Karl Martell: mwachidule mbiri, kukonza ndi ntchito. Asilikali kusintha Karla Martella

Mu VII-VIII CC. pa bwinja la zakale Western ufumu wa Aroma, panali madera osiyanasiyana German. Likulu aliyense wa iwo anachita mgwirizano mafuko. Mwachitsanzo, zinali Frank, amene anadzakhala French. Mkubwela kwa boma kumeneko ayamba kulamulila mafumu a Merovingian mafumu. Komabe, udindo sanathe yaitali gwiritsitsani helm lapansi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zimakhudza anasamutsa kwa mfumu ya nyumba yachifumu. Poyamba anali olemekezeka mkulu wa nyumba Merovingian kulamulira. Ndi chifooke ufumu, positi wakhala yaikulu boma, ngakhale mafumu anali ndi analipo limodzi ndi olamulira latsopano la Afulanki.

magwero

Pepin wa Herstal ufumu wa Carolingian anali meya wa nyumba ndi 680 714 chaka. Iye anali ndi ana atatu, wamng'ono amene anali Karl Martell. mwana awiri akuluakulu Pepin anafa pamaso pa atate wake, ndi zina anabwera patsogolo dynastic magazini dziko. Kuyambira mwana wamkulu wolamulira okalamba iye anali mdzukulu dzina lake Teodoaldom. Kuti anaganiza pochitika wachifumu Pepin, kudalira maganizo a mkazi wake wofuna Plectrude. Iwo choikidwacho zikuchepa ndi Charles chifukwa chakuti anabadwa mwa mkazi wina.

Bambo wake atamwalira, Charles ananditumiza ku ndende, ndi bwino kuyamba Plectrude, amene chinapatsidwa mphamvu yokhala regent mwana zazing'ono. Karl Martell yaitali languished m'ndende. Iye anakwanitsa kuthawa pambuyo ankachita zipolowe za dziko.

The zipolowe mu dziko

Sankasangalala ndi Afulanki sanafune kuona wopondereza Plectrude pa mpando wachifumu ndi kulengeza nkhondo pa iye. paulendo wawo woyamba unatha agonje ku mudzi pafupi ndi mzinda wamakono wa Compiègne mu lotchedwa Picardy. Mmodzi wa atsogoleri a zigawenga dzina lake Teodoald anawaipitsira ndipo anagwirizana ndi mdani. Ndiye, mu msasa wa Afulanki ali mtsogoleri watsopano - Ragenfred. Iye anasankhidwa meya wa nyumba ya Neustria. The warlord anaganiza kuti yekha sakhoza akapambana, ndipo anachita mgwirizano ndi Chifirisiyani mfumu Radborom. asilikali olowa anazungulira Cologne, amene anali zogona Plectrude. Iye anali wopulumutsidwa kokha chifukwa chakuti kwakhululukidwa likuvutika chuma chochuluka anasonkhanitsa nthawi ya mwamuna wake Pepin.

Mpikisano wa mphamvu

Inali pa nthawi iyi anathawa kundende Karl Martell. Iye anatha kusonkhanitsa ambiri kumbali amene sanafune kuona pa mpando wachifumu, palibe ofuna ena. Choyamba Karl anayesa kuthetsa Radbora, koma nkhondo analephera. Mwamsanga anasonkhanitsa asilikali watsopano, mkulu sanafa agwidwa mpikisano wina - Ragenfreda. Iye anali wamakono Belgium. The podwala chinachitika pa tawuni panopa Malmedy. Pambuyo wolamulira wa zonse Austrasia Chilperic, amene anapanga pangano ndi Ragenfredom. Chigonjetso analola Charles kuti apeze chikoka ndiponso mphamvu. Anakopa Plectrude kupuma pa mphamvu ndi kumupatsa chuma bambo ake. Posachedwapa ondipeza, chifukwa chimene wosamwerana madzi anayamba anamwalira. Mu 718, Karl Martell potsiriza anakhazikitsa yekha Paris, koma adali agonjetse ena onse Wachifulanki ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

Anatsegula malire

Ndi nthawi kutumiza manja kum'mwera. Wolamulira wa Neustria Ragenfred teamed ndi Mkonzi Wamkulu, amene analamulira mu Aquitaine. Last anawoloka Loire ndi asilikali Chibasiki, pofuna kuthandiza anali ofanana ndi. Mu 719, panali nkhondo pakati pa iwo ndi Carl, amene adakwanitsa kupambana. Ragenfred anathawira chimam'kwiyitsa analamulira mpaka imfa yake zaka zingapo.

