The inalowa la Finland ndi Russia: mwachidule

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, chochitika zinachitika zimene zimakhudza tsogolo la anthu okhala m'dera pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja ya Baltic ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa mafumu Swedish. mchitidwe umenewu unali inalowa la Finland ndi Russia, amene mbiri ndipamene maziko nkhani imeneyi.

Chikalatachi anakhala chifukwa cha Chirasha Swedish nkhondo

September 17, 1809 pa kugombe la Gulf wa Finland mu Fredrikshamn Mfumu Alexander I ndipo ndi Swedish Mfumu Gustav IV anasaina mgwirizano, zomwe zinachititsa inalowa la Finland ndi Russia. chikalata ichi chinali zotsatira za kupambana kwa asilikali a Russia, mothandizidwa ndi France ndi Denmark ku mapeto a mndandanda wautali wa nkhondo Chirasha Swedish.

The inalowa la Finland ndi Russia pansi Alexander 1 anali kuyankha pamtima Borgorskogo Sejm - msonkhano woyamba wa anthu Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira okhala Finland, boma la Russia ndi pempho kulandiridwa lawo kwa Russia la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Grand Duchy la Finland, ndi mapeto a mgwirizano munthu.

mbiri yakale ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anali anachita zabwino kwa Mfumu Alexander I ichi lidzapambana kutsogolera mapangidwe Finland boma mitundu, amene anthu pamaso uno umalamulidwa kwathunthu ndi osankhika Swedish. Choncho, si kukokomeza kunena kuti Russia ndi Finland ngongole chilengedwe cha statehood ake.

Finland kukhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Sweden

Amadziwika kuti pamaso pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi m'dera la Finland, lomwe kunkakhala anthu mafuko a ndalama ndi EM, konse zimachitika palokha. Pakati X ndi isanafike chiyambi cha XIV m'ma linali Novgorod, koma 1323 unagonjetsedwa ndi Sweden kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo anayamba kulamulira ake.

Malinga ndi wandende mwa chaka chomwecho Orekhovskaya pangano, Finland kunali mbali ya Ufumu wa Sweden ufulu wa kudziyimira pawokha, ndipo mu 1581 analandira udindo ofunda wa Grand Duchy la Finland. Komabe, kwenikweni anthu ake mwalamulo ndi administratively pansi tsankho kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti Finns ali ndi ufulu kupatsa owayimilira kwa yamalamulo Swedish, chiwerengero chawo chinali zonyozeka kuti salola zimakhudza aliyense chidwi pa njira ya magazini atsopano. Izi zilili chinakhalapo mpaka mpaka mu 1700 si anathyola inanso Chirasha Swedish nkhondo.

The inalowa la Finland ndi Russia: chiyambi cha ndondomekoyi

Pa Great kumpoto nkhondo, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinachitika chimodzimodzi pa gawo Chifinishi. Mu 1710, asilikali a Peter Ine pambuyo zovuta bwino analanda mzinda bwino zokhalamo za Vyborg ndi wotetezedwa mwa njira yotero, nyanja ya Baltic. Zotsatirazi chigonjetso a asilikali Russian apambana mwa patatha zaka zinayi ku Nkhondo ya Napuze analola amasulidwe asilikali a Sweden pafupifupi Grand Duchy la Finland.

Iwo ukhoza kukhala ngati inalowa wodzala Finland kwa Russia, chifukwa chakuti mbali yaikulu ya adakali mbali ya Sweden, koma anali atayamba ndondomekoyi. Iwo sakanakhoza ngakhale kusiya anayesa zina kubwezera pa kugonjetsedwa anavutika ndi chojambulidwa asilikali a Sweden mu 1741 ndi 1788, koma nthawi zonse analibe bwino.

Komabe, chikhalidwe Nishtadt pangano limene linatha nkhondo, ndi mkaidi North mu 1721, anasamukira ku gawo Russian a Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, ndipo ambiri mwa zilumba Baltic Sea. Komanso ufumu anakhala kum'mwera Karelia ndi mzinda wachiwiri kukula mu Finland - Vyborg.

