Kodi caliphate: tanthauzo. Ang'onoang'ono Arab-Muslim boma yakale masiku ano

Education caliphate chinachitika pambuyo pa imfa Muhammad. Poyamba chitaganya mwa kukavota anasankha atsogoleri a asilikali amene anali mu malo yomweyo ya m'neneriyo. Popeza boma anayamba kukulitsa gawo ake. Tiganizire moposera kuti caliphate a.

tanthauzo

Monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, boma utsogoleri anatenga atsogoleri a asilikali. Iwo ankatchedwa olalikila. Choncho dzina la boma. Bwino kwambiri akuti ndi Omar. Ali kumeneko mu mphamvu ya Islam ndi a Aluya Caliphate ankagwiritsa anayamba malo ozungulira. Kulambira pamene unafalikira pafupifupi buku lonse Middle East. Pafupifupi anthu onse oyandikana chakachi umwana Omar akuluakulu anamva kuti caliphate a. Kuona lamanja zikusonyeza khalidwe la utsogoleri boma. Popeza kudza kwa ulamuliro wa atsogoleri a asilikali, ndiye moyenera, cholinga chawo chachikulu chinali kulanda dera. Choncho, pamene Omar anagonjetsedwa ndi Egypt, Syria, Palestine. Izi pansi pamaso a dziko Mkhristu. Mdani kwambiri a boma anachita Byzantium. Komabe, ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zakale, iye anali kuphunzira zimenezi caliphate. Kutsimikiza njira kugonjetsa kwa Omar pasakhale chinachake zovuta. Zimenezi zinali zoona makamaka Byzantium. Long nkhondo ndi Aperisiya, mikangano zambiri mkati kuti kwambiri kuchichepetsa mphamvu yake. Zimenezi zinathandiza Omar kusankha zinthu zingapo ndi kugonjetsa asilikali Byzantine pa nkhani nkhondo.

zikayenda lankhondo la Caliphate

M'lingaliro, asirikali silingayende bwino pa ntchito yawo. Choyamba, tisaiwale asilikali kuyenda. Iwo chinaperekedwa ndi apakavalo kuwala, adali ndi mwayi kwambiri pa apakavalo olemera ndi oyenda la mdani. Komanso, pambuyo adani a m'madera Aluya mosamalitsa kusunga malamulo a chipembedzo chawo. Adachotsa katundu yekha kwa olemera ndi achilendo osauka osati kwambiri. Izi, ndithudi, ndi wachifundo kwa iwo am'deralo. Aluya saloledwa ufulu wa chipembedzo anthu anagonjetsa. Koma chipembedzo chawo, mankhwala unali kwakukulukulu zachuma. Atalandidwa Aluya umene misonkho pa anthu. Amene anagwira chikhulupiriro chawo, anamuchotsera mbali yaikulu ya izo.

Woyamba zotsutsana mkati

Koma ambiri anazindikira ankhondowo monga liberators. anthu anagonjetsa monga gulu anali ndi lingaliro zabwino zimene caliphate. Khama la Aisiraeli monga liberators anali wabwino ndi chakuti agonjetsi anapitiriza ndi anthu ufulu ndale nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Madera anagonjetsa iwo analenga midzi paramilitary. Aluya ankakhala moyo kwaokha, pokhala Fuko dziko banjalo. Komabe, izi zilili sanakhalitse yaitali. Aluya lodziwika kukhala m'mizinda olemera wa Syria, Egypt pang'onopang'ono anatengera zizolowezi za anthu otchuka m'deralo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti magawano choyamba mu dziko lawo. Traditionalists, mkulu wa mabishopu sungaike ndi khalidwe la anthu amene akufuna kusiya miyambo ya makolo awo.

The kugawanika mu osankhika

azingokhala loyamba la caliphate Arab zinachitika mu 661. Mkangano pakati pa mbali ya dongosolo latsopano ndi traditionalists anayesetsa kufooketsa mpongozi wa Muhammad - Ali. Koma zoyesayesa ake onse kanthu. Chifukwa, achiwembuwo traditionalist gulu anapha Ali. Iye m'malo mwa amir Muawiyah. Ali Syria, anali mtsogoleri wa dera Arab. Mu'awiya yomweyo analekeratu kumbali ya traditionalism. yachifumu Caliph unasamutsidwa ku Damasiko. Panthawi zotsatirazi boma ali kwambiri kukodzedwa malire ake.