Mkonzi anachonderera m'manja mwa Charlemagne. Onse anavomera kuvala mpando wachifumu wa Chilperic ofooka. Iye anamwalira atangopereka, ndi mu malo ake adayima Theodoric IV. Iye anamvera lonse meya yachifumu, ndipo sanali kuimila kuukira Franc wofuna. Kupatula chigonjetso mu Neustria, kumalire a boma anapitiriza kulibe popanda boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Burgundy (mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa) chogwidwa mabishopu, musamvere madongosolo a Paris. Chifukwa cha nkhawa anali German m'mayiko kumene Alemannia, Thuringia ndi Bavaria, maganizo ofooketsa kwa mfumu ya nyumba yachifumu.

kusintha

Kuti kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wake, meya wa nyumba ya anaganiza zosintha kuti mu boma. Woyamba anali Karla Martella benefitsialnaya kusintha ikuchitika 30s lapansi. Kunali kofunika kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Poyamba, asilikali Wachifulanki inakhazikitsidwa ku asilikali kapena magulu a m'tawuni. Vuto linali lakuti kwa yokonza khamu lalikulu mphamvu si ndalama zokwanira.

Chifukwa kusintha Karla Martella Zoonadi kuchepa izi akatswiri asilikali vuto la nkhondo ndi anansi ake. Tsopano amuna msasa pamodzi ndi meya wa nyumba ya analandira wake gawo utumiki dziko. Kudzampulumutsa, iwo anali nthawi zonse kuyankha mafoni kuchokera suzerain a.

Benefitsialnaya kusintha Karla Martella anatsogolera chakuti boma Wachifulanki inali yaikulu nkhondowo-wokonzeka asilikali ndi zida. m'njira imeneyi analibe anansi, kotero kuti iwo akhale osatetezeka kwambiri meya boma la nyumba yachifumu.

Tanthauzo la kusintha Karla Martella mu umwini dziko zakhudza chuma cha mpingo. Kusiya kupembedza chawonjezeka ndi gawo la mphamvu boma. Ndi mayiko amenewa inalandidwa ankadutsa amene anali mu nkhondo. mpingo unatenga ndi chuma chambiri, mwachitsanzo, dziko mchitidwe kukhala kucheza ndi kusokonekera kwa.

Asilikali kusintha Karla Martella chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha apakavalo a asilikali. Opanduka ang'onoang'ono ambuye ndi ziwembu yaing'ono salinso anaopseza wachifumu chifukwa anali mwamphamvu Ufumuyo. Onse awo kuti asangalale pa kukhulupirika kwa akuluakulu. Choncho panali watsopano ndi ofunika kalasi, omwe anakhala tsentralnoobrazuyuschim kenako Ages Middle.

Kodi kusintha asilikali Karla Martella chiyani? Iye ankafuna osati kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ambuye yozungulira ang'onoang'ono, komanso kuchotsa asilikali sangathe alimi. M'malo asilikali iwo tsopano wagwidwa katundu kwa nzika za: .. Earls, atsogoleri, etc. Choncho anayamba muukapolo osawuka amene anali kukhala ku mbali yaikulu ufulu. Iwo ali ndi udindo watsopano disenfranchised pambuyo njira anataya kufunika kwake mu franc asilikali. Kenako ang'onoang'ono ambuye (ndi zazing'ono ndi zazikulu) adzakhala moyo masuku pamutu ntchito mokakamizidwa osauka.

Tanthauzo la kusintha Karla Martella - ndi kusintha kwa chakale Middle Ages, aliyense m'dera - kuchokera osauka kwa kazembe - zilipo kale pakati ufumu bwino. Aliyense malo anali ulalo mu unyolo wa ubale. Nkomwe Afulanki nthawi anaganiza kuti akonze dongosolo, lomwe lidzakhalapo kwa zaka mazana, komabe ndicho chimene chinachitika. Zipatso za mfundo imeneyi ngati posachedwapa, pamene mwana Martel - Karl Veliky - yekha mfumu.

Komabe, kale kunali kutali. Kwa nthawi yoyamba Karla Martella kusintha alimbikitsa boma ku Paris. Koma ndi zaka chakhala bwino kuti dongosolo monga kwambiri kuswana pansi chiyambi cha azingokhala franc boma. Pamene ulamuliro waukulu Martell ndi feudalists middling okonzeka phindu mwagwirizana - kukulitsa ndi ntchito akapolo alimi. Mphamvu anali chitetezo cha.