Iye anakhala likulu anakhazikitsa posachedwapa m'chigawo Vyborg, ali nawo m'chigawo St. Petersburg. Malinga ndi chikalatacho, Russia amaganiza udindo pa zonse ceded m'madera ake Chifinishi kuwapulumutsa ufulu poyamba analipo a anthu ndi maudindo a magulu ena chikhalidwe. Unafotokoza kuti kuteteza maziko m'mbuyomo achipembedzo, kuphatikizapo ufulu wogwiritsa anthu chikhulupiriro Evanjeriko, maphunziro mapemphero ndi zauzimu m'masukulu.

Siteji yotsatira ya kukula kwa malire kumpoto

Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth mu 1741 anathyola latsopano Chirasha Swedish nkhondo. Iye analinso mmodzi mwa magawo a ndondomeko chifukwa cha zomwe pafupifupi isanu patapita zaka zambiri, anali inalowa la Finland ndi Russia.

Mwachidule zotsatira zake zikhoza mwachidule mfundo ziwiri zazikulu - ndi kukalanda dera yofunika kwambiri Grand Duchy la Finland anali pansi pa ulamuliro Swedish, amene analola asilikali Russian kusamukira ku Oulu, ndipo anatsatira pambuyo mfundo za apamwamba. Mmenemo March 18, 1742 Mfumukazi Elizabeth Petrovna, akulengeza kumayambiriro lonse la Sweden anapambana ku malire a boma lodziimira palokha.

Komanso, patapita chaka ku malo aakulu loyang'anira Finland - mumzinda wa Turku - boma la Russia anasaina pangano ndi akuluakulu a mbali Swedish ya mgwirizano, chimene, gawo la Russia anakhala lonse la South-East Finland. Ilo linali lalikulu kwambiri m'dziko, muli midzi Lappeenranta, Hamina, Nyslott ndi mphamvu zake zamphamvu ndiponso m'chigawo Kyumenegorskuyu ndi Savo. Chifukwa, malire Russian anasamukira motalikira St. Petersburg, motero kuchepetsa ngozi kuukira Swedish pa likulu Russian.

Mu 1744, m'dera lonse m'gulu la Russian Ufumu pamaziko a pangano Mukalowa mu mzinda wa Turku, anali Ufumuyo m'chigawo kale analenga Vyborg, ndi zinandipangitsa utangoyamba m'chigawo Vyborg. Pa m'gawo lake inakhazikitsidwa zigawo: Serdobol'skii, Vilmanstrandsky, Hamina, Neyshlotsky, Kexholm ndi Vyborg. Mwaichi, m'chigawo chinatenga mpaka cha m'ma XVIII, ndiyeno lidzasinthidwa ndi kazembe ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma.

The inalowa la Finland ndi Russia: Union, kopindulitsa m'mayiko awiriwa

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX m'dera la Finland anali gawo la Sweden, anali underdeveloped ulimi dera. anthu ake pa nthawi imene sanali upambana 800 zikwi. Anthu, lomwe% 5.5 okha ankakhala m'madera a m'tawuni. Pa wamba, ndiye lendi dziko, kuyala kuponderezana awiri kuchokera Swedish ambuye onse ang'onoang'ono, komanso zawo. Izi makamaka kupepera chitukuko cha chikhalidwe mitundu ndi abwino.

Kulumikizana mu Finland kwa Russia mosakayikira bwino m'mayiko awiriwa. Alexander ndinatha Choncho, kutali kuchoka ku malire kukankhira kumbuyo likulu lake - St. Petersburg, amene kwakukulukulu chinathandiza kulimbitsa chitetezo chake.

Finns kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Russia, adapindulapo kwambiri ndithu ufulu m'dera la mphamvu zokonza malamulo ndi wamkulu. Komabe, mwambo umenewu anali yoyamba lina, 11 mu mzere, ndiponso omaliza mbiri ya Chirasha Swedish nkhondo, zimene kunabuka 1808 pakati pa maiko awiri.

Nkhondo yomaliza pakati Russia ndi Sweden

Monga tikudziwa pa zikalata archival, nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Sweden sanali zolinga za Alexander I ndipo anali kumbali yake kachitidwe simuchita chopweteka umene unali inalowa la Finland ndi Russia. chakuti, malinga ndi Tilsit Mtendere Mukalowa mu 1807 pakati Russian ndi Napoleonic France, mfumu anatenga udindo kukopa Sweden ndi Denmark ku anatseka misewu chokhala anafunsa adani anali nawo pa nthawi imene - England.

