwa a m'nthawi yake kuti nkhanza wake. Koma zimene zinachitika mu 1572, izo sanapite poyerekeza aliyense ndi zoopsa akale a nkhondo ndi nkhondo.

Kupha anthu zikwizikwi. Gaspar Kolini, madzulo pang'ono kuphedwa, anati tiwonana kwa moyo wa mmodzi wa oyamba. Genrihu Navarrskomu (adzakhale Mfumu Henry IV) anatha kupulumuka zikomo okha oyimira m'bwalo la banja lake latsopano. St. Bartholomew anali chochitika, kuti asinthe mkangano, wodziwika mu mbiri monga Nkhondo French of Religion. Deti la kuphedwa kwa Huguenots zinali zodzaza ndi imfa ya atsogoleri awo ambiri. Pambuyo mantha ndi chisokonezo mu likulu la dziko anathawa, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, 200 zikwi Huguenots. Anasamukira ku Germany, England ndi Poland, kukhala kutali ndi wamagazi akuluakulu a Katolika. zochita Valois anatsutsidwa ndi olamulira ambiri a nthawi, kuphatikizapo Ivanom Groznym.

anapitiriza nkhondo

Kudera Reformation ndi nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France, zinachititsa chakuti dziko sanadziwe dziko kwa zaka zambiri. Pambuyo St. Bartholomew kufika poti silingakonzedwenso yapatsiridwa. zipani asiya kuyang'ana kukondera, ndipo boma linadzazanso wolakwiridwayo mwazi mangawawo. The nkhondo chachinayi inatha mu 1573-m, koma 1574-mamita akufa Korol Karl IX. Iye analibe mwana kotero kuti Paris anabwera kulamulira mng'ono wake Henry III, amene kale nthawi yochepa kukhala autocrat Poland.

The mfumu yatsopano kachiwiri atazunguliridwa yekha wosakhazikika amati. Tsopano nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France Mwachidule, anayambiranso kachiwiri, chifukwa chakuti Henry sanali kulamulira ena zigawo za dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu Shampeni litalanda German Chiwerengero Palatine, amene anabwera kupulumutsa Achiprotestanti m'deralo. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali zolimbitsa Catholic chipani, mu historiography lotchedwa "odandaula". Oimira gulu limeneli ankalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulolera zipembedzo mu dziko. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi zambiri zosonyeza kukonda zindikira, ndatopa nkhondo wosatha. Mu nkhondo wachisanu "odandaula" ndi Huguenots ogwirizana ndi Valois. Giza anagonjetsanso ndi anthu ndipo ena. Pambuyo pa zimenezi, anthu ambiri a "Simunakondweretsedwe" anaphedwa oukira boma.

The League Catholic

Mu 1576, Henri de A amati maziko a Catholic League, umene popanda France, analowa Ajezwiti, Spain ndi papa. Cholinga cha ukwati anali kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Huguenots. Komanso, mbali ya mgwirizano anali olemekezeka amene ankafuna kuti achepetse mphamvu ya mfumu. nkhondo zachipembedzo ndi mafumu mtheradi ku France pa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVI zifukwa zazikulu kulimbikitsa njira ya mbiri ya dziko lino. Zasonyezanso kuti pambuyo chigonjetso cha mafumu Bourbon mphamvu anakula yekha, ngakhale zoyesayesa za otchuka zoletsa izo, pansi pa malingaliro a nkhondo yolimbana ndi Achiprotestanti.

Catholic League anayambitsa nkhondo chimodzi (1576-1577), imene ufulu wa Huguenots zotsatira kwambiri okha. pakati ya chikoka ankatembenukira kum'mwera. A mtsogoleri anazindikira mu Chiprotestanti Genrih Navarrsky anakhala, atakwatirana, umene unachitika nthawi Tsiku atapha anthu St. Bartholomew a.

Mfumu ya ufumu waung'ono wa Pyrenees, amene anali a Bourbon mafumu, nakhala wolowa nyumba wa mpando wachifumu French chifukwa cha chosoŵa mwana Ekateriny Medichi. Mu Henry III analibe ana, kuika mfumu mu malo wosakhwima. Malinga ndi malamulo dynastic, m'malo mwake anali wachibale wake wapafupi mu mzere wamwamuna. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, zinadziwika Genrih Navarrsky. Choyamba, iye anadza ku St. Louis, ndipo kachiwiri, obatizidwayo anakwatira mlongo Marguerite mfumu (Margot).

Nkhondo ya Henry atatu

Dynastic mavuto nkhondo atatu Henry. Anathetsa pakati pawo Dzina - mfumu ya France, Mfumu ya Navarre ndi Duke a matchalitchi amene amati. Mikanganoyi, amene adatuluka kuchokera 1584 chaka 1589 anali womaliza pa nkhani nkhondo zachipembedzo. Henry III anataya kampeni. Mu May 1588 okhala woyamba wa Paris atam'pandukira, kenako ankathawira Blois. Mu likulu French anadza Duke a matchalitchi amene amati. Patapita miyezi ingapo, iye De facto wolamulira wa dziko.

Kuti mwanjira kuthetsa mkangano, amati ndi Valois anavomera msonkhano wa pa States-General mu Blois. Duke anafika kumeneko otsekerezedwawo. Alonda anapha Mfumu ya Giza, chitetezo, ndipo kenako m'bale wake. Wonyenga mchitidwe wa Henry III sanali kuwonjezera kutchuka kwake. Akatolika asiye iye, ndipo Papa ndi onse wotembereredwa.

M'chaka cha 1589, Henry III anamva Republic mmonke Jacques Clement. Wakupha anatha mothandizidwa ndi zikalata linapanga kuti pa gulu la Mfumu. Pamene alonda adagawana kwa Heinrich, mmonke mosayembekezeka analumphira mu Kuwonjezera stylet. wakupha anali Wakhadzulidwa pa malopo. Koma Henry III anamwalira chifukwa chakuti anavulazidwa. Tsopano, palibe chomwe chinalepheretsa Mfumu ya Navarre kukhala wolamulira wa France.

lamulo la Pacification

Genrih Navarrsky anakhala Mfumu ya France 2 pa August 1589 chaka. Iye anali Protestant, koma kuti apeze poponda pa mpandowachifumu, iye kutembenukira ku Chikatolika. Zimenezi n'zimene analola Henry IV kulandira chikhululukiro cha machimo ndi papa kale maganizo "achikunja". Zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa mfumu imene kulimbana ndi Otsutsa zake zandale komanso amati ulamuliro m'dziko lonselo.

Izo zinali kokha pambuyo kupambana kwake ku 1598, Henry inaika lamulo la Nantes, amene enshrines ufulu wa chipembedzo m'dziko lonselo. Choncho anathetsa nkhondo zachipembedzo ndi mtima wa mafumu mu France. Patatha zaka zoposa makumi atatu wokhetsa magazi anabwera mtendere yaitali mu dziko. Huguenots wabweza ufulu watsopano ndi ang'onoang'ono yokongola ku boma. Zotsatira za nkhondo zachipembedzo ku France si kuthetsa mikangano yaitali, komanso centralization a boma pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Bourbon mafumu.