Citadel wa Aleppo, Syria: mbiri ya linga la

Aleppo ndi umodzi mwa mizinda yakale ya anthu. Anthu anadzakhala kuno kwa zaka zikwi zingapo nthawi yathu ino. nthawi yonseyi, mzinda ankaona chinthu chofunika kwambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi olamulira.

mzinda wakale

zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kutsimikizira kuti Aleppo anatuluka kale kuoneka kulemba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsiku lenileni la maziko ake ndi kovuta kudziwa. Mzindawu uli ambiri pofukula zigawo chikhalidwe, amene adakali silidziŵika. Ichinso chinalepheretsa nkhondo imene Aleppo, omwe akhala zaka zingapo chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Syria.

Kutchulidwa kwa mpanda wolimba anaonekera magwero Mhiti amene amatchula lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Nthawi zina, Aleppo unali likulu la maufumu angapo wakale. Iye akukhala mzinda wolemera chi Babulo pamene Mesopotamia loyandikana inasandulika chilikati chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi sayansi. Komanso mu mzinda wakale ankati ndi Aigupto ndi Ahiti.

amakedzana

Mu 333 BC, mkulu kwambiri, dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky anagonjetsa citadel wa Aleppo. Syria iye anali dera zofunika. Kuyambira pano njira adathamanga kum'mawa. Ndi kudutsa mu maiko awa, Alexander anapita kukamenyana ndi Perisiya ndipo anapita kwa malire a India.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Aleppo pang'onopang'ono chikhalidwe cha Agiriki, kuti pansi pa chikoka cha chikhalidwe wakale Greek. Bwerani kuno, alendo, asayansi, anatsegula sukulu ya maganizo. Pambuyo Agiriki anabwera Aroma, omwe ankalamulira kuno kwa zaka zambiri.

Byzantines ndi Asilamu

Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino, Syria wasanduka kuchimake kwa Chikristu kufalikira kuti sanathe koma kuganizira zikuchokera wongodzinenera wa anthu Aleppo. Utatha wa Ufumu kalekale anazindikira mphamvu ya Ufumu wa Byzantine, amene anakhudza ankamanga matchalitchi mchitidwe umenewu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka anthu a mumzindawo. makoma atsopano yomangidwa azungulira citadel wa Aleppo. Siriya inali imodzi mwa maiko olemera Byzantine, ndipo ndi dalitso lonse chakuti iye anali pa silika Road. Aleppo anali yofunika polumikizira imene amalonda ku East. Ananyamula osati silika komanso zadothi, komanso zinthu zina kawirikawiri kwa azungu.

M'zaka za m'ma VII, wakhala malo Arab kuopseza. Asilamu analanda mzinda wa Aleppo, Siriya kwathunthu zapita pansi pa ulamuliro wawo. Angapo zaka linga asangalala chifukwa cha moyandikana a Damasiko, limene kwa nthawi zina unali likulu la pokhapokhapo lapansi. Mu X atumwi izo anagwiritsidwa zaka 14, Byzantines, amene anachititsa zinawonongeka kwambiri mumzindawo.

The misonkhano

Mu 1096, Papa Urban II akatulukire kwa olamulira European Western kuthandiza Akhristu East pankhondo yolimbana ndi Asilamu. Panthawi imeneyi Byzantine Mfumu akupitiriza m'chigawo adani awo Seljuk Turkey.

Kuitanidwa anamveka. Ku Ulaya anafika zikwi Ankhondo, asilikali ndi anthu wamba yosavuta pofunafuna ulendo ndi ulemerero. Cholinga chachikulu cha Akhristu anakhala Yerusalemu, amene anali mzinda woyera kwa Akristu onse. Citadel wa Aleppo (Siriya inali pafupi) linali pa njira zawo. Ngakhale zovuta mzindawo kale. Komabe, patapita chaka cha Akhristu analanda mzinda wa Yerusalemu. Mu Middle East pakhala limati angapo amene nthawi zonse kuopsezedwa ndi Muslim Syria. A ulendo wachiwiri mumpanda linga la Akhristu chinachitika mu 1124. Iye ankakondanso kuti walephera.

chivomerezi

Mu 1138 mzinda wakale wa Aleppo anali pafupi adzawonongedwa pa chivomezi choopsa. deta yeniyeni pa chiwerengero cha anthu amene Inde, sakhala. Komabe, ngakhale ziwerengero kwambiri akhakula (pa 220.000 akufa), chivomezi uyu anali wachisanu chiwerengero cha anthu amene m'mbiri ya anthu.