Ngati Danes anali palibe mavuto Swedish Korol Gustav IV m'gulu anakana pempholo atapereka mwa iye. Popeza wotopa mwayi onse kukwaniritsa chimene mukufuna kudzera kukambirana, Alexander ndinakakamizika amachita kuthamanga asilikali.

Pa chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali zaoneka kuti, chifukwa Hubris ake onse Swedish mfumu ndi sitingathe kupirira ndi asilikali Russian ndithu lankhondo lamphamvu Kuti m'dera la Finland, amene anatembenuka kanthu lalikulu lankhondo. Chifukwa cha zolawula, ndi m'ziwawa mbali zitatu, Russian pasanathe mwezi kumanzere kwa Kaliksyoki mtsinje kukhonda Gustav IV kuyamba zokambirana mtendere pa mawu malinga ndi Russia.

Mutu watsopano wa Mfumu

Chifukwa, Fridrihgamskogo Mtendere - pansi pa dzina ili analowa mbiri ya pangano Mukalowa mu September 1809, Alexander I linadzatchedwa Grand Duke la Finland. Malinga ndi chikalatacho, mfumu Russian anatenga kudzipereka kupereka kwathunthu anaphedwa malamulo amawatenga Finland Sejm ndipo anatilola wake.

chinthu ichi cha mgwirizano ndi lofunika kwambiri chifukwa anapereka Mfumu kulamulira zochitika za Seimas, ndi kuvumbitsira makamaka mutu wa aphungu. Pambuyo zinachitikadi kujowina Russia Finland (chaka 1808), pokhapokha ndi chilolezo cha St. Petersburg kuloledwa lachiweruzo zakudya, ndi kuyambitsa kusintha kwa malamulo alipo pa nthawi imeneyo.

Kuchokera ufumu malamulo a dziko lino kuti absolutism

The inalowa la Finland ndi Russia, amene tsiku chikugwirizana ndi tsiku la kulengeza Ndondomeko ya mfumu pa March 20, 1808, limodzi ndi chiwerengero cha zochitika zenizeni kwambiri. Popeza kuti Russia, malinga ndi mgwirizano, anakakamizika kupereka Finns kwambiri zimene iwo anafuna pachabe ku boma la Sweden (ufulu wodzilamulira, komanso ufulu zandale ndiponso) motere mavuto alionse kwambiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti m'mbuyomo Grand Duchy la Finland anali gawo la Sweden, mwachitsanzo boma, lomwe linali dongosolo malamulo, zinthu za Kulekana kwa mphamvu za wa mavoti mu yamalamulo ndi, Chofunika kupanda serfdom ya anthu akumidzi. Tsopano Komabe, inalowa la Finland ndi Russia anapanga gawo lake la dziko, limene chogwidwa ndi mafumu mtheradi, mawu akuti "malamulo" chikwiyire mkwiyo mwa ndiwofatsa osankhika a anthu, ndi kukonza zonse mwapang'onopang'ono anakumana ndi kukana mosalephera.

Chirengedwe cha ntchito pa zochitika za Finland

Ndi msonkho kwa Alexander I, amene anatha ndikuona wosaledzera pa nkhani imeneyi, ndipo pa mutu wa ntchito, kukhazikika ndi iye njira alipo mavuto kuika protege wake aufulu - Werengani M. M. Speranskogo, anatchuka chifukwa cha zomwe ake kusintha.

Pambuyo kuphunzira zambiri za mbali zonse za Chifinishi Malawi, Earl analimbikitsa mwayekha ngati maziko a dongosolo lake boma mfundo kudziyimira pawokha ndi kuteteza miyambo onse m'deralo. Iye anayamba malangizo anafuna kuti ntchito za bungweli, chakudya chachikulu chimene anapanga maziko a malamulo tsogolo la Finland.

