Mmonke Shvarts Bertold - anayambitsa onga

Ndi zomvetsa chisoni, koma zoyambitsidwa ambiri ndiponso kutulukira kuti akhoza poyendetsera anthu kwa patsogolo, amaona ntchito kwenikweni mu dera ankhondo anali basi chiwonongeko cha anthu, osati kusintha miyoyo yawo. Izi nkhawa ndi onga. Pambuyo chidali chifuniro chake anatenga pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi limodzi pamaso pa anthu anazindikira kuti mphamvu anamasulidwa mu kuphulika, ndi kutumikira zifuno za mtendere.

Chinese, Aluya ndi Ahelene?

Mwa sayansi lekani mikangano amene anayambitsa woona wa onga. Maganizo zidzasankhidwa. Malinga ndi limodzi la Baibulo ambiri, ulemu wa anthu Chinese, amene pamaso nyengo athu anatha kulenga chitukuko ndipo ali nzeru ambiri wapadera.

Othandiza wina mawonedwe amakhulupirira kuti onga anali koyamba mu nkhokwe ya Aluya, kale mu masiku amakedzana nazo luso chipangizo zochokera zapamwamba zimenezo zoyambitsidwa nthawi. Komanso, zipilala mbiri amatchula mobwerezabwereza za otchedwa moto Greek , ntchito kuwononga zombo za adani. Choncho, kutsutsana za amene anapanga onga, ndipo amatchedwa kuti Greece wakale.

okayikira

Komabe, mfundo yaikulu imene amaika mu funso onse atatu kungoganizira pamwamba, ndi kuchulukitsa kwa mipweya ya ufa. Ngakhale mu Baibulo ofunika kwambiri, izo pazikhalanso sulfure, makala ndi saltpeter, olumikizidwa ku kufanana mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. Ngati zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira adakali zopezeka zachilengedwe, nitrate kuti ndi oyenera kupanga mabomba, zitha akamagwira choyezera zinthu.

Zamankhwala Mfiti wa Francis Order

The zatsopano woyamba wa onga, amene ntchito akhala zalembedwa, ndi German mmonke Bertold Shvarts, amene anakhalapo zaka za m'ma XIV ndi a dongosolo Francis. Za moyo wa munthu likugwiritsidwa mfundo zochepa kwambiri. Amadziwika dzina lake lenileni - Constantine Anklittsen, koma tsiku lobadwa ndi yosokoneza kwambiri - kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIII.

moyo wake chilakolako anali zimapangidwira, koma chifukwa nthawi kuti sanaone kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa sayansi ndi wamatsenga, ndiye ntchito uku kwabweletsa iye m'mavuto, ndi kamodzi ngakhale zinachititsa kuti ndende, kumene mlandu ufiti.

Mtumiki wa Mulungu, anaphunzira kupha

Mwa njira, mbiri chidwi cha dzinalo, amene anavala Shvarts Bertold. Ngati chigawo mbali yake yachiwiri waperekedwa pa tonsure, woyamba kukhala dzina lakuti ndipo umasamutsidwa ku German monga adjective "wakuda", analandira okha zokayikitsa awo pa maganizo a anthu ena, ntchito.

Amadziwika kuti ali kundende, iye anali kupitiriza maphunziro ake, ndipo kumeneko anapanga chidali chifuniro chake chachikulu, zomwe zinathandiza kuti anthu kupha anzawo mofulumira kwambiri ndi lalikulu zedi. Kodi zolembedwazi kumene kumakhala Amonke zogwirizana ndi mfundo za chikondi ndi anthu Mkhristu - mutu wa nkhani zosiyana.

Kuthetheka kuti wafunsira kutsegula

Za zinthu kumene Shvarts Bertold woyamba wabweza kuphulika, sitidziwa kulembamo wasayansi, ndi nthano kuti watsikira kwa nthawi zakale. Kukhala ndende Nuremberg (mu Baibulo lina - mu Cologne), iye, monga tanena kale, ankachita nawo zatsopano mankhwala ndi kamodzi wothira mu mtondo ndi kwambiri sulfure, makala ndi saltpetre.