Activities Mu'awiya

Pofika m'zaka za 8, boma kuponderezedwa Africa North. Mu 771, chiyambi cha nagonjetsa pa gawo European. chakuti zaka zitatu anatha analanda lonse Iberia, akuti mphamvu kuti anatenga Arab Caliphate. Ufumu pamene Mu'awiya anafika mphamvu mbiri konse. Mwini Macedon, Rome sanali kuwonjezera aatali ngati boma la Umayyads. Ndiye kodi kulamulira kumbali Arab caliphate a dongosolo latsopano, iye anasiya akale mizere ya makolo akale ndipo mafuko. Mwachitsanzo, poyamba mutu wa achipembedzo osankhidwa ndi othandiza konsekonse. Mu'awiya anakhazikitsa kutengerapo cholowa cha mutu. yachifumu Caliph a anagula mbali yakuthupi.

dongosolo msonkho

atatu zosonkhanitsira lalikulu polima. Kale mmudzi anasiya ndalama chakhumi. Tsopano msonkho uyu apite yosalipidwa Caliph. Komanso, anthu onse anali kulipira msonkho dziko. Zosonkhanitsira chachitatu chinali jizya. Poyamba, msonkho uja umene yekha ndi si aslam ai okhala m'dera limene. zosonkhanitsira kuda wa akuluakulu ambiri. Boma ndinayamba zambiri zofanana ndi despotism a m'nthawi zakale.

zipembedzo

Pa Ummayah lolunjika pa mapangidwe boma limodzi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, monga chinenero chachikulu polima Arabic. Mbali yaikulu pa nthawi imeneyi anatumizidwa ku Koran. Iye anaganiza kuti gulu mawu a Mtumiki, amene analembedwa woyamba wa ophunzira ake. Pambuyo Muhammad anafa, anali wasenza ndi kuwonjezapo ochepa, imene mabuku a Sunnah unakhazikitsidwa. Pamaziko a awiri akuluakulu awa Talmuds choperekedwa chilungamo. Mu Qur'an, mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza moyo wa anthu akhala sakudziwika. Anthu buku anavomereza dyera. Koma Sunnah, ndiye maganizo a magulu achipembedzo anali osiyana. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndiye panali kugawanika wina m'dziko.

Abbasids

The Umayyads anakhalabe okha mphamvu kwa zaka 90. Mu 750, Abul-Abbas, amene anayesedwa wachibale wa Muhamadi, anapha Caliph chatha nyumba onse, kulengeza yekha mutu wa boma. The Abbasids anali mafumu Bole wangwiro kuposa Umayyads. Zinatha mpaka 1055. Abbas anali ku Mesopotamiya. Iye sanafune kusunga ubale ndi ambuye Siriya ndipo anabweretsa panyumba ya Caliph ku Baghdad.

M'dongosolo latsopano

Kapangidwe ka boma pansi pa Abbasids anali m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi despotism Persian. Pamene Caliph anali vizier - mtumiki woyamba. boma onse unagawidwa zigawo, amene anatsogolera emirs. Lililonse kapitawo anapatsidwa munda enieni ntchito. Pamene Abbasids zikuchepa chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha m'madipatimenti. Choyamba, zachititsa ndi kasamalidwe lalikulu la dziko. chikoka Mesopotamiya anali mmodzi wa Boma kiyi zachuma - ulimi. Kulikonse anawonjezera ulimi wothirira. Akuluakulu a Dipatimenti wapadera ayenera kuwunika kumanga madamu ndiponso ngalande, kuti kuwunika udindo wa dongosolo lonse.

ndi zomwe wa wotchuka Arabic caliphate chiyani?

Chinthu choyamba kunena za kukula mphamvu asilikali a boma. Asilikali zonse inkakhala 150 zikwi. Man. Mwa iwo anali mercenaries a mafuko wakunja. Panali Caliph ndi msilikali payekha. Ankhondo kukonzekera ake kuyambira ndili wamng'ono. Pakutha kukhala mu mphamvu, Abbas analandira udindo wa "Magazi" miyezo yake lolimba ntchito kubwezeretsa kuti mu madera anagonjetsa. Komabe, makamaka chifukwa cha iwo panali maluwa a Arab Caliphate. Choyamba, tiyenera kuona chitukuko yogwira ulimi. Izi anali mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi bwino mozama za akuluakulu a. Dziko linali mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana nyengo. N'zotheka kwathunthu kupereka dziko ndi zinthu zofunikira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chidwi kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa floriculture ndi horticulture.