Pakuti aliyense dera moyo anayamba latsopano kusintha Karla Martella. Tebulo chimasonyeza kuti kusintha mu dziko la Afulanki mu ulamuliro wake.

mfundo German

Pakati pa ulamuliro wa Charles ndinayamba ntchito chipangizo kunja kwa mphamvu yake German. Iye ukugwira misewu nyumba, mzinda wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kukhazikitsa bata kulikonse. Izi kunali koyenera kuti chitsitsimutso cha malonda ndi kubwezeretsa limasonyeza chikhalidwe pakati osiyana mgwirizano mafuko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. M'zaka zimenezi Afulanki mwachangu mayiko a ku chigwa cha mtsinje Main, kumene adakhalapo makamaka Saxon ndi Germany ena. Zikamera wa anthu okhulupirika m'chigawo yalimbikitsa kulamulira osati Franconia, komanso pa Thuringia ndi Hessen.

Ofooka atsogoleri German zina anayesera kunena okha monga olamulira palokha, koma Karla Martella kusintha asilikali wasintha muyezo wa mphamvu. Mafumu ang'onoang'ono a Alemannia ndi Bavaria anagonjetsedwa ndi Afulanki ndipo anavomereza okha kwa awo aang'ono. mafuko ambiri monga m'gulu boma achikunjabe. Choncho franc ansembe mwakhama analipira Osakhulupirira kuti Chikhristu, kotero kuti iwo amaganiza pa wina ndi dziko Katolika.

Muslim kuwukira

Nthawiyi, ngozi yaikulu kwa meya yachifumu ndi uliri sanali oyandikana German, ndi Aluya. Izi fuko pankhondo ali m'ma analanda dziko lonse latsopano pansi pa mthunzi wa chipembedzo chatsopano - Islam. Atagwa kale Middle East, Africa North ndi Spain. CE, amene ankakhala Iberia, anagonja pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, ndipo kenako anabwerera kumalire ndi Afulanki.

Aluya choyamba anaonekera Aquitaine mu 717, pamene pali kulamulidwa ndi Mkonzi Veliky. Ndiye ayi anawazunza ndi nzeru. Koma m'chaka cha 725 anatengedwa ku mizinda monga Carcassonne ndi Nimes.

pamene onse, Aquitaine ndi gawo lotetezedwa unali pakati Martel ndi Aluya. kugwa kwake kukanachititsa franc kwathunthu poyera monga agonjetsi zinali zovuta pochitika Pyrenees mapiri, ndipo apa mu mapiri, amaona kwambiri chikhulupiriro.

Asilikali mtsogoleri (Wali) a Muslim a Abd al-Rahman m'chaka 731 anaganiza kufunsa asilikali a mafuko osiyana, subordinated caliphate zisakuyenda bwino. Cholinga chake chinali mumzinda wa Bordeaux pa Atlantic gombe la Aquitaine, amene anali wotchuka chifukwa cha chuma chake. asilikali munali Asilamu akunjawo osiyana Spanish, Aluya kapolo, reinforcements Igupto ndi madera ambiri a Muslim. Ngakhale ndiye Sources amasiyana kuyerekeza chiwerengero cha asilikali Muslim, zikhoza kapadera kuti chithunzi ichi adzakhala kwanthawi pa mlingo 40 zikwi amuna onyamula zida.

Near Bordeaux Mkonzi asilikali anapereka nkhondo kwa mdani. Tinayamba mwachisoni Akhristu, iwo anali kwambiri anagonjetsedwa ndipo mzinda unadzatengedwa. Mu Spain unaturuka katundu wa Asilamu otchedwa a Moor ndi abe lapansi. Komabe, Asilamu ali zipitirirabe, ndikatha yochepa wotopa anapita kumpoto. Iwo anabwera ku Poitiers, koma okhala m'derali anali wabwino malinga kudziikira kumbuyo. Aluya sanayese n'komwe kuukira wamagazi ndi anabwerera ku ulendo, amene anatenga zomvetsa laling'ono kwambiri.

Pa nthawi ino ine ukali Mkonzi anathawira ku Paris kupempha thandizo polimbana ndi Aisiraeli. Tsopano ndi nthawi onetsetsani tanthauzo la kusintha asilikali Karla Martella. Pansi mbendera yake ananyamuka asilikali ambiri, atumiki oona chosinthana wambiri dziko. Kwenikweni alemba ntchito Afulanki, koma yotolera zosiyanasiyana mafuko German, amadalira meya nyumba yachifumu. Amenewa anali Bavarians, Frisians, Saxon, Alemanni, ndi zina zotero. D. zifukwa Karla Martella kusintha anali kufuna kusonkhanitsa ankhondo lalikulu mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri. ntchito imeneyi inatha mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka.