Kulasa anapezeka osati Syria komanso m'dera la makono Azerbaijan, Iran ndi Turkey. Aleppo ili pa vuto Geological limene mbali ndi Nyanja Yakufa. Ndi chifukwa cha linga ichi anavutika kwambiri. Ochepa mzinda tsiku limodzi. Posachedwapa m'mudzimo anabwerera, koma m'mudzimo adakali zaka zochepa sanali kuuka kwa miyeso poyamba. Only m'zaka za m'ma XIX chiwerengero cha anthu a Aleppo inali yofanana kuti madzulo a chivomezi akale. Komabe, ngakhale mu nthawi ndi masiku ano inadutsa mliri wa kolera ndi mliri.

Nkhondo, Aluya ndi Mongolia

Mu 1183 ndi citadel wa Aleppo (Syria) kwapita kwa Saladin wotchuka, amene anakwanitsa kuchotsa Akhristu ku Yerusalemu n'kukamanganso ulamuliro Arab m'chigawochi.

Komabe, zinatha yochepa nthawi. M'zaka za m'ma XIII Mongol khamu kuno. Asilikali molamulidwa ndi Hulagu anatenga mzinda 1260. Makoma a linga la anakomoka atapita masiku asanu a shelling katundu ku catapults. Citadel unatha pafupi mwezi.

M'tsogolo, zaka zochepa Aluya anali pa nkhondo ndi Mongolia, kuyesera adzakana ulamuliro wa ku Suriya. Woyamba anatsogolera mtundu wa Mamluk mafumu. A tsoka m'tauni kugonjera wake wa Tamerlane mu 1400. Iwo unadulidwa pafupifupi onse wamba. Monga chizindikiro cha mwamantha pafupi mzindawu namanga nsanja ya zigaza.

ulamuliro Turkey

M'zaka za m'ma XV zinthu ku Aleppo zasintha: Turkey anatha analanda mzindawo. Iwo anali atsogoleri a Syria, zaka zingapo. The Ottoman anafalikira m'mayiko atatu. Aluya ankayang'aniridwa ndi mtundu wamphamvu.

Pambuyo First World nkhondo, Ottoman Ufumu anakomoka ndi lamulo la Britain ku Syria chinaikidwa kwa kanthawi. Pambuyo inakhalapo boma Arab, chomwe chidakalipo mpaka lero.

Nkhondo Siriya Civil

Mu 2011, nkhondo yapachiweniweni kunabuka Syria. ambiri Arab sanakhutire ndi maulamuliro, chimene anali ochepa Alawites kutsogoleredwa ndi Bashar al-Assad. Aleppo anali mmodzi wa mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri mu dziko, ndipo chifukwa cha momuzungulira kunabuka nkhondo aukali kuti masiku ano. M'chaka cha 2012 mu nkhope yake nayamba nkhondo pakati pa asilikali aboma mbali imodzi ndi opanduka - winayo.

Nkhondo ya Aleppo inasandulika chilikati cha chidwi cha dziko lonse, pamene chakupha mpweya sarin anamugwiritsa ntchito kufupi ndi mzinda. ntchito zake ndikoletsedwa ndi misonkhanoyi. Ndi chida zoopsa wachititsa imfa ya anthu wamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa shelling zonse ku mbali zosiyana mu Aleppo pafupifupi palibe nyumba lonse. m'madera nthawi zogona sanasiyiretu popanda magetsi chifukwa cha kunyanyala chida. anthu a mumzindawo waponya anthu okwana 2.5 miliyoni miliyoni 1. othawa ambiri asiya dziko, chimene chinapangitsa mavuto mu Ulaya, inayambitsa mkangano mozungulira mfundo kapena kutseka malire.

Syria (Aleppo lero akhala otentha banga) akupitiriza kugwa mwa lamba wa mabungwe mudziwe dziko monga malo Mipikisano chaka wamagazi nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Inayamba mu chimango cha kwa Arab Spring, pamene mu 2011 ambiri a ku Middle East ndi Maghreb osakhutira nzika acemeresa yosiya maboma awo.