Zinali madzulo, ndipo m'chipinda komwe anakagwira ntchito, zinadziwika mdima. Kuyatsa kandulo, wandende anatenga kuponya moto - machesi analibe kulibe, mphamvu mwangozi tidakocheza mwachindunji mu mtondo ndi theka anaphimbidwa ndi mwala. Mwadzidzidzi, Pop mokweza ndi mwala anaponyedwa pambali. Mwamwayi, experimenter anali choyipa.

Mtondo kusanduka mfuti

Pamene mantha choyamba (ndi zachilendo mu Zikatero) zadutsa, ndipo utsi ikukonzedwa, Shvarts Bertold refilled ndi osakaniza a matope, kunyamula kufanana wakale zigawo zikuluzikulu. Ndipo kachiwiri akutsatiridwa ndi kuphulika ndi. Choncho panali onga. chochitika izi zinachitika mu 1330, ndi kuti nthawi ya mfuti, sankadziwika, osati Europe komanso dziko. Mwa njira, chitukuko zitsanzo ake anayamba kuphunzira akadali yemweyo wofunitsitsa Shvarts Bertold.

Amene wochotsedwa pambuyo mabomba m'ndendemo Potengera bwino, nthawi yomweyo anayesa kupeza osakaniza wake infernal mfundo zimagwirira ntchito. Creative ganizo anamuuza kuti ngati matope kupanga chachikulu, mudzaze ndi osakaniza a miyala ndi kukatenga yabwino, angachititse m'mavuto kwa mdani, akusandutsa dongosolo lonse kale malangizo ake.

Chiyambi cha nthawi ya zida zankhondo

The zipangizo oyambirira kwenikweni anafanana kugubuduza mmbali matope. Iwo ngakhale anadziwika monga mortars (ku Latin mortarium - «matope"). M'kupita kwa nthawi, zinalengedwera anawonjezera ndipo analandira maphunziro a bwino kwa ife mifuti ubwana wakale ndi miyala m'malo ndi mtima chitsulo.

zida za nkhondo nthawi zonse anali chapatsogolo patsogolo. Posachedwa zipangizo katundu ndi imene inali yovuta kunyamula kuti motsogozedwa chitukuko pa lingaliro kulenga kuwala, elongated zimayambira ndi makoma woonda kuti akhoza kugwira mu manja awo phazi msilikali. Kotero mu arsenals wa makamu European anali muskets ndi arquebuses, omwe anakhala zinachitika kwa kachitidwe kamakono mmikono yaing'ono.

umboni zopelekedwa za amene anapanga onga

Ngati zochitika zenizeni umene Berthold Schwarz anapeza onga chaonekera, akhoza anatsutsa, icho chimapita olemba ake mosakayika. Zimenezi pali ambiri a umboni zopelekedwa. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi mbiri, anapeza mu miyala ya mzinda wa Ghent ndipo anapangidwa 1343. Lembali limati pansi makoma mu zipolowe ndi mfuti mdani ntchito, zomwe anatulukira mmonke Shvarts Bertold.

Dzina-anayambitsa mmonke nazonso otchulidwa lamulo la French Mfumu John II Wabwino, lofalitsidwa mu May 1354. Mmenemo mfumu akulamula mogwirizana ndi kuyambitsa wa German mmonke Bertolda Schvartsa, aletse katundu wa mkuwa ufumu ndi ntchito yokhayo yotumikira akuponya mfuti.

Moyo akhala chinsinsi

Amadziwika ndi adakali angapo umboni akale amene anayambitsa onga ziri chimodzimodzi Bertold Shvarts. The yonena za munthu uyu wonse m'malo samveka, koma mfundo za anapeza ndi iye ndi wosatsutsika. Tsiku la imfa ya munthu ndi dzanja kuwala kumalo omenyera nkhondo anamukwiyira kulengeza cannonade, zodziwika bwino, komanso nkhani imene iye anasiya moyo.

Ife sitikudziwa kaya imfa yachibadwa, kapena kupitiriza zimenezo, katswiri wa Baibulo moti nthawi ina, kodi kuwerengetsa mlandu ndi ufulu adzamuphonyetsa iye ngati Minesweeper, kamodzi kokha laperekedwa. Popeza moyo zonse munthu uyu sikukudziŵika, ndipo anazitulukira ndi dziko lawo, mizinda ya ku Germany kudzatenga ufulu kukhala kumene anabadwira. Izi Cologne ndi iyi: Dortmund ndi Freiburg, kumene m'tawuni lalikulu chipilala Berthold Schwarz.