cholowa

Ndikuyankhula zomwe kupambana kwa Caliphate wotchuka Arab, osanenapo ulamuliro wabwino wa Abbasid mafumu. Iwo anakwanitsa kupewa kwambiri ufulu emirs ndi akuluakulu ena pakampanipo. Ku Ulaya, dziko limene anapereka otchuka m'dera la utumiki, pafupifupi nthawi zonse anali a chuma makolo. Aarabu nkhaniyi Pamilunguyo dongosolo ku Iguputo. m'mayiko onse a mutu wa boma la chilamulo. Iye anali ndi ufulu kuonetsetsa ziwembu za anthu ake chifukwa cha utumiki wawo. Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa ya dziko lawo udzabwerera kwa Caliph. iye yekha akanakhoza kusankha kusiya kapena kuika olowa. Kumayambiriro Ages Middle ambiri mikangano chifukwa cha mphamvu amene amawerengedwa ndipo barons unatengedwa m'dziko anasamutsa kwa iwo ndi mfumu. Wolamulira nanenso kutaya madera ake okha okha. Koma nkhani zina za mfumu anali m'mayiko ochulukirapo kuposa yekha.

malonda

Pamene Abbasids dziko Arab ndi limodzi mwa madera kiyi mafakitale. Kukhala anagonjetsa anthu amene anali ndi miyambo yakale luso, agonjetsi awo Polemeretsedwa ndipo anayamba. Mu Abbasid nyengo anayamba malonda apamwamba zitsulo. masamba Damasiko anali kwambiri kukhala nawo mu West. Aluya osati kumenyana, komanso malonda ndi dziko la Chikhristu. amalonda wolimba kapena katundu yaing'ono adaguduka kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa malire a dziko. Zinthu zimene zasintha mu zaka 9-10. pansi pa Abbasids, anali wapezeka ngakhale m'mayiko a Asilavo ndi mafuko Germany ndi nyanja ya Baltic. olamulira Muslim akhala anavutika ndi Ufumu Byzantine. Iyo inali kuyambitsidwa osati mwa kufuna kugwila magawo atsopano. Byzantium anali ndi kuleza anakhazikitsa limasonyeza malonda pa dziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha ichi, iye anali waukulu odana amalonda.

zipolowe

Ngakhale bwino, wodzala mtendere dziko sitinkabwera. Anthu a mayiko anagonjetsa nthawi zonse anafunafuna kuti ayambenso paokha. Iwo zonse kulera kupanduka ndi Aisiraeli. Komanso, panali kusakhutira ndi emirs oyang'anira zigawo. Iwo sanafune kukhala odalira pa mutu wa dziko pankhani zonse zaboma. Kugwa kwa Arab Caliphate anayamba zimenezi pasanapite nthawi kuchokera mapangidwe ake. Asilamu otchedwa a Moor anapambulwa choyamba. Izi African Aluya North anagonjetsa Pyrenees. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 10 analekanitsidwa Emirate wa Córdoba. Iye mwalamulo atathana mwayokha. Asilamu otchedwa a Moor anakwanitsa kukhala paokha kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale nkhondo, ndi azungu, komanso kuukira mphamvu ya Reconquista, pafupifupi lonse la Spain anabwerera kwa iwo, kwa zaka za m'ma 15 mu Pyrenees anali Mauritanian State. Chifukwa, izo zochepa Granada Caliphate. Izi malo ochepa padziko mzinda Spanish a dzina lomweli imatengedwa ngale ya dziko Arab. Ikugwedera ake ukulu nyumba azungu.

Zipolowe m'madera a kum'mawa

Iwo anatenga malo mu theka lachiwiri la 8 mpaka cha m'ma 9. Zipolowe anali khalidwe makamaka wadziko ndi anauzidwa ndi ulamuliro wa Aluya. Monga mfundo chipolopolo mutuluka Khurramite ziphunzitso. Iwo amatchedwanso mazdakitov dzina lake Mazdak Zoroastrian wansembe. Ambiri lalikulu kugalukira zinachitika mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za 8, pamene al-Mahdi. Pambuyo popereka Abu Muslim mu 754, alaliki ambiri adafuna kukhala mlowam'malo wake. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga Hashim Ibn Hakim. M'mbuyomu anali mnzake wa Abu Muslim. Hashim amatchedwanso al-wozunzikirapo. Iye anaphimba nkhope yake, kuti otsatira anati kuteteza anzake ku kuwala wake. Otsutsa Hashim ananena kuti poyamba chophimba kubisa chikuoneka yonyansa. Al Mukanna ndi mdani wakale wa Abbasid mafumu. Panthawiyo, anagwidwa ndi kumangidwa mu ndende Baghdad, kumene anapulumuka.

