French kuukira boma: phindu zimayambitsa, zochitika zazikulu, zotsatira

M'ma 18 imatengedwa kuti m'zaka za French kuukira boma. Kupasula Mafumu, kayendedwe chosintha ndi zitsanzo zomveka bwino za mantha udawaphimba ngakhale zochitika wamagazi cha 1917 October kuukira boma ku nkhanza zake. The French amakonda wosayankha manyazi ndi m'zonse kuti romanticize imeneyi mbiri yake. Mtengo wa French kuukira boma sitingalephere kukambapo. A chitsanzo chapadera cha mmene kwambiri kukhetsa mwazi ndi lowopsya chirombo, kudzibisa yokha mu zovala za ufulu, ufulu wofanana ndi fraternity, wokonzeka kumira mano awo mu aliyense, ndipo dzina lake - utasintha.

ANAKULIRA cha chiyambi cha zisinthe: mavuto komanso umoyo ndi zachuma andale

Anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1774, Louis XVI chimaika Robert Turgot General Finance Mtsogoleri, koma osiyanasiyana kusintha akufuna ndi wandale ameneyu anakanidwa. Apamwamba kwambiri aphata maudindo awo, ndipo levies onse ndi ntchito miyambo kuika mtolo wolemera mapewa a malo lachitatu, oimira imene France anali ndi zaka 90%.

Mu 1778, Turgot, mu ofesi m'malo Nekker. Iye tsopano achotsa serfdom ku madambwe mfumu wozunzikirapo pa mafunso, zimasokoneza mtengo bwalo, koma zonsezi zinali kokha dontho m'nyanja. Absolutism sikuloledwa kwa patsogolo asapita oleza capitalist anthu. Choncho, kusintha kwa nyumba ndalama kunali kokha nkhani ya nthawi. Zinachitika kuzamitsa pa mavuto azachuma, m'kukoma kukula kwa mitengo, pakalibe kukula mu ulimi. Kufufuma wakhala akumenya mwamphamvu ndi Boma la anthu ambiri ovutika, izo anali mmodzi wa catalysts podstegnuvshih kukula kwa chosintha amaganiza anthu.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndiponso anasonyeza nkhondo US cha ufulu, anapumira pofuna chosintha French. Ngati ife kulankhula za French kuukira boma, mwachidule (ndi mfundo zimene kukhwima), tisaiwale, ndi ndale ku France. Achifumu linkadzitenga aikidwa pakati pa thanthwe ndi m'malo ovuta - mfumu ndi anthu. Choncho mwamphamvu oletsedwa ndi zaluso zonse, maganizo ake, anaopseza ufulu ndi zokonda. Mfumu anazindikira kuti m'pofunika Mwina chinachake: France sizikanatha moyo mu njira yakale.

The convening wa States General 5 May 1789

magulu onse atatu zolinga zawo ndi zolinga. Mfumuyi inkafuna kupewa kugwa kwa chuma ndi kukonzanso dongosolo msonkho. Apamwamba - kukhalabe ililipo, izo kusintha anali bwino zofunika. anthu wamba, kapena malo lachitatu, ankaganiza kuti ndi States-General adzakhala malo zonena zawo potsiriza anamva. Tsekwe, ndi nsomba zazinkhanira ndi Pike ...

Kutsutsana aukali ndi kukambirana chifukwa cha thandizo lalikulu la anthu bwinobwino anatsimikiza mtima wa Malo Chachitatu. 1200 mipando 610 kapena ambiri Mzinda ndi misa. Ndipo posachedwapa mwayi kuti aonetse mphamvu za ndale. June 17 pa m'bwalolo oimira mpira masewera a anthu, masuku pamutu chisokonezo ndi vacillation pakati pa atsogoleri ndi anthu apamwamba, analengeza chilengedwe cha National Assembly, kulumbira kuti kumwazikana mpaka malamulo a. Atsogoleri ndi otchuka ndi anagwirizana nawo. Munda lachitatu zasonyeza kuti m'pofunika kuziganizira.