Kulumikizana ndi Russian Finland (chaka 1808) ndi chipangizo zina za moyo wake mkati ndale kwakukulukulu chifukwa zochita anatengedwa Borgorskim Sejm, ndi nawo oimira strata onse chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pambuyo kukafola ndipo imakhala ndi mamembala Zakudya kwa bukuli zogwirizana analumbira kwa okhulupirika kwa Russian Mfumu ndi Boma, Mphamvu imene iwo mwaufulu anagwirizana.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti, kupita wachifumu, nthumwi zonse izi za Nyumba ya Romanov komanso lofalitsidwa manifestos, certifies ndi inalowa la Finland ndi Russia. Photos yoyamba ya iwo, yoperekedwa kwa Alexander Ine, kuika nkhani yathu.

Pambuyo kujowina Russia mu 1808, m'dera Finland wakhala kukodzedwa penapake chifukwa kulanda akuwayang'anira ake Viborg (poyamba Finland) chigawo. The zinenero boma panthawiyo anali Sweden, anakhala ambiri chifukwa cha maonekedwe mbiri ya chitukuko cha dziko, ndi Chifinishi, chonenedwa ndi anthu ake onse zakwawoko.

Onyamula nkhondo Soviet-Chifinishi

Impact wa inalowa la Finland ndi Russia akhala kwambiri nyengo chitukuko ndi statehood. Chifukwa izi oposa mazana zaka pakati limati awiri chiyani osadzuka zotsutsana kwambiri iliyonse. Tikumbukenso kuti pa nthawi yonse ya ulamuliro Russian Finns, mosiyana ndi Poland, konse wopanduka, ndipo sanayese tulukani m'manja mwa anansi ake amphamvu kwambiri.

Chithunzi zasintha kopambana mu 1917, pambuyo Bolsheviks, anatsogolera V. I. Leninym, anapereka ufulu wa Finland. Poyankha kuchita izi chokomera wakuda wosayamika ndi ntchito udindo waukulu Russia, ndi Finns mu 1918 ndipo anayamba nkhondo ndi agwilitse dera la kumadzulo kwa Karelia kwa Alongo la mtsinje, nayenda mu dera Pechenga, kutenga mbali ya chilumba ndi Middle Rybachy.

Chotero bwino chiyambi cha boma Chifinishi ali anakankhira kwa ntchito yatsopano usilikali ndipo mu 1921 iwo litalanda gawo Russian, losamala mapulani kulenga "Wamkulu Finland". Komabe, nthawi imeneyi, phindu lawo anali zochepa wodzichepetsa. Otsiriza zida nkhondo pakati pa awiri oyandikana kumpoto - Soviet Union ndi Finland - anali nkhondo, zimene kunabuka yozizira ya 1939-1940.

Komanso anabweretsa Finns chigonjetso. Chifukwa cha nkhondoyi, chimene chinafika kwa mochedwa November mpaka m'ma March, ndi pangano mtendere, omwe anakhala mbali yomaliza ya mkangano, Finland anataya pafupifupi 12% ya m'gawo lake, kuphatikizapo mzinda wachiwiri kukula kwa Vyborg. Komanso, nyumba ndi katundu wawo anataya oposa 450 zikwi. Finns amakakamizidwa mopupuluma anasamutsidwa kuchoka pa mzere kutsogolo kupita kumudzi.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale kuti mbali Soviet udindo onse inayamba mkangano khama kwambiri ndi Finns potchula ankati iwo adatenga shelling anthu padziko lonse amawanena anali boma Stalin kunkhondo. Motero, mu December 1939 boma la Soviet Union monga munthu wankhanza State anachotsedwa League of Nations. Nkhondo imeneyi kwachititsa anthu ambiri kuiwala zinthu zonse zabwino zimene kamodzi kunabweretsa inalowa la Finland ndi Russia.

Tsiku la Russia, mwatsoka, si anati mu Finland. m'malo Chifinishi pachaka December 6 chikondwerero wodzilamulira Day, kukumbukira mmene mu 1917 boma la Bolshevik atawapatsa mwayi kusiya Russia ndi kupitiriza kukhala ndi njira zake zakale.

Komabe, nkomwe kusinjirira kunena kuti udindo umene ulipo pakati pa maiko ena a ku Ulaya, Finland alitcha kwambiri kuti zotsatira, amene kale anali Russia pa mapangidwe ake ndi kupeza mkhalidwe wawo.