A kulimbana latsopano mpando wachifumuwo

Atamwalira al-Mahdi, mu 785, m'malo mwake ankati ana awiri. Mmodzi - Al-Hadi, anali mtsogoleri wa Jurjan chachiwiri - Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid, analamulira Azerbaijan ndi Armenia. Aliyense wa oloŵa anali makonzedwe awo ndi alangizi. Al-Mahdi Amadziwanso kuti angayambe atafa, nkhondo yapachiweniweni, anapita kwa al-Hadi, kumuthandiza kuti amatula pansi mu mtima wa Haaruna. Komabe, mu njira anamwalira mwadzidzidzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Mose anatenga malo ake.

Kusintha mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti Haaruna mwaufulu anavomereza ulamuliro wa al-Hadi, panali mphekesera kuti akufuna kupha Caliph. Kenako, zinthu zinasokoneza ndi mayi awo Hayzuran. Iwo adati Caliphate Arab pansi Haaruna ndi zambiri otukuka. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye chiphe al-Hadi. M'zaka za mphamvu zake, iye anali otchuka monga lobadwa kuphedwa kwa atsogoleri alidskimi mu dera Mecca m'chaka 786. Mwina anali mmodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu chifukwa Hayzuran anaganiza kuti dziko sayenera mu chikhalidwe chomwecho monga inatheka. Arab Caliphate pansi Haaruna anakumana kuphatikiza woyambawo ndi mapangidwe madera atsopano a chikhalidwe. Mkubwela kwa wolowa chachiwiri Hayzuran anapeza kusokoneza kwambiri pa moyo ndale za boma. Anasangalala mpaka masiku wotsiriza.

kulimbitsa Mafumu

Ndondomeko kuti mulimbitse mphamvu chapakati ndi mapangidwe boma la Sasanid Mwachitsanzo inayamba pa Omayyads. kupambana kwake anapitiriza ndi Abbasids. Ndipotu, dziko zachitika kuti kusamalira. Arab Caliphate pansi Haaruna bwinobwino kukhazikitsa mfundo imeneyi. Chifukwa chakuti Abbasids kupeza mphamvu ndi thandizo la asilikali aku Iran, udindo wa mfundo asilikali ndi boma anakhala wamphamvu. Phata waukulu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Aperisi-horasantsami. Iwo anawatengera ku banja Abbasid "ana". Iwo anakwanitsa kuchotsa kuthamanga zonse za magulu Arab-mtundu wa Bedouin ku mphamvu ya Caliph.

kuchepetsa amadza

Pakati pa 9 m'ma Abbasid azingokhala Mafumu chakhala chosachiritsika. Tinayamba nadzawasankhula zigawo North Africa ndi amishonale Asia Central. Mkati dziko Arab kunakula nkhondo pakati Shiites ndi Sunnis. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 10, woyamba analanda Baghdad. Pambuyo kuwukira kuti nthawi yaitali anakhala olamulira a zotsala zamphamvu za kamodzi caliphate Arabia. Mu ulamuliro wawo komanso anali m'madera ang'onoang'ono Mesopotamia. Popeza dziko la chisilamu anataya mgwirizano. Mu 1055 boma anagonjetsa Seljuk Turkey. Mu Middle East anadziyesa Saracens. M'zaka 11 Iwo anagonjetsa Sicily, koma pambuyo pake m'malo mwa Normandy mmenemo. Turkey kuchokera m'madera awo mu Asia Minor walunjika m'mayiko Byzantine. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, anatha kugonjetsa Balkan tsa-mu. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo ndithu mwankhanza oponderezedwa anthu Asilavo okhala m'madera amenewa. Mu 1453 ufumu wa Ottoman kwathunthu analanda Byzantium. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mzinda analandira dzina latsopano - Istanbul - ndipo linakhala dziko likulu.