Bastille

Chiyambi cha French kuukira boma Kunasonyeza chosaiwalika - kutengera wa Bastille. The French tikukondwerera tsiku la monga holide dziko. Koma azambiriyakale, maganizo awo anagawanika: pali okayikira amene amaganiza kuti deta iliyonse ndipo sanali: kaboma de A mwaufulu wodzipereka yekha, ndipo izo zonse zinachitika chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa anthu. Nthawi yomweyo m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse mfundo zina. Kutenga choncho, ndi anthuwo. anthu angapo ndayesera mlatho kuchepetsa, ndipo ankalimbikira ngozi izi. Kaboma akanatha kukana, iye anali ndi mfuti, ndi zinachitikira. Panalibe amapereka chakudya chokwanira, koma mbiri akudziwa zitsanzo za chitetezo amunamuna a linga la.

Zokhazikitsidwa pa zolembedwa tili zotsatirazi: ndi nduna ya zachuma Nekkera kwa kazembe commandant ya linga Pyuzho onse analankhula chiyembekezo chakuti ya Bastille, pamene kufotokoza maganizo ambiri. Tsoka la wotchuka linga-m'ndende linasindikizidwa - ndipo kudzawonongedwa. Koma mbiri sadziwa maganizo subjunctive: July 14, 1789 anali kudya ndi Bastille, ndipo ichi chinali chiyambi cha French kuukira boma.

ufumu lalikhulu ladziko

Khama la anthu a France yokakamiza boma asintha. Cities mizinda yambiri anali lidzasinthidwa kulankhula - wodziimira chosintha boma. wotchuka French galu - latsopano mbendera Analeredwa. National Alonda lotsogoleredwa ndi de A Lafayette, amene anakhala wotchuka mu nkhondo US wa wodzilamulira. National Assembly anayamba mapangidwe boma latsopano ndi drafting la malamulo a. August 26, 1789 anatenga "Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa munthu ndi wa nzika" - chikalata chofunika kwambiri mbiri ya French kuukira boma. Mmenemo anayesedwa ndi ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa France latsopano. Tsopano aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi kukana kuponderezana. Ndingathe momasuka maganizo awo ndi kutetezedwa ku encroachments pa chuma payekha. Tsopano onse anali ofanana pamaso pa lamulo ndipo ali ndi udindo wofanana misonkho. Mtengo wa French kuukira boma anafotokoza mu mzera uliwonse wa chikalata ichi patsogolo. Ngakhale mayiko ambiri European anapitiriza amadwala lochitira chikhalidwe kwaiye ndi zotsala za Middle Ages.

Ngakhale kusintha 1789-1791 gg. zinthu zambiri zasintha kwambiri, kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo pa yimitsira la kupanduka aliyense ukuperekedwa osauka. Amagwiritsidwanso choletsedwa kuti agwirizane mabungwe ndi khalidwe kunyanyala. Antchito kachiwiri kunyengedwa.

September 3, 1891 malamulo atsopano Analeredwa. Iye anapereka ufulu kwa voti kuti akanene owerengeka a strata pakati. Msonkhano latsopano Zokonza Assembly, anthu ake sanathe mpando ndi mavoti. Zonsezi zinathandiza kuti radicalization ya anthu ndi kuthekera mantha ndi despotism.

Kuopseza kunja kuwukira ndi kugwa kwa ufumu wa

England ankaopa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha patsogolo chuma kulimbikitsa khama la France, kotero mphamvu zonse kukonzekera nkhondo ya Austria ndi Prussia anaponyedwa. Afalansa kukonda dziko lako anathandiza kuitana kuteteza dziko lawo. Alonda National la France kulimbikitsa kusintha kosangalatsa mphamvu ya mfumu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic ndi kusankha msonkhano yatsopano ya. Duke wa Brunswick anapereka Ndondomeko imene iye anafotokoza zolinga zake: kugonjetsa France ndi kuwononga ulimi. Kamodzi anaphunzira za mu Paris, zochitika za French kuukira boma anayamba mofulumira. August 10 opandukawo anapita Tuileries, ndi kugonjetseratu Swiss alonda, anamangidwa isanu ndi iwiri ya mfumu. anthu wolemekezeka anayikidwa mu Kachisi linga.