Abd ar-Rahman pa nthawi ino waba ndalama yaikulu zikho chifukwa cha zimene asilikali ake anali katundu, amene kwambiri m'mbuyo patsogolo asilikali. Ataphunzira cholinga kulowa franc mu Aquitaine, Wali analamula kuti asamukire ku Poitiers. Zinaoneka kuti iye ndi nthawi yokonzekera nkhondo zoopsa.

Nkhondo ya Poitiers

Apa, asilikali ziwiri zakumana. Ngakhale Karl kapena Abd ar-Rahman sanayese n'komwe kuukira woyamba, ndi zinthu anakhalabe yomangika kwa sabata. nthawi yonseyi, anapitiriza ayendetsa kakang'ono - adani anayesa kupeza malo abwino. Pomaliza, Aluya anaganiza kuti aukire oyamba October 10 zaka 732. Pa mutu asilikali iye anali 'Abd al-Rahman.

asilikali Organization pansi Charles Martell zikuphatikizapo chilango chidwi pamene mbali ya asilikali anachita ngati icho chinali chimodzi. nkhondo pakati pa mbali ziwiri anali wamagazi, ndi poyamba sanapereke ubwino ngakhale mmodzi kapena ena. Ndi madzulo, ndi detachment ka Afulanki anaswa mu njira yozungulira kumsasa wa Aluya. Pali chinali kuchuluka yaikulu yopanga: ndalama, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi zina chuma chamtengo wapatali.

Asilamu otchedwa a Moor kukhala mbali ya asilikali Muslim ankaganiza kuti china chake chinalakwika ndi anasamukira ku kumbuyo, kuyesera gwetsa mdani anatuluka paliponse. Mu malo chaubale ndi Aluya kusiyana anaonekera. Asilikali waukulu pansi pa utsogoleri wa Afulanki Martel yake anaona malo ofooka ndi kuukira.

Kuzemba anali mwachangu. Aluya anagawanika, ndipo ena a iwo atazunguliridwa. Kuphatikizapo mtsogoleri wa asilikali Abd al-Rahman. Iye anafa kuyesera kuti aswe kumbuyo mu msasa wawo. Ndi Kukada magulu awiri ankhondo kulekanitsidwa. Afulanki anaganiza kuti tsiku lotsatira iwo potsiriza adzatsiriza Asilamu. Komabe, anazindikira kuti kampeni awo adatayika, ndipo usiku mwakachetechete anachoka mdima ku malo awo. Komabe, anasiya convoy yaikulu ya Akristu zofunkha.

Zifukwa Chigonjetso franc ndi

Nkhondo ya Poitiers anaganiza zotsatira za nkhondo. Aluya atulutsidwa Aquitaine ndi Charles M'malo mwake, kulimbitsa kukopa kwake apa. dzina lake, "Martell" iye anazigwira izo kwa chigonjetso pa Poitiers. Kumasulira amatanthauza "chimbalangondo".

Chigonjetso zinali zofunika osati pa zofuna wake. Zasonyezanso kuti akadzagonjetsedwa Asilamu salinso anayesa kudutsa zambiri Europe. Iwo anaima Spain, kumene analamulira mpaka m'zaka XV. The kupambana kwa Akristu - padakali zotsatira za kusintha Karla Martella.

Amphamvu ankhondo, zomwe adasonkhanitsa, sanathe kuonekera pa maziko a dongosolo lakale zinalili pansi Merovingian. kusintha Land Karla Martella anapereka dziko asilikali watsopano waluso. bwino anali achilengedwe.

Imfa ndi phindu

Kukonza Karla Martella anapita pamene iye anafa m'chaka 741. Iye anaikidwa mu Paris ndi malo a mpumulo mmodzi wa mpingo Abbey wa Saint-Denis. Meya wa nyumba amusiya ana angapo ndipo mphamvu bwino. mfundo zake zanzeru ndi nkhondo bwino amaloledwa Afulanki otetezeka atazungulira zosiyanasiyana anansi. Patapita zaka zochepa ya kusintha yake adzakhala kwambiri noticeable zotsatira, pamene mbeu yake - Karl Veliky - atadziika yekha mfumu m'chaka 800, ndi kaphatikizidwe mbali yaikulu ya Ulaya. Mu izi zinamuthandiza ndi zaluso Martel, kuphatikizapo kalasi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, chidwi kulimbitsa ulamuliro waukulu.