Nkhondo ndi imakhudzira zisinthe

Kufotokoza mwachidule French kuukira boma, tisaiwale kuti maganizo anthu French ndi mix kusintha kwa kukayikirana, mantha, kukhulupirirana ndi kowawa. Lafayette anathamanga kumalire linga Longwy anawapereka iwo wopanda nkhondo. Anayamba kukonza kumangidwa ndi kupereka misa kwambiri njira ya Jacobins. Ambiri mwa Girondins mu Convention anali - iwo amene bungwe la chitetezo, ndipo ngakhale poyamba wopambana. mapulani awo anali yaikulu: kuchokera Kupha Paris kulankhula kwa adani a Holland. Ndi nthawi France anali pa nkhondo pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya.

mikangano Personal ndi chokhudza, kuchepekela miyezo ya moyo ndi anatseka misewu zachuma - mchikakamizo cha zimenezi zimakhudza Girondins unayamba kuda, ndipo izi anapindula Jacobins. Tikumupachikaso General Dumouriez anali chowiringula wangwiro koti boma la collaborating ndi mdani, ndipo achotsedwe mphamvu. Danton anatsogolera Komiti ya Zachitetezo - mphamvu wamkulu anali anaikira mu manja a Jacobins. Mtengo wa French kuukira boma ndi zolinga zimene yaima, zilibe tanthauzo lililonse. Mantha ndi chiwawa chinapululutsa France.

mantha Apogee

France anali kudutsa imodzi mwa nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'mbiri yathu. asilikali ake anali kubwerera kwawo, kum'mwera chakumadzulo kufooketsedwa ndi Girondins anatsogolera kupanduka. Komanso, yogwira mbali ya Mafumu. Imfa ya Marat Robespierre ndi odabwa kuona kuti adali wolakalaka magazi kokha.

Komiti Zachitetezo zapita ntchito za boma - yoweyula mantha inasesa France. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la June 10, 1794 mlanduyo anali kuletsedwa chitetezo ndi. Zotsatira za French kuukira boma, pa ulamuliro wa Jacobins -. Pafupifupi 35 zikwi akufa ndi oposa 120 zikwi kuthawira ku ukapolo ..

ndondomeko mantha amangosamala ndiAmene ake, kuti mabwalo, n'kudziwa anamuda, aphedwe.

Napoleon Bonaparte

France unakhetsedwa woyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni zisinthe ndi wofooka kukakamiza ndi nsinga. Chirichonse zasintha tsopano ndi kuzunza kuvutitsidwa anali pansi okha Jacobins. club awo anali chatsekedwa, ndi komiti ya Zachitetezo pang'ono ndi pang'ono watwya mphamvu. Convention, kuteteza zofuna za anthu amene apindula pa zaka zingapo, pa mwake, analimbitsa ufumu wake, koma malo ake anakhalabe moyo. Anapezerapo mwayi imeneyi, Jacobins ankachitika ndi mutiny mu May 1795, kuti ngakhale anali kwambiri maganizo, koma inapita patsogolo nchito yanyumba la panganoli.

Wongolerani Republicans ndi Girondins kulenga lowongolera. France ndi akumenya katangale, chinyengo ndi kugwa zonse za makhalidwe. Mmodzi wa kanjedza wotchuka kwambiri wa Directory anali Werengerani Barras. Iye anati Napoleon Bonaparte ndi injini iye kupyolera pa mizere ya potumiza mu nkhondo.

Anthu anasiya kukhulupirira Directory ndipo atsogoleri andale, ndipo izi anatenga Napoleon. November 9, 1799 analengeza kazembe mode. Mphamvu wamkulu anaikira mu manja a kazembe Choyamba - Napoleon Bonaparte. Ntchito za nthumwi awiri enawo anali chenjezo yekha. Kukwera yatha.

Zipatso za zisinthe

Zotsatira za French kuukira boma zili kusintha kwa nyumba zachuma ndi kusintha timakhala umoyo ndi zachuma. Mpingo ndi anthu apamwamba potsiriza watwya mphamvu zake zakale ndi chikoka. France anayamba njanji chuma bizinesi ndi patsogolo. anthu ake, mtima nkhondo ndi mavuto, adzalandira amphamvu kwambiri asilikali kothandiza pa nthawi imeneyo. Mtengo wa French kuukira boma ndi chachikulu: m'maganizo mwa mitundu yambiri European anapanga mfundo ofanana ndi loto la ufulu. Koma nthawi yomweyo panali kuopa kusokonekera latsopano ndi